Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) producing microbes: A novel approach for rapid recycling of agricultural wastes.

Out of the huge quantity of agricultural wastes produced globally, rice straw is one of the most abundant ligno-cellulosic waste. For efficient utilization of these wastes, several cost-effective biological processes are available. The practice of field level in-situ or ex-situ decomposition of rice straw is having less degree of adoption due to its poor decomposition ability within a short time span between rice harvest and sowing of the next crop. Agricultural wastes including rice straw are in general utilized by using lignocellulose degrading microbes for industrial metabolite or compost production. However, bioconversion of crystalline cellulose and lignin present in the waste, into simple molecules is a challenging task. To resolve this issue, researchers have identified a novel new generation microbial enzyme i.e., lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and reported that the combination of LPMOs with other glycolytic enzymes are found efficient. This review explains the progress made in LPMOs and their role in lignocellulose bioconversion and the possibility of exploring LPMOs producers for rapid decomposition of agricultural wastes. Also, it provides insights to identify the knowledge gaps in improving the potential of the existing ligno-cellulolytic microbial consortium for efficient utilization of agricultural wastes at industrial and field levels.

Involvement of strigolactone hormone in root development, influence and interaction with mycorrhizal fungi in plant: Mini-review.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant symbiosis is the old, fascinating and beneficial relation that exist on earth for the plants. In this review, we have elaborated that the strigolactones (SLs) are released from the roots and function with root parasite, seeds and symbiotic AMF as contact chemicals. They are transported through the xylem in the plants and can regulate plant architecture, seed germination, nodule formation, increase the primary root length, influence the root hairs and physiological reactions to non-living agents by regulating their metabolism. SLs first evolved in ancient plant lineages as regulators of the basic production processes and then took a new role to maintain the growing biological complexities of terrestrial plant. SLs belongs to a diversified category of butenolide-bearing plant hormones related to various processes of agricultural concern. SLs also arouses the development of spores, the divergence and enlargement of hyphae of AMF, metabolism of mitochondria, reprogramming of transcription process, and generation of chitin oligosaccharides which further stimulate the early response of symbiosis in the host plant, results from better communication in plant and ability of coexistence with these fungi. The required nutrients are transferred from the roots to the shoots, which affect the physiological, biochemical, and morphological characteristics of the plant. On the other hand, the plant provides organic carbon in the form of sugars and lipids to the fungi, which they use as a source of energy and for carried out different anabolic pathways. SLs also lead to alteration in the dynamic and structure of actin in the root region as well as changes the auxin's transporter localization in the plasma membrane. Thus, this study reveals the functions that SLs play in the growth of roots, as well as their effect and interaction with AMF that promote plant growth.

Understanding rice growth-promoting potential of Enterobacter spp. isolated from long-term organic farming soil in India through a supervised learning approach.

This study addresses the plant beneficial enterobacteria present in rice rhizosphere and their efficiency for enhancing nitrogen uptake in rice plant. Using culturable approaches, the population of total diazotrophs present in rhizosphere samples collected from different organic rice fields of Sikkim were studied and recorded in the range between 4.62 to 4.97 log 10 CFU/g soil. All the isolated commonly occurred diazotrophic bacterial isolates were screened based on their ability to fix nitrogen in milligram per gram of sugar consumed under in-vitro condition with the reference check. In addition to nitrogen fixation, plant growth promoting traits such as production of indole-3-acetic acid and gibberellic acid were estimated using spectrophotometric approaches and compared against Bacillus subtilis as reference multi-potent plant growth promoting strain. In-vivo evaluation of these diazotrophic species in rice found improvement in both above and below ground responses in rice plant evaluated by estimating changes in chlorophyll concentration, plant biomass, root architecture, nitrogen uptake, microbial biomass and associated biochemical activity of soil. Further, the selected isolates were identified through DNA targeted analysis of 16S rRNA gene present in diazotrophs and which identified that the isolates belonged to the Enterobacter genus. Statistical models were prepared for deciphering the dynamics of plant growth improvement due to selective enrichment of rhizosphere bacteria and found significant (p<0.05) correlation between soil and plant parameters. This study concludes that Enterobacter spp. present in organic paddy soils of Sikkim having good nitrogen fixing abilities and whose selective enrichment in rhizosphere improved nitrogen uptake and plant growth promotion in rice plant.

Antagonistic and plant-growth promoting novel Bacillus species from long-term organic farming soils from Sikkim, India.

Three bacteria namely Bacillus luciferensis K2, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens K12 and Bacillus subtilis BioCWB possessing plant growth promotion and biocontrol potential against phytopathogens and rice leaf folder were identified from organic soils of Sikkim, India. The results revealed significant higher production of phytohormones IAA (97.1 µg mL-1) and GA3 (10.6 µg mL-1) was found in K2, whereas BioCWB had higher phosphate solubilization (570.0 µg mL-1) efficacy and also possessed nitrogen fixation ability (5.34 log copy number mL-1 culture). All these bacteria had higher antagonistic activities against phytopathogens viz. Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium proliferatum, Athelia rolfsii and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and also had higher larvicidal activity against rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenne) under in vitro conditions. Molecular insights into the antagonistic mechanisms of Bacillus strains deciphered the presence of several antimicrobial peptides (ericin, subtilin, surfactin, iturin, bacilysin, subtilosin, fengycin and bacillomycin), volatiles (dimethyl disulphide, methyl-Furan, acetic acid, Z-1,3-pentadiene and 3-hexyn-2-ol) and soluble metabolites (9-octadecenamide, E-15-heptadecenal, E-3-eicosene and 5-octadecene). Furthermore, liquid microbial inoculum prepared using the bacterial strains (K2, K12 and BioCWB) were evaluated under glass house (rice) and field condition (capsicum), which significantly enhanced plant growth in rice and yield in capsicum compared to control. The present study revealed the combination of Bacillus spp. (K2, K12 and BioCWB) can be used as bio-inoculants for improving agricultural production in Sikkim. Moreover, for the first time, we demonstrated plant growth promoting (PGP) traits, antifungal and insecticidal properties of B. luciferensis.