Decreased mitochondrial respiration associates with frailty in community-dwelling older adults.

Aging population has led to an increased prevalence of chronic and degenerative pathologies. A manifestation of unhealthy aging is frailty, a geriatric syndrome that implies a non-specific state of greater vulnerability. Currently, methods for frailty diagnosis are based exclusively on clinical observation. The aim of this study is to determine whether the bioenergetic capacity defined as mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of peripheral circulation mononuclear cells (PBMC) associates with the frailty phenotype in older adults and with their nutritional status. This is a cross-sectional analytic study of 58 participants 70 years and older, 18 frail and 40 non-frail adults, from the ALEXANDROS cohort study, previously described. Participants were characterized through sociodemographic and anthropometric assessments. Frail individuals displayed a higher frequency of osteoporosis and depression. The mean age of the participants was 80.2 ± 5.2 years, similar in both groups of men and women. Regarding the nutritional status defined as the body mass index, most non-frail individuals were normal or overweight, while frail participants were mostly overweight or obese. We observed that OCR was significantly decreased in frail men (p < 0.01). Age was also associated with significant differences in oxygen consumption in frail patients, with lower oxygen consumption being observed in those over 80 years of age. Therefore, the use of PBMC can result in an accessible fingerprint that may identify initial stages of frailty in a minimally invasive way.

Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Family Caregivers of People Living With Dementia in Latin-America: A Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVE: Dementia prevalence in Latin America (LATAM) is rapidly increasing, contributing to significant family burden. As families are responsible for care, supportive interventions are critical. To understand the state-of-the-science, a scoping review was conducted of non-pharmacologic interventions for caregivers of people living with dementia (PLWD) in LATAM. DESIGN: Eight databases were searched (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, Scielo, Lilacs, Redalyc, Google Scholar) for nonpharmacological intervention studies published up to July, 2021 in LATAM reporting at least 1 caregiver outcome. A qualitative synthesis examined study designs, participants, and outcomes characteristics. RESULTS: Forty-five studies were identified from 25.8% (n = 8/31) of LATAM countries (28 = Brazil, 4 = Chile, 4 = Cuba, 4 = México, 2 = Colombia, 1 = Perú, 1 = Ecuador, 1 = Argentina): 29% (n = 17) were randomized clinical trials (RCT), 7% (n = 3) nonrandomized comparison trials, 42% (n = 19) pre-post trials, 9% (n = 4) postintervention analyses, and 4% (n = 2) single case studies, comprising a total of 1,171 caregivers and 817 PLWD. For 20 RCT and nonrandomized comparison trials, 31 interventions were tested of which 48.4% (n = 15) targeted caregivers and 32.3% (n = 10) dyads. Most studies involved daughters with less than 12 years of education and tested multicomponent interventions involving disease education (90%), and cognitive behavioral coping (45%). Half of interventions (51.6%; n = 16/31) tested were adapted from other countries, and reported benefits for caregiver depression, quality of life, and burden. CONCLUSION: Studies were conducted in a limited number of LATAM countries and few were RCTs. Results of RCTs showed benefits for socially vulnerable caregivers on psychosocial outcomes. There is an urgent need to rigorously evaluate more country/culturally specific interventions addressing unmet familial needs beyond psychosocial support.

Calidad de vida en personas mayores con depresión y dependencia funcional: validez del cuestionario SF-12 / Quality of life of older people with depression and dependence: validity of the SF-12 (short form health survey) questionnaire

Background: Depression and dependence have a great impact on the quality of life of older people. Aim: To validate the SF-12 (short-form) health related quality of care questionnaire (HRQOL) as an alternative of the SF-36 to estimate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its association with depression and dependence in Chilean older people living in the community. Material and Methods: The questionnaire was answered by 4,124 Chilean older people (61% women). HRQoL was evaluated with the SF-36 questionnaire. The SF-12 questionnaire includes 12 items from the SF-36. Results: The internal consistency of the SF-12 questionnaire was high (0.88). The effect size of the differences in the averages of the SF-12 and SF-36 scales was small (0.06-0.41). Good agreement was found between the physical and mental components of the SF-12 and SF-36 (0.94 and 0.89). Logistic regressions determined that people with dependence and depression have a higher risk of poor HRQoL. The figures for the physical component were, mild depression: odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence intervals (CI) = 3.28 (2.74-3.93), severe depression: OR (IC95%CI) = 4.66 (3.55-6.11), mild to moderate dependence: OR (95CI%) = 3.67 (2.97-4.54), severe dependence: OR (95%CI) = 13.06 (7.23-23.61). For the mental component, the figures were: mild depression: OR (95CI%) = 6.11(5.05-7.38), severe depression: OR (95CI%) = 22.01(14.47-33.49), mild to moderate dependence: OR (95CI%) = 1.59 (1.28-1.97), severe dependence: OR (95CI%) = 1.60 (1.04-2.47), adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related variables. Conclusions: The validity of the SF-12 for measuring HRQoL was demonstrated. People with depression and dependence have a worse physical and mental quality of life.

Besides Sarcopenia, Pre-Sarcopenia Also Predicts All-Cause Mortality in Older Chileans.

PURPOSE: Many studies have demonstrated that Sarcopenia causes a serious impact on health, including death in older adults. The objective of this study was to determine the association of sarcopenia and pre-sarcopenia with all-cause mortality in older Chileans. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Follow-up of 2311 community-dwelling people ≥ 60y from the Alexandros cohort. Anthropometric measurements, handgrip strength, mobility, and physical performance tests were performed. Sarcopenia, pre-sarcopenia, and severe sarcopenia were defined using the 2010 European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP1) algorithm. Muscle mass was estimated using a prediction model with cut-off points validated for the Chilean population. Physical performance was determined by 3 m walking speed or five chair-stands or time up go test (TUG). Mortality data were obtained from death certificates of the National Civil Registry. Life tables for survival data, Kaplan Meier estimations, and Cox regression were calculated. RESULTS: The prevalence of sarcopenia was 20.2% (95% CI:18.6% to 21.9%) and similar in both sexes; pre-sarcopenia was identified in 20.4% (95% CI:18.8% to 22.1%) of the sample. Kaplan Meier survival estimates demonstrated lower survival rates for the people with sarcopenia and pre-sarcopenia (Log rank test for equality of survivor functions: p<0.0001). A dose-response was observed in the survival rates according to the stages of sarcopenia, showing the lowest survival rates for the people with severe sarcopenia, followed by older adults with sarcopenia, pre-sarcopenia, and without sarcopenia (Log rank test for equality of survivor functions: p<0.0001). After adjusting for age, sex, nutritional status, and number of chronic diseases, hazard ratios for death showed higher risk for subjects with sarcopenia (HR=1.47, 95% CI:1.17-1.83) and pre-sarcopenia (HR=1.35, 95% CI:1.03-1.78) in comparison with people without sarcopenia. CONCLUSION: The results confirm a dose-response increase in the risk of all-cause death in older adults with sarcopenia and pre-sarcopenia compared to non-sarcopenic individuals.

Osteosarcopenia Predicts Falls, Fractures, and Mortality in Chilean Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of osteosarcopenia and its association with falls, fractures, and mortality in community-dwelling older adults. DESIGN: Follow-up of ALEXANDROS cohorts designed to study disability associated with obesity in older adults. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Community-dwelling people aged 60 years and older living in Chile. MEASURES: At baseline, 1119 of 2372 participants had a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan and the measurements for the diagnosis of sarcopenia. World Health Organization standards for bone mineral density were used to classify them as normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis. Sarcopenia was identified using the algorithm from the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 1, validated for the Chilean population. Osteosarcopenia was defined as having sarcopenia plus osteoporosis or osteopenia. RESULTS: The sample of 1119 participants (68.5% female) had a mean age of 72 years. At baseline, osteoporosis was identified in 23.2%, osteopenia in 49.8%, sarcopenia in 19.5%, and osteosarcopenia in 16.4% of the sample. The prevalence of osteosarcopenia increases with age, reaching 33.7% for those older than 80 years. Sarcopenia was found in 34.4% of osteoporotic people and osteoporosis in 40.8% of those with sarcopenia. After 5640 person-years of follow-up, 86 people died. The mortality was significantly higher for the group with osteosarcopenia (15.9%) compared with those without the condition (6.1%). After an adjusted Cox Regression analysis, the hazard ratio for death in people with osteosarcopenia was 2.48. Falls, fractures, and functional impairment were significantly more frequent in osteosarcopenic patients. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Osteosarcopenia is a common condition among older adults and is associated with an increased risk of falls, fractures, functional impairment, and mortality. Considering the high proportion of sarcopenia among osteoporotic patients and vice versa, screening for the second condition when the first is suspected should be advised.

[Quality of life of older people with depression and dependence: validity of the SF-12 (short form health survey) questionnaire]. / Calidad de vida en personas mayores con depresión y dependencia funcional: Validez del cuestionario SF-12.

BACKGROUND: Depression and dependence have a great impact on the quality of life of older people. AIM: To validate the SF-12 (short-form) health related quality of care questionnaire (HRQOL) as an alternative of the SF-36 to estimate health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and its association with depression and dependence in Chilean older people living in the community. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The questionnaire was answered by 4,124 Chilean older people (61% women). HRQoL was evaluated with the SF-36 questionnaire. The SF-12 questionnaire includes 12 items from the SF-36. RESULTS: The internal consistency of the SF-12 questionnaire was high (0.88). The effect size of the differences in the averages of the SF-12 and SF-36 scales was small (0.06-0.41). Good agreement was found between the physical and mental components of the SF-12 and SF-36 (0.94 and 0.89). Logistic regressions determined that people with dependence and depression have a higher risk of poor HRQoL. The figures for the physical component were, mild depression: odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence intervals (CI) = 3.28 (2.74-3.93), severe depression: OR (IC95%CI) = 4.66 (3.55-6.11), mild to moderate dependence: OR (95CI%) = 3.67 (2.97-4.54), severe dependence: OR (95%CI) = 13.06 (7.23-23.61). For the mental component, the figures were: mild depression: OR (95CI%) = 6.11(5.05-7.38), severe depression: OR (95CI%) = 22.01(14.47-33.49), mild to moderate dependence: OR (95CI%) = 1.59 (1.28-1.97), severe dependence: OR (95CI%) = 1.60 (1.04-2.47), adjusting for sociodemographic and health-related variables. CONCLUSIONS: The validity of the SF-12 for measuring HRQoL was demonstrated. People with depression and dependence have a worse physical and mental quality of life.

Software for the Diagnosis of Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Design and Validation Study.

BACKGROUND: The usual diagnosis of sarcopenia requires a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) exam, which has low accessibility in primary care for Latin American countries. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to design and validate software for mobile devices (Android, IOS) and computers, based on an adapted version of the diagnostic algorithm of sarcopenia proposed by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP). METHODS: Follow-up exams were conducted on 430 community-dwelling Chileans 60 years and older (mean 68.2 years, SD 4.9) participating in the IsaMayor and Alexandros cohorts designed to study sarcopenia and disability associated with obesity, respectively. All the participants from the cohorts were randomly selected from the registries of primary health care centers and, for this study, must have a DXA scan at baseline. The software (HTSMayor) was designed according to an adapted version of the algorithm proposed by the EWGSOP and was divided into four phases: longitudinal validation of diagnostic algorithm of sarcopenia, alpha version, beta version, and release version. The software estimates appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) using an anthropometric equation or DXA measurements with Chilean cut-off points. The predictive validation of the algorithm was estimated, comparing functional limitations (at least one activity of daily living, two instrumental activities of daily living, or three mobility limitations), falls, and osteoporosis at follow-ups in patients with and without sarcopenia at baseline, using adjusted logistic models. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 4.8 years (2078.4 person-years), 37 (9.9%) new cases of sarcopenia, out of the 374 patients without sarcopenia at baseline, were identified (incidence density rate=1.78 per 100 person-years). ASM estimated with the anthropometric equation showed both a high sensitivity and specificity as compared with those estimated by DXA measurements, yielding a concordance of 0.96. The diagnostic algorithm of sarcopenia considered in the software with the equation showed both a high sensitivity (82.1%) and specificity (94.9%) when compared with DXA (reference standard). Adults without sarcopenia (at baseline) showed better physical performance (after approximately 5 years) than adults with sarcopenia. Loss of functionality was greater in adults with sarcopenia (OR 5.0, 95% CI 2.2-11.4) than in adults without sarcopenia. In addition, the risks of falls (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.3) and osteoporosis (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2-6.6) were higher in older persons with sarcopenia than those without sarcopenia. The measurements and results were completed for the beta and release tests with a mean time of 10 minutes and 11 minutes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We developed and validated a software for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in older Chilean adults that can be used on a mobile device or a computer with good sensitivity and specificity, thus allowing for the development of programs for the prevention, delay, or reversal of this disease. To our knowledge, HTSMayor is the first software to diagnose sarcopenia. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID): RR2-10.2196/13657.

Factors related to depressive symptoms and self-reported diagnosis of depression in community-dwelling older Chileans: A national cross-sectional analysis.

AIM: The aims of this study were to describe the prevalence of screening-positive depression and to identify the frequency and factors related to self-reported depression diagnosis in people with screen-positive depression. METHODS: Using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), 4065 older Chileans were screened for depression. Social and health variables were included. Self-reported depression diagnosis and antidepressant use were analyzed according to screen-positive depression (GDS-15 ≥ 5). Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors related to screen-positive depression, and self-reported diagnosis and current antidepressant use. RESULTS: Overall, mean age was 71.0 years, 60.9% women, and 71.4% had ≤8 years of education. 28.3% of the population screened positive for depression (mild: 21.7%; moderate-severe: 6.5%). Only 35.9% of screen-positive depression individuals self-reported a depression diagnosis (mild: 32.6%; moderate-severe: 47.0%), with significant differences between the sexes (women: 42.2%; men: 22.5%; P < .01). No education (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 1.20-3.32), multimorbidity (OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.42-2.48), dependence (OR = 4.14, 95% CI = 3.11-5.51) and pain (OR = 2.49, 95% CI = 2.01-3.07) were related to screen-positive depression. In people screen-positive depression, men (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.35-0.65) and 80 years or older were less likely to self-report depression diagnosis (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.23-0.54), and current antidepressant use (OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.14-0.70). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of depressive symptoms and low agreement with self-reported depression is observed. There is a need to increase the diagnosis of depression especially in men and people 80 years or older.

Salud mental de hombres mayores en Chile: una realidad por priorizar

[RESUMEN]. Los problemas de salud mental constituyen un conjunto de condiciones de alto impacto. Las personas de 60 y más años presentan vulnerabilidades particulares que aumentan el riesgo de experimentar problemas de salud mental y consecuencias terminales como el suicidio. En este grupo etario, los hombres constituyen un subgrupo poco considerado como destinatarios particulares de acciones en salud. En el caso de Chile, este artículo busca caracterizar la realidad de la salud mental de los hombres adultos mayores mediante cifras provenientes de encuestas poblacionales realizadas en el país (Encuesta Nacional de Salud [ENS] 2003-2009, Estudio Nacional de Dependencia en las Personas Mayores [ENADEAM] 2009, Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional [CASEN] 2015). El artículo aborda indicadores relativos a depresión y síntomas depresivos, suicidio e ideación suicida, y consultas de salud mental. Las cifras reportadas en las encuestas seleccionadas informan que, en Chile, los hombres adultos mayores son el grupo que presenta la mayor tasa de suicidio, el menor número de ideación e intento suicida, y la menor frecuencia reportada de consultas de salud mental. De igual modo, presentan menor reporte de depresión en comparación con mujeres. Estas cifras permiten aproximar a un perfil de salud mental en hombres mayores en Chile y cuestionar la pertinencia de los actuales modelos epidemiológicos para la identificación de perfiles de riesgo de salud mental en este grupo. Asimismo, emerge la urgente necesidad de diseñar programas de salud que incorporen dicha consideración de género, para lograr una adecuada pesquisa y aceptabilidad de las potenciales intervenciones dirigidas a promover la salud mental y reducir riesgos en hombres adultos mayores.

[ABSTRACT]. Mental health problems are a set of high-impact conditions. People aged 60 years and over are particularly vulnerable to factors that increase their risk of experiencing mental health problems and fatal outcomes, such as suicide. Within this age group, men as a subgroup are seldom the targets of relevant public health measures. This article aims to characterize the mental health status of men aged 60 years and over in Chile by using data from population-based surveys carried out in the country: the 2003 and 2009 National Health Surveys (NHS), the 2009 National Study of Dependency in Older Persons (ENADEAM), and the 2015 National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN). The article looks at indicators for depression and depressive symptoms, suicide, and suicidal ideation, as well as mental health visits. According to reported figures from these surveys, older men in Chile constitute the population subgroup with the highest suicide rate, the lowest reported rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, and the lowest reported frequency of mental health visits. Furthermore, men report depression less often than women. These figures provide an approximate picture of the mental health profile of older men in Chile and give rise to questions regarding the relevance of current epidemiological models for the identification of mental health risk profiles in this group. They also point to the urgent need to design health programs that integrate gender considerations in order to ensure proper screening and the acceptability of potential interventions for promoting mental health and reducing risk factors among older men.

[ABSTRACT]. Os problemas de saúde mental constituem um conjunto de enfermidades com grande repercussão. Os indivíduos de 60 anos ou acima têm vulnerabilidades específicas que aumentam o risco de apresentar problemas de saúde mental com consequências fatais, como o suicídio. O sexo masculino é um subgrupo desta faixa etária pouco considerado como alvo em particular de ações em saúde. Este artigo enfoca o caso do Chile e busca caracterizar a realidade da saúde mental dos homens idosos a partir de dados obtidos em pesquisas de base populacional realizadas no país: Enquete Nacional de Saúde (ENS) 2003–2009, Estudo Nacional de Dependência nos Idosos (ENADEAM) 2009 e Pesquisa de Caracterização Socioeconômica Nacional (CAS) 2015. São apresentados os indicadores relativos a depressão e sintomas depressivos, suicídio e ideação suicida e consultas de saúde mental. Os dados informados nas pesquisas selecionadas revelam que, no país, os homens idosos apresentam a taxa de suicídio mais alta, o menor número de casos de ideação suicida e tentativa de suicídio e a menor frequência referida de consultas de saúde mental. Igualmente, eles referem menos depressão que as mulheres. Estes dados permitem traçar um perfil da saúde mental em homens idosos no Chile e questionar a adequação dos modelos epidemiológicos atuais para identificar os perfis de risco de saúde mental neste grupo. Existe também uma necessidade premente de establecer programas de saúde que incorporem o fator gênero para que se possa realizar uma pesquisa adequada com aceitabilidade das possíveis intervenções para promover a saúde mental e reduzir os riscos em homens idosos.

Reference values of hand-grip dynamometry and the relationship between low strength and mortality in older Chileans.

AIM: This study was aimed to set reference values of hand-grip strength by age and sex and validate cut points for risk of functional limitation and mortality in older Chileans. METHODS: This was a pooled analysis of four studies including 6,426 people ≥60 years of nondependent community-dwelling Chileans. After exclusion criteria, the final sample included 5,250 subjects, from whom 2,193 were followed to study all-cause mortality associated with low hand-grip strength. Face-to-face interviews registering sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported chronic diseases, and functional limitations were conducted. Anthropometric measurements and observed mobility were performed by trained professionals. Hand-grip strength was measured with a hand dynamometer T-18 (Country Technology, Inc.) before 2008 or with JAMAR brand from 2008 onwards. Percentiles were calculated through descriptive analysis and quantile regression models for specific groups of age and sex. Adjusted Cox regression hazard models for mortality risk according to low dynamometry condition and covariates were developed. RESULTS: We deliver reference values of hand-grip strength for older Chileans proposing the 25th percentile as the cut-off point for low dynamometry risk: men ≤27 kg, women ≤15 kg. Low hand-grip strength was associated with Instrumental Activities of Daily Living limitations (p=0.001), and altered physical performance evaluated through the Timed Up and Go test (p=0.0001), grasping (p=0.001), bending (p<0.0001), and lifting (p<0.0001). After Cox proportional hazard regression models were assessed with a median follow-up of 9.2 years, the adjusted risk of all-cause mortality associated with a hand-grip strength lower than the 25th percentile in older Chileans showed a hazard ratio of 1.39 (95% confidence interval: 1.13-1.71). CONCLUSION: The cut-off points of dynamometry validated for the older Chileans allow the incorporation in the geriatric evaluation in primary health care of an easy-to-use, inexpensive indicator to identify older adults at risk of sarcopenia, frailty, and dismobility. In addition this also helps to optimize the evaluation of intervention strategies focused on the maintenance of functionality.

[Mental health in older men in Chile: a reality to be prioritizedSaúde mental de homens idosos no Chile: uma realidade a ser priorizada]. / Salud mental de hombres mayores en Chile: una realidad por priorizar.

Mental health problems are a set of high-impact conditions. People aged 60 years and over are particularly vulnerable to factors that increase their risk of experiencing mental health problems and fatal outcomes, such as suicide. Within this age group, men as a subgroup are seldom the targets of relevant public health measures. This article aims to characterize the mental health status of men aged 60 years and over in Chile by using data from population-based surveys carried out in the country: the 2003 and 2009 National Health Surveys (NHS), the 2009 National Study of Dependency in Older Persons (ENADEAM), and the 2015 National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN). The article looks at indicators for depression and depressive symptoms, suicide, and suicidal ideation, as well as mental health visits. According to reported figures from these surveys, older men in Chile constitute the population subgroup with the highest suicide rate, the lowest reported rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, and the lowest reported frequency of mental health visits. Furthermore, men report depression less often than women. These figures provide an approximate picture of the mental health profile of older men in Chile and give rise to questions regarding the relevance of current epidemiological models for the identification of mental health risk profiles in this group. They also point to the urgent need to design health programs that integrate gender considerations in order to ensure proper screening and the acceptability of potential interventions for promoting mental health and reducing risk factors among older men.

Os problemas de saúde mental constituem um conjunto de enfermidades com grande repercussão. Os indivíduos de 60 anos ou acima têm vulnerabilidades específicas que aumentam o risco de apresentar problemas de saúde mental com consequências fatais, como o suicídio. O sexo masculino é um subgrupo desta faixa etária pouco considerado como alvo em particular de ações em saúde. Este artigo enfoca o caso do Chile e busca caracterizar a realidade da saúde mental dos homens idosos a partir de dados obtidos em pesquisas de base populacional realizadas no país: Enquete Nacional de Saúde (ENS) 2003­2009, Estudo Nacional de Dependência nos Idosos (ENADEAM) 2009 e Pesquisa de Caracterização Socioeconômica Nacional (CAS) 2015. São apresentados os indicadores relativos a depressão e sintomas depressivos, suicídio e ideação suicida e consultas de saúde mental. Os dados informados nas pesquisas selecionadas revelam que, no país, os homens idosos apresentam a taxa de suicídio mais alta, o menor número de casos de ideação suicida e tentativa de suicídio e a menor frequência referida de consultas de saúde mental. Igualmente, eles referem menos depressão que as mulheres. Estes dados permitem traçar um perfil da saúde mental em homens idosos no Chile e questionar a adequação dos modelos epidemiológicos atuais para identificar os perfis de risco de saúde mental neste grupo. Existe também uma necessidade premente de estabelecer programas de saúde que incorporem o fator gênero para que se possa realizar uma pesquisa adequada com aceitabilidade das possíveis intervenções para promover a saúde mental e reduzir os riscos em homens idosos.

Salud mental de hombres mayores en Chile: una realidad por priorizar / Mental health in older men in Chile: a reality to be prioritized / Saúde mental de homens idosos no Chile: uma realidade a ser priorizada

RESUMEN Los problemas de salud mental constituyen un conjunto de condiciones de alto impacto. Las personas de 60 y más años presentan vulnerabilidades particulares que aumentan el riesgo de experimentar problemas de salud mental y consecuencias terminales como el suicidio. En este grupo etario, los hombres constituyen un subgrupo poco considerado como destinatarios particulares de acciones en salud. En el caso de Chile, este artículo busca caracterizar la realidad de la salud mental de los hombres adultos mayores mediante cifras provenientes de encuestas poblacionales realizadas en el país (Encuesta Nacional de Salud [ENS] 2003-2009, Estudio Nacional de Dependencia en las Personas Mayores [ENADEAM] 2009, Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional [CASEN] 2015). El artículo aborda indicadores relativos a depresión y síntomas depresivos, suicidio e ideación suicida, y consultas de salud mental. Las cifras reportadas en las encuestas seleccionadas informan que, en Chile, los hombres adultos mayores son el grupo que presenta la mayor tasa de suicidio, el menor número de ideación e intento suicida, y la menor frecuencia reportada de consultas de salud mental. De igual modo, presentan menor reporte de depresión en comparación con mujeres. Estas cifras permiten aproximar a un perfil de salud mental en hombres mayores en Chile y cuestionar la pertinencia de los actuales modelos epidemiológicos para la identificación de perfiles de riesgo de salud mental en este grupo. Asimismo, emerge la urgente necesidad de diseñar programas de salud que incorporen dicha consideración de género, para lograr una adecuada pesquisa y aceptabilidad de las potenciales intervenciones dirigidas a promover la salud mental y reducir riesgos en hombres adultos mayores.

ABSTRACT Mental health problems are a set of high-impact conditions. People aged 60 years and over are particularly vulnerable to factors that increase their risk of experiencing mental health problems and fatal outcomes, such as suicide. Within this age group, men as a subgroup are seldom the targets of relevant public health measures. This article aims to characterize the mental health status of men aged 60 years and over in Chile by using data from population-based surveys carried out in the country: the 2003 and 2009 National Health Surveys (NHS), the 2009 National Study of Dependency in Older Persons (ENADEAM), and the 2015 National Socioeconomic Characterization Survey (CASEN). The article looks at indicators for depression and depressive symptoms, suicide, and suicidal ideation, as well as mental health visits. According to reported figures from these surveys, older men in Chile constitute the population subgroup with the highest suicide rate, the lowest reported rates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, and the lowest reported frequency of mental health visits. Furthermore, men report depression less often than women. These figures provide an approximate picture of the mental health profile of older men in Chile and give rise to questions regarding the relevance of current epidemiological models for the identification of mental health risk profiles in this group. They also point to the urgent need to design health programs that integrate gender considerations in order to ensure proper screening and the acceptability of potential interventions for promoting mental health and reducing risk factors among older men.

RESUMO Os problemas de saúde mental constituem um conjunto de enfermidades com grande repercussão. Os indivíduos de 60 anos ou acima têm vulnerabilidades específicas que aumentam o risco de apresentar problemas de saúde mental com consequências fatais, como o suicídio. O sexo masculino é um subgrupo desta faixa etária pouco considerado como alvo em particular de ações em saúde. Este artigo enfoca o caso do Chile e busca caracterizar a realidade da saúde mental dos homens idosos a partir de dados obtidos em pesquisas de base populacional realizadas no país: Enquete Nacional de Saúde (ENS) 2003-2009, Estudo Nacional de Dependência nos Idosos (ENADEAM) 2009 e Pesquisa de Caracterização Socioeconômica Nacional (CAS) 2015. São apresentados os indicadores relativos a depressão e sintomas depressivos, suicídio e ideação suicida e consultas de saúde mental. Os dados informados nas pesquisas selecionadas revelam que, no país, os homens idosos apresentam a taxa de suicídio mais alta, o menor número de casos de ideação suicida e tentativa de suicídio e a menor frequência referida de consultas de saúde mental. Igualmente, eles referem menos depressão que as mulheres. Estes dados permitem traçar um perfil da saúde mental em homens idosos no Chile e questionar a adequação dos modelos epidemiológicos atuais para identificar os perfis de risco de saúde mental neste grupo. Existe também uma necessidade premente de estabelecer programas de saúde que incorporem o fator gênero para que se possa realizar uma pesquisa adequada com aceitabilidade das possíveis intervenções para promover a saúde mental e reduzir os riscos em homens idosos.