Review of computer-assisted diagnosis model to classify follicular lymphoma histology.

The field of image processing is experiencing significant advancements to support professionals in analyzing histological images obtained from biopsies. The primary objective is to enhance the process of diagnosis and prognostic evaluations. Various forms of cancer can be diagnosed by employing different segmentation techniques followed by postprocessing approaches that can identify distinct neoplastic areas. Using computer approaches facilitates a more objective and efficient study of experts. The progressive advancement of histological image analysis holds significant importance in modern medicine. This paper provides an overview of the current advances in segmentation and classification approaches for images of follicular lymphoma. This research analyzes the primary image processing techniques utilized in the various stages of preprocessing, segmentation of the region of interest, classification, and postprocessing as described in the existing literature. The study also examines the strengths and weaknesses associated with these approaches. Additionally, this study encompasses an examination of validation procedures and an exploration of prospective future research roads in the segmentation of neoplasias.

Serum estradiol levels decrease after oophorectomy in transmasculine individuals on testosterone therapy / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Transmasculine individuals, considering whether to undergo total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingectomy, have the option to have a concomitant oophorectomy. While studies have evaluated hormone changes following testosterone therapy initiation, most of those patients have not undergone oophorectomy. Data are currently limited to support health outcomes regarding the decision to retain or remove the ovaries. We performed a retrospective chart review of transmasculine patients maintained on high-dose testosterone therapy at a single endocrine clinic in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Twelve transmasculine individuals who underwent bilateral oophorectomy and had presurgical and postsurgical serum data were included. We identified 12 transmasculine subjects as controls, who were on testosterone therapy and did not undergo oophorectomy, but additionally matched to the first group by age, testosterone dosing regimen, and body mass index. There was a statistically significant decrease in the estradiol levels of case subjects postoophorectomy, when compared to presurgical estradiol levels (P = 0.02). There was no significant difference between baseline estradiol levels between control and case subjects; however, the difference in estradiol levels at follow-up measurements was significant (P = 0.03). Total testosterone levels did not differ between control and case subjects at baseline and follow-up (both P > 0.05). Our results demonstrate that oophorectomy further attenuates estradiol levels below what is achieved by high-dose exogenous testosterone alone. Correlated clinical outcomes, such as impacts on bone health, were not available. The clinical implications of oophorectomy versus ovarian retention on endocrinological and overall health outcomes are currently limited.

A highly thermotolerant, trimeric SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain derivative elicits high titers of neutralizing antibodies

The Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. We designed a trimeric, highly thermotolerant glycan engineered RBD by fusion to a heterologous, poorly immunogenic disulfide linked trimerization domain derived from cartilage matrix protein. The protein expressed at a yield of [~]80-100 mg/liter in transiently transfected Expi293 cells, as well as CHO and HEK293 stable cell lines and formed homogeneous disulfide-linked trimers. When lyophilized, these possessed remarkable functional stability to transient thermal stress of upto 100 {degrees}C and were stable to long term storage of over 4 weeks at 37 {degrees}C unlike an alternative RBD-trimer with a different trimerization domain. Two intramuscular immunizations with a human-compatible SWE adjuvanted formulation, elicited antibodies with pseudoviral neutralizing titers in guinea pigs and mice that were 25-250 fold higher than corresponding values in human convalescent sera. Against the beta (B.1.351) variant of concern (VOC), pseudoviral neutralization titers for RBD trimer were [~] three-fold lower than against wildtype B.1 virus. RBD was also displayed on a designed ferritin-like Msdps2 nanoparticle. This showed decreased yield and immunogenicity relative to trimeric RBD. Replicative virus neutralization assays using mouse sera demonstrated that antibodies induced by the trimers neutralized all four VOC to date, namely B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1 and B.1.617.2 without significant differences. Trimeric RBD immunized hamsters were protected from viral challenge. The excellent immunogenicity, thermotolerance, and high yield of these immunogens suggest that they are a promising modality to combat COVID-19, including all SARS-CoV-2 VOC to date.

Bioelectronics with nanocarbons.

Characterizing the electrical activity of cardiomyocytes and neurons is crucial in understanding the complex processes in the heart and brain tissues, both in healthy and diseased states. Micro- and nanotechnologies have significantly improved the electrophysiological investigation of cellular networks. Carbon-based nanomaterials or nanocarbons, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanodiamonds (NDs) and graphene are promising building blocks for bioelectronics platforms owing to their outstanding chemical and physical properties. In this review, we discuss the various bioelectronics applications of nanocarbons and their derivatives. Furthermore, we touch upon the challenges that remain in the field and describe the emergence of carbon-based hybrid-nanomaterials that will potentially address those limitations, thus improving the capabilities to investigate the electrophysiology of excitable cells, both as a network and at the single cell level.

Graphene Microelectrode Arrays for Electrical and Optical Measurements of Human Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes.

INTRODUCTION: Cell-cell communication plays a pivotal role in biological systems' coordination and function. Electrical properties have been linked to specification and differentiation of stem cells into targeted progeny, such as neurons and cardiomyocytes. Currently, there is a critical need in developing new ways to complement fluorescent indicators, such as Ca2+-sensitive dyes, for direct electrophysiological measurements of cells and tissue. Here, we report a unique transparent and biocompatible graphene-based electrical platform that enables electrical and optical investigation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes' (hESC-CMs) intracellular processes and intercellular communication. METHODS: Graphene, a honeycomb sp2 hybridized two-dimensional carbon lattice, was synthesized using low pressure chemical vapor deposition system, and was tested for biocompatibility. Au and graphene microelectrode arrays (MEAs) were fabricated using well-established microfabrication methods. Au and graphene MEAs were interfaced with hESC-CMs to perform both optical and electrical recordings. RESULTS: Optical imaging and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of monolayer graphene. Viability assay showed biocompatibility of graphene. Electrochemical characterization proved graphene's functional activity. Nitric acid treatment further enhanced the electrochemical properties of graphene. Graphene electrodes' transparency enabled both optical and electrical recordings from hESC-CMs. Graphene MEA detected changes in beating frequency and field potential duration upon ß-adrenergic receptor agonist treatment. CONCLUSION: The transparent graphene platform enables the investigation of both intracellular and intercellular communication processes and will create new avenues for bidirectional communication (sensing and stimulation) with electrically active tissues and will set the ground for investigations reported diseases such as Alzheimer, Parkinson's disease and arrhythmias.

Beta-Hemolytic Bacteria Selectively Trigger Liposome Lysis, Enabling Rapid and Accurate Pathogen Detection.

For more than a century, blood agar plates have been the only test for beta-hemolysis. Although blood agar cultures are highly predictive for bacterial pathogens, they are too slow to yield actionable information. Here, we show that beta-hemolytic pathogens are able to lyse and release fluorophores encapsulated in sterically stabilized liposomes whereas alpha and gamma-hemolytic bacteria have no effect. By analyzing fluorescence kinetics, beta-hemolytic colonies cultured on agar could be distinguished in real time with 100% accuracy within 6 h. Additionally, end point analysis based on fluorescence intensity and machine-extracted textural features could discriminate between beta-hemolytic and cocultured control colonies with 99% accuracy. In broth cultures, beta-hemolytic bacteria were detectable in under an hour while control bacteria remained negative even the next day. This strategy, called beta-hemolysis triggered-release assay (BETA) has the potential to enable the same-day detection of beta-hemolysis with single-cell sensitivity and high accuracy.

Effect of Graphene on Nonneuronal and Neuronal Cell Viability and Stress.

In recent years graphene has drawn considerable research interest for biomedical applications. However, applications of graphene in biological systems also raise concerns about its possible toxicity. Here, by using live cell imaging techniques, we investigate the effect of pristine graphene on the viability as well as stress of both nonneuronal and neuronal cells under physiological conditions. We find that graphene promotes cell adhesion and proliferation. Furthermore, we find that graphene has no detectable adverse effect on mitochondrial membrane potential and morphology, or autophagy levels in the cell, indicating that graphene does not induce cell stress. Our results highlight the potential of graphene to be used in biomedical applications by providing long-term and stable nonneural and neural interfaces.

Synthesis of Group IV Nanowires on Graphene: The Case of Ge Nanocrawlers.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using graphene as a synthesis platform for polymers, zero-dimensional (0D) materials, one-dimensional materials (1D), and two-dimensional (2D) materials. Here, we report the investigation of the growth of germanium nanowires (GeNWs) and germanium nanocrawlers (GeNCs) on single-layer graphene surfaces. GeNWs and GeNCs are synthesized on graphene films by gold nanoparticles catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism. The addition of hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) at the nucleation step increased the propensity toward GeNCs growth on the surface. As the time lag before HCl introduction during the nucleation step increased, a significant change in the number of out-of-plane GeNWs versus in-plane GeNCs was observed. The nucleation temperature and time played a key role in the formation of GeNCs as well. The fraction of GeNCs (χNCs) decreased from 0.95 ± 0.01 to 0.66 ± 0.07 when the temperature was kept at 305 °C for 15 s versus maintained at 305 °C throughout the process, respectively. GeNCs exhibit ⟨112⟩ as the preferred growth direction whereas GeNWs exhibit both ⟨112⟩ and ⟨111⟩ as the preferred growth directions. Finally, our growth model suggests a possible mechanism for the preference of an in-plane GeNC growth on graphene versus GeNW on SiO2. These findings open up unique opportunities for fundamental studies of crystal growth on graphene, as well as enable exploration of new electronic interfaces between group IV materials and graphene, potentially toward designing new geometries for hybrid materials sensors.