The Effect of Uric Acid and Albumin Ratio in Undergoing Lower Extremity Endovascular Interventions For Peripheral Arterial Disease Related Contrast Induced Nephropathy.

BACKROUND: Among patients undergoing percutaneous vascular intervention, contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.Serum uric acid/albumin ratio (UAR) has emerged as a new marker associated with poor cardiovascular outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between UAR and CIN occurrence in patients treated for peripheral artery disease. METHODS: Patients underwent percutaneous intervention due to peripheral artery disease were enrolled. The primary endpoint was development of contrast related nephropathy. Patients were divided into two groups according to the CIN occurrence. RESULTS: 663 patients were enrolled and mean age was 62±10 years. After the intervention, 45 patients had CIN and 618 patients did not have CIN. Logistic regression analysis were performed to define the parameters of CIN. Male gender, diabetes, uric acid /albumin ratio, contrast volume, presence of coronary artery disease and CRP levels were found significant in univariate analysis. However, only UAR was found significant in multivariate analysis (OR 95% CI: 3.426 (1.059-11.079), (p=0.040)).Therefore ,it is the only independent predictor for occurrence of CIN. CONCLUSION: UAR is a reliable scoring system, which predicts CIN in such patient group. This score is not only cost-effective also simple, which can be easily applied into the clinical practice.

A single center study of the efficacy and safety of Pro-Glide used for closure in thoracic endovascular aortic repair in patients with previous groin intervention.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Pro-Glide, a suture-mediated vascular closure device, regarding technical success and complications in patients who had undergone aortic intervention and had previous groin intervention (PGI). METHODS: One hundred and thirty-five patients who underwent percutaneous thoracic endovascular aortic repair via the femoral artery and were closed with the Pro-Glide device were analyzed retrospectively. PGI was defined as a history of open surgical access to the femoral artery or wide sheath (>18 F) placement due to endovascular or valvular intervention. The patients were divided into two groups 38 cases with PGI and 97 cases without PGI. RESULTS: The overall success rate of closure of the femoral artery with Pro-Glide was not statistically significant between the two groups (93.8% vs 92.1%, p = .711). Sheath sizes were compared between the groups and PGI (+) group had significantly higher sheath sizes compared to PGI (-) group (24.3 ± 1.1 F vs 23.8 ± 1.0 F, p = .011). Three patients in the PGI (+) group and six patients in the PGI (-) group experienced technical failure of the percutaneous femoral approach. Femoral complications were seen after the procedures in four patients in the PGI (+) group and four in the PGI (-) group. The PGI (+) group had a higher complication rate when compared to the PGI (-) group; however, this was not statistically significant (p = .181). CONCLUSION: The present study was conducted on a significantly larger sample compared to previous studies and the findings suggest that the Pro-Glide vascular closure device is a safe option for patients with a history of PGI and may not be considered as a contraindication.

The association of left atrial mechanics with left ventricular morphology in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a cardiac magnetic resonance study.

Purpose: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is related with structural and pathologic changes in the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV). The aim of this study was to explore the association between LA mechanics and LV characteristics in patients with HCM using cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking (CMR-FT). Material and methods: A total of 76 patients with HCM and 26 healthy controls were included in the study. The parameters including the extent of LV late gadolinium enhancement (LGE-%) and the LV early diastolic longitudinal strain rate (edLSR) were assessed for LV. LA conduit, booster, and reservoir functions were assessed by LA fractional volumes and strain analyses using CMR-FT. HCM patients were classified as HCM patients without LGE, with mild LGE-% (0% < LGE-% l 10%), and prominent LGE-% (10% < LGE-%). Results: HCM patients had worse LA functions compared with the controls (p < 0.05). The majority of LA functional indices were more impaired in HCM patients with regard to LGE. LA volumes were higher in HCM patients with prominent LGE-% compared with HCM patients with mild LGE-% (p < 0.05). However, only a minority of LA functional parameters differed between the 2 groups. LA strain parameters showed weak to modest correlations with LV LGE-% and LV edLSR. Conclusions: LV characteristics, to some extent, influence LA mechanics, but they might not be the only factor inducing LA dysfunction in patients with HCM.

Electrocardiographic changes after breast reduction surgery.

Macromastia is associated with symptoms related to postural changes and decreased mobility. Breast reduction surgery (BRS) is the treatment of choice for these patients. Anatomical and structural changes in body posture and habitus might cause changes in electrocardiography (ECG). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the outcome of BRS on ECG changes of the patients after surgery. Study population included 33 female patients who had undergone BRS. ECG records of every patient before procedure and 6 months after procedure were analyzed retrospectively. Patients were naïve of known cardiac diseases and the patients did not have any known arrhythmia. The mean age of the study population was 40.8 ± 9.6. Total removed breast tissue from both sides was 1493 (1052-2138) mL, as 800 (513-1093) mL removed from right side and 740 (519-1050) mL removed from left side. There were significant changes in ECG of the patients in post-operative period. Atrial conduction parameters such as, PR duration (p<.001), Pmax duration (p<.001) and P wave dispersion (p<.001) were significantly decreased post-operatively. Additionally, ventricular conduction parameters such as, TPe duration (p<.001), TPe/QT (p=.013) and TPe/QTc (p=.005) ratios were found significantly decreased in ECGs of the patients. BRS as a treatment for macromastia does not only improve posture and mobility of the patients and also have positive impact on cardiac conductions. In patients those had BRS, atrial and ventricular conductions detected by ECG recordings were improved after surgery.

Relationship Between Fragmented QRS Complex and Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcome in Patients with Essential Hypertension.

BACKGROUND: In patients with essential hypertension, fragmented QRS has been asso- ciated with many remodeling components that might lead to adverse cardiovascular effects. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between fragmented QRS and adverse events and its potential long-term prognostic value. METHODS: The patients with essential hypertension were divided into two groups accord- ing to the presence of fragmented QRS: fragmented QRS (+) and fragmented QRS (-). During long-term follow-up, the relationship of fragmented QRS to coronary artery dis- ease, congestive heart failure, stroke, cardiovascular death, all-cause death, and majoradverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events was evaluated. RESULTS: The study group included 542 patients with essential hypertension. Fragmented QRS on ECG was observed in 224 (41.3%) patients. Considering the incidence rates at the end of 5.6 ± 1.3 years' follow-up, the total incidence rate of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (P < .001), coronary artery disease (P < .001), and congestive heart failure (P < .001) were higher in patients with fragmented QRS. No significant dif- ference was observed between the two groups in terms of stroke (P = .734), cardiovas- cular death (P=1), and all-cause death (P=.574). As a result of multiple cox regression analysis, fragmented QRS (P = .005) was identified as an independent predictor for major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events development. CONCLUSION: In patients with hypertension, the presence of fragmented QRS was found as an independent predictor for major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events development.

Association between left ventricular strain and cardiac iron load in beta-thalassaemia major: a cardiac magnetic resonance study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking-derived left ventricular strain in assessing cardiac dysfunction and investigate the correlation between left ventricular strain and myocardial T2* in patients with beta-thalassaemia major. METHODS: Forty-two patients with beta-thalassaemia major, having a mean age of 22.49 ± 8.48 years, and age-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The observer drew regions of interest on the interventricular septum, and T2* decay curves were calculated accordingly. The short-axis cine images were used to derive left ventricular circumferential and radial strains, and the long-axis four-chamber and two-chamber images were used to assess left ventricular longitudinal strain. RESULTS: The mean global left ventricular strains were lower in beta-thalassaemia major patients than the controls (p < 0.05). Left ventricular strains of beta-thalassaemia major patients with cardiac T2* values of > 20 ms were also significantly reduced compared with the controls (p < 0.05); there was no difference between the mean left ventricular ejection fractions of the two groups (p = 0.84). Cardiac T2* showed a weak correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction (r = 0.33, p = 0.03), while the left ventricular circumferential strain showed a good positive correlation with cardiac T2* (r = 0.6, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Compared with healthy controls, patients with beta-thalassaemia major, including those with myocardial T2* values of >20 ms, showed reduced global left ventricular strains. Left ventricular circumferential strain was positively correlated with myocardial T2*. Left ventricular strain analysis using cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking may have utility in beta-thalassaemia major assessment.Key FindingsPatients with beta-thalassaemia major, including those with myocardial T2* values of >20 ms, had reduced global left ventricular strains.Cardiac T2* showed a weak correlation with left ventricular ejection fraction, while the left ventricular circumferential strain showed a good positive correlation with cardiac T2*.ImportanceLeft ventricular strain using cardiac magnetic resonance feature tracking might be used as an adjunct in assessing cardiac functions in beta-thalassaemia major.

The role of three dimensional transesophageal echocardiography novel-score in the success of redo percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty.

Mitral valve commissure evaluation is known to be important in the success of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV) and Wilkins score (WS) is used in clinical practice. In our study, we aimed to determine whether WS in redo PBMV is sufficient in the success of procedure and additionally we have evaluated a novel scoring system including three dimensional (3D) transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) of the mitral valve structure before redo PBMV in terms of success of the procedure. Fifty patients who underwent redo PBMV were included in the study. The patients were divided into two groups according to the success of the Redo PBMV procedure which was defined as post-procedural MVA ≥ 1.5 cm2 and post-procedural mitral regurgitation less than moderate by echocardiographic evaluation after PBMV. A novel score based on 3D TEE findings was created by analyzing the images recorded before Redo PBMV and by evaluating the mitral commissure and calcification. The role of traditional WS and novel score in the success of the procedure were investigated. In the study group, 36 patients (72%) had successful redo PBMV procedure. WS was 8 (IQR 7-9) and novel 3D TEE score was found 4 (IQR 3-4) in the whole study group. While no statistically significant relationship was found between WS and procedural success (p = 0.187), a statistically significant relationship was found between novel 3D TEE score and procedural success (p = 0.042). Specifically, the procedural successes rate was > 90% when novel 3D TEE score was < 4. The novel 3D TEE score might be an informative scoring system in the selection of suitable patients for successful redo PBMV, especially in patients who are considered for surgery due to the high WS.

The Effect of Recanalization of a Chronic Total Coronary Occlusion on Atrial Conduction Velocities.

BACKGROUND: P-wave duration and P-wave dispersion (PWD) give information about inhomogeneous and discontinuous atrial conduction, which are believed to be the leading electrophysiological causes of atrial fibrillation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of percutaneous chronic total occlusion (CTO) revascularization on P-wave duration and PWD in electrocardiography (ECG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 98 consecutive patients with sinus rhythm who underwent percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) for CTO. The maximum (Pmax) and minimum P-wave duration and PWD were measured before CTO interventions and at the first and sixth months after the procedure. RESULTS: There was no significant differences between the successful and failed CTO PCI groups in pre-procedural demographic, clinical, laboratory, angiographic data, and ECG parameters. Pmax values and PWD at 1 month and 6 months after successful CTO PCI were statistically lower than those at baseline (p < 0.001), while there was no significant change in the failed CTO PCI group. PWD values were significantly lower at 6 months of follow-up, regardless of the target vessel (p = 0.010, p < 0.001, p < 0.001; for left anterior descending, circumflex and right coronary artery, respectively). Compared to pre-CTO values in all Rentrop classes, PWD values were significantly lower at the sixth month. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that Pmax and PWD, which are risk factors for atrial arrhythmias, significantly reduced within 1 and 6 months after successful CTO PCI irrespective of the target vessel.

Impact of cardiac rehabilitation on ventricular repolarization indices following coronary artery bypass grafting.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cardiac rehabilitation on electrocardiographic changes in patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Between January 2016 and July 2019, a total of 625 patients (485 males, 140 females; mean age: 59.6 years; range, 50.6 to 68.6 years) who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting and survived were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups according to the participation in the cardiac rehabilitation program as follows: the Rehab(+) group (n=363) and the Rehab(-) group (n=262). Electrocardiographic parameters of both groups were compared. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in the electrocardiographic findings of heart rate (p<0.001), QTc (p<0.001), Tpe duration (p<0.001), Tpe/QT ratio (p<0.001), and Tpe/QTc ratio (p<0.001) in the Rehab(+) group before and after surgery. There was a significant decrease in the Rehab(+) group, compared to the Rehab(-) group, in terms of parameters of QT interval (p=0.001), QTc (p=0.017), Tpe duration (p<0.001), Tpe/QT ratio (p<0.001), and Tpe/QTc ratio (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Cardiac rehabilitation program after coronary artery bypass grafting decreases ventricular repolarization indices of electrocardiography. Based on these changes, postoperative cardiac rehabilitation program may reduce the risk of ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death during follow-up.

A simplified acute kidney injury predictor following transcatheter aortic valve implantation: ACEF score.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an effective, less invasive treatment alternative for symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (AS). Acute kidney injury (AKI) following TAVI is a common complication and is associated with worse outcomes. The age, creatinine, ejection fraction (ACEF) score is a simple scoring method, including only three parameters: age, creatinine, and ejection fraction (EF). The score was well established in predicting AKI after coronary interventions. AIMS: We aimed to evaluate whether this simple scoring method, ACEF, may predict a development of AKI in patients who underwent TAVI. METHODS: A total of 173 consecutive patients with symptomatic severe AS who underwent TAVI were included retrospectively. The primary endpoint of the study was the development of AKI. Study population was divided into two groups according to the presence of AKI. The ACEF score was calculated with the formula: age/EF + 1 (if baseline creatinine >2 mg/dl). RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients developed AKI. The median (interquartile range) ACEF score was 1.36 (1.20-1.58). The ACEF score was found to be an independent predictor of AKI (P <0.001). The ACEF score ≥1.36 predicted AKI development with a sensitivity of 96.6% and specificity of 58.8%. Moreover, hypertension, hemoglobin levels, contrast volume, and aortic valve area (AVA) were found to be independent predictors of AKI. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that the ACEF score was an independent predictor of AKI. A simple and objective score might be very useful in predicting AKI development in patients undergoing TAVI.

Detection of a rare cause of pulmonary hypertension by multimodality imaging: Left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis.

Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF), a restrictive cardiomyopathy characterized by subendocardial fibrosis, is commonly seen in tropical and subtropical regions. EMF involving the left ventricle presents with severe pulmonary hypertension (PH) and is a rare cause of PH in non-tropical areas. Multimodality imaging is important for accurate diagnosis, especially cardiac magnetic resonance imaging which is the cornerstone. Herein, we report the case of a patient who presented with heart failure symptoms and severe PH, and in whom EMF was diagnosed by multimodality imaging.

Clinical efficacy and safety of the PRO-glide device as a sUture-mediated ClosurE in Thoracic EndoVascular Aortic Repair in patients with previous groin intervention (from the PRODUCE-TEVAR Trial).

BACKGROUND: While the percutaneous approach is increasingly preferred, suture-mediated closure devices have been put into clinical practice to close the femoral artery during procedures requiring a large-sized introducer. However, scar in the groin is considered a contraindication or an exclusion criterion for percutaneous procedures. The aim of our study was to investigate the outcomes and safety of Pro-Glide device as suture-mediated closure device in patients who underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair with percutaneous femoral access ≥22 F who had previous groin intervention. METHODS: A total of 73 patients who underwent endovascular repair with percutaneous femoral access were retrospectively included in the study. Previous groin intervention was defined as history of open surgical access or large sheath insertion (>18 F) to femoral artery because of endovascular or valvular intervention. Patients were divided into two groups as who had previous groin intervention PGI (+) and had not PGI (-). RESULTS: A total of 73 patients [60 male (82.2%)] were included in the study. Seventeen patients had PGI, and 56 did not. When groups were compared in terms of sheath sizes, a significantly higher sheath sizes were used in PGI (+) patients (24.5 ± 1.1 F vs. 23.8 ± 0.9 F, p = 0.005). The overall success rate in the femoral approach with pre-close technique was statistically insignificant between two groups (94.1% vs. 96.4%, p = 0.55). One patient in PGI (+) group and two patients in PGI (-) had technical failure for percutaneous femoral approach. One patient (5.9%) in PGI (+) group and one patient (1.8%) in PGI (-) group had femoral complications after the procedures; however, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of complications (5.9% vs. 1.8%, p = 0.13). CONCLUSION: Pro-Glide device may be a safe and less invasive method for femoral access in patients with PGI and might not be considered as a contraindication for patients with history of PGI.

The predictive value of CHADS2 score for subclinical cerebral ischemia after carotid artery stenting (from the PREVENT-CAS trial).

BACKGROUND: Carotid artery stenting (CAS) is being increasingly used as an alternative revascularization procedure to carotid endarterectomy; however, subclinical ischemic cerebral lesions after CAS remain as a matter of concern. Hence, we aimed to assess the clinical utility of the CHADS2 score in predicting subclinical ischemic events after CAS. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 107 patients (mean age: 70.4 ± 6.6 years, male:77) who underwent CAS for carotid artery revascularization. The patients having symptomatic transient ischemic attack or stroke after CAS were excluded. The presence of new hyperintense lesion on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) without any neurological findings was considered as silent ischemia. Patients were classified into two groups as DWI-positive and DWI-negative patients. RESULTS: Among study population, 28 patients (26.2%) had subclinical embolism. The DWI-positive group had a significantly higher CHADS2 scores, older age, more frequent history of stroke, higher proportion of type III aortic arch, and longer fluoroscopy time than the DWI-negative group. Increased CHADS2 score was identified as one of the independent predictors of silent embolism (OR = 5.584; 95%CI: 1.516-20.566; p = .010), and CHADS2 score higher than 2.5 predicted subclinical cerebral ischemia with a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 71% (AUC: 0.793; 95% CI: 0.696 - 0.890; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: CHADS2 score was able to predict the risk of periprocedural subclinical ischemic events in CAS and might be of clinical value in the management of patients with carotid artery stenosis.

The effect of cardiac rehabilitation on blood pressure, and on left atrial and ventricular functions in hypertensive patients.

PURPOSE: Hypertension is associated with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, impaired LV relaxation, and left atrial (LA) enlargement. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) improves clinical outcomes in a broad spectrum of cardiac disease. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of CR on blood pressure (BP), and on LA and LV functions in hypertensive patients. METHODS: Thirty consecutive hypertensive patients who would undergo CR program, and 38 hypertensive patients who refused to undergo CR program were included. All patients underwent ambulatory BP monitoring and transthoracic echocardiography, which were repeated after completion of the CR program, or 12 weeks later in the control group. LA and LV functions were assessed by both speckle tracking and 3-dimensional echocardiography. N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were assessed before and after CR. RESULTS: Although initial ambulatory BP values and NT-proBNP levels were similar between the groups, daily, day-time, and night-time BP and NT-proBNP were significantly lower in the CR group after rehabilitation. LA reservoir strain and LV global longitudinal strain of the CR group significantly increased after CR while no significant increase was observed in controls. CONCLUSION: CR improves LA and LV strain while lowering BP and should be encouraged in routine management of hypertensive patients.

Evaluation of early electrocardiographic changes after successful percutaneous stent implantation to isolated coarctation of aorta.

BACKGROUND: Coarctation of aorta (CoA) is a congenital obstructive lesion characterized by narrowing of the aorta in which concludes as increase in afterload. Percutaneous stent implantation to CoA is a treatment of choice in older children and adults. Pathology related to CoA mainly caused by increased afterload and left ventricular hypertrophy. Electrocardiographic (ECG) findings are also related to left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Evidence shows that, in variety of diseases, the correction of the pathology might normalize ECG findings and ventricular dysfunction related to increase in afterload. Therefore the aim of this study was to compare the pre- and postprocedural ECG findings of the patients who underwent percutaneous intervention for isolated CoA. METHODS: After exclusion criterion was applied, 30 patients were included into study, retrospectively. ECG records before the procedure and 3 months after the procedure of the patients were evaluated. The parameters related to LVH, ventricular and atrial conduction were evaluated and compared between pre- and post-procedural ECG records. RESULTS: The findings showed that parameters of atrial conduction including P wave maximum duration (p < 0.001) and p wave dispersion (p < 0.001) were significantly decreased after stent implantation. Additionally, ventricular repolarization parameters including QT duration (p = 0.039), Tpe interval (p < 0.001), Tpe / QT (p = 0.038) and Tpe / QTc (p = 0.003) were significantly decreased after stent implantation. Sokolow-Lyon criteria (p < 0.003) and voltage in selected leads were significantly decreased after intervention. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous intervention to CoA might regress LVH parameters in ECG and improve atrial and ventricular repolarization in ECG, which might lead to decreased event of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with isolated CoA.

Correlation between serum matrix metalloproteinase and myocardial fibrosis in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction: A retrospective analysis.

OBJECTIVE: A strong correlation exists between myocardial fibrosis and heart failure (HF). Myocardial fibrosis can be detected by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), which is a crucial noninvasive imaging method with high specificity and sensitivity. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are primary proteases responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and they play a vital role in maintaining the balance between anabolism and catabolism of ECM. This study aims to investigate the correlation between cardiac fibrosis detected on CMR and serum MMP-9 levels in patients with HF. METHODS: We enrolled 53 patients (age: ≥18 years) with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40%, who received CMR because of various indications. All patients were divided into two groups-with cardiac fibrosis (n=32) and without cardiac fibrosis (n=21)-detected by CMR with late-Gadolinium. Both groups were then compared according to MMP-9 levels. RESULTS: MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in patients with cardiac fibrosis than those without fibrosis (p<0.01). A correlation was determined between the diffusiveness of fibrosis and serum MMP-9 levels. Besides, a statistically significant correlation was determined between MMP-9 measurements and the number of segments with fibrosis (p<0.05). In the group with cardiac fibrosis, LVEF measurements by CMR were significantly lower (p<0.01), with left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) measurements significantly higher (p<0.01), than the other group. Furthermore, we found a statistically significant correlation between MMP-9 levels and LVEDV and LVESV. CONCLUSION: MMP-9 levels correlate with cardiac remodeling in patients with HF and could be useful in predicting left ventricular fibrosis. In clinical practice, the use of serum MMP-9 could provide early consideration of therapies for structural and functional pathology of the heart in patients with HF.

Effect of lung resection on electrocardiography.

BACKGROUND: Post-operative changes in electrocardiography (ECG) after lung surgery have been investigated in prior researches. We have limited data about benign physiologic changes in ECG after lung surgery, specifically after lung resection. The aim of our study was to investigate relationship in between lung resection with minimally invasive robotic or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and its effect on ECG after lung resection. METHODS: After exclusion criteria had been applied, a total of 133 patients were enrolled in the present study. Operational information such as amount of resected segment and side of resection was recorded. Lung resections were divided into two groups. One group included surgeries with lung resections <3 segments and other group included surgeries with segmentectomy ≥3 segments. Pre-operative and postoperative (in between 2nd and 3rd months) ECG data of the patients were compared. The location of resected segments as left-sided and right-sided resections were noted to compare the ECG changes for sub-analysis. RESULTS: Among 133 patients, 101 patients were male (75.9%). There was no significant difference between parameters including ventricular rate, P wave, QRS wave and T wave axis in degrees, PR, QRS, QT and QTc durations, Tpe interval, ratio of Tpe interval to QT and QTc interval and fQRSTa. There was significant difference between before and after resection in terms of degree of QRS axis (before resection =37.3 ± 52.7 vs. after resection = 26.2 ± 55.7, P = .026). Sub-analysis regarding to amount of resected segments, there was no significant difference identified in terms of QRS axis in degrees between before and after resection for patients who underwent lung resection <3 segments (p = .885). However, there was significant difference in QRS axis in degrees for patients who underwent lung resection ≥3 segments (before resection = 47.3 ± 57.5 vs. after resection = 23.7 ± 66.2, P = .010). There was significant rightward axial change after left-sided lung resections (before resection =32.0 ± 52.4 vs. after resection = 49.4 ± 47.1, P = .005) and leftward axial change after right-sided lung resection (before resection = 41.7 ± 53.0 vs. after resection = 7.1 ± 55.2, P < .001). CONCLUSION: Understanding and recognition of possible ECG changes are crucial during post-operative follow-up of the patients who underwent lung resection. These changes might be benign changes, which are related to anatomical and geometrical changes within thoracic cavity.