Anesthesia Aspects of Multivisceral Transplantation: A Case Series Study.

Background: Multi-visceral transplantation (MvTx) usually refers to the transplantation of more than three intra-abdominal organs. A successful MvTx requires strong multidisciplinary teamwork of transplant surgeons, anesthesiologists, and intensivists. Case presentation: We present five cases of MvTx with a history of short bowel syndrome admitted to the Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz, Iran from May 2019 to January 2020 and describe anesthetic considerations in MvTx. Subjects were identified (4F/1M) with a mean age of 43 years old (range 35-51). The most frequent cause of intestinal failure was portal vein thrombosis, followed by bowel gangrene and short bowel syndrome. The mean ±SD duration of the operation was 360±60 min. The bleeding volume was approximately 2600±1474 cc, and 4±1 bags of packed red blood cells were transfused. Sepsis was the main cause of death in our series. Conclusion: Careful preoperative planning, vigilant intraoperative anesthetic management, and prevention of postoperative infection are imperative to achieve the best outcomes.

The Effect of Perioperative N-acetylcysteine on the Short and Long Term Outcomes in Pediatrics Undergoing Living-Donor Liver Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Ischemia-reperfusion injury during transplantation can cause post-operative graft dysfunction. OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of N-acetylcysteine in preventing hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury and post-transplant outcomes. METHODS: In this retrospective study on pediatrics undergoing living-donor (from one of their parents) liver transplantation, N-acetylcysteine was administered to one group (n=20) after induction in the donors until graft harvest, and in the recipients during implantation, which was maintained for 19 hours. The second group (n=20) did not receive NAC. Early allograft dysfunction was determined in the presence of alanine aminotransferase or aspartate aminotransferase ≥2000 IU/L and bilirubin ≥10 mg/dL within the first 7 days, and an international normalized ratio ≥1.6 on day 7. Data were collected from a retrospectively maintained database. RESULTS: The incidence of post-reperfusion syndrome was lower in N-acetylcysteine group compared with the other group (5% vs. 30%, p=0.037). Serum creatinine level was significantly (p=0.04) different in the N-acetylcysteine group during the second post-operative week (0.14 vs. 0.15 mg/dL). There was no significant difference in the incidence of early allograft dysfunction (21% vs. 14%, p=0.327), and the survival rate (p=0.409). CONCLUSION: Peri-operative infusion of N-acetylcysteine in both donor and recipient would effectively prevent post-reperfusion syndrome and renal insufficiency. However, it might not affect the early allograft dysfunction, ICU stay, and mortality. NAC increases the chance of re-operation due to non-surgical bleeding in the first post-operative day.

A System for Continuous Estimating and Monitoring Cardiac Output via Arterial Waveform Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac output (CO) is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute and is a function of heart rate and stroke volume. CO is one of the most important parameters for monitoring cardiac function, estimating global oxygen delivery and understanding the causes of high blood pressure. Hence, measuring CO has always been a matter of interest to researchers and clinicians. Several methods have been developed for this purpose, but a majority of them are either invasive, too expensive or need special expertise and experience. Besides, they are not usually risk free and have consequences. OBJECTIVE: Here, a semi-invasive system was designed and developed for continuous CO measurement via analyzing and processing arterial pulse waves. RESULTS: Quantitative evaluation of developed CO estimation system was performed using 7 signals. It showed that it has an acceptable average error of (6.5%) in estimating CO. In addition, this system has the ability to consistently estimate this parameter and to provide a CO versus time curve that assists in tracking changes of CO. Moreover, the system provides such curve for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, average blood pressure, heart rate and stroke volume. CONCLUSION: Evaluation of the results showed that the developed system is capable of accurately estimating CO. The curves which the system provides for important parameters may be valuable in monitoring hemodynamic status of high-risk surgical patients and critically ill patients in Intensive Care Units (ICU). Therefore, it could be a suitable system for monitoring hemodynamic status of critically ill patients.

Restricted Crystalloid Fluid Therapy during Orthotopic Liver Transplant Surgery and its Effect on Respiratory and Renal Insufficiency in the Early Post-operative Period: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory and renal insufficiencies are common dysfunctions during post-liver transplantation period that increase post-operative mortality and morbidity rates. Intra-operative fluid therapy is an important factor associated with pulmonary and renal insufficiency. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relation between intra-operative fluid therapy and early renal and respiratory insufficiency after liver transplantation. METHODS: In this randomized clinical study, 67 adult patients with end-stage liver disease who underwent orthotopic deceased donor liver transplantation were randomly allocated into two groups. The restricted fluid group, which received a controlled fluid administration of normal saline, 5 mL/kg/hr during anesthesia, and non-restricted fluid group received a controlled infusion of normal saline 10 mL/kg/hr during anesthesia. Early post-operative respiratory and renal insufficiency in both groups were assessed. The patients were monitored during the three stages of liver transplantation for their hemodynamic indices. The trial is registered with the Iranian Randomized Clinical Trial Registry, number IRCT2013101811662N4. RESULTS: The baseline demographic and clinical characteristics were similar in both studied groups. The prevalence of respiratory insufficiency in the non-restricted fluid group (15%) significantly (p=0.01) higher than that in the restricted fluid group (0%). The post-operative mean±SD serum creatinine was 1.0±0.1 mg/dL in the non-restricted fluid group and 1.1±0.2 in the restricted fluid group (p=0.43). No patients in the studied groups required post-operative continuous renal replacement therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Restricted crystalloid fluid administration during orthotropic liver transplantation though decreased post-operative chance of pulmonary insufficiency, did not increase renal dysfunction.

Gabapentin versus naproxen in the management of failed back surgery syndrome; a randomized controlled trial.

Gabapentin is an analogue of the gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), which regulates the conductance of calcium channels. In this study, we compared the efficacy of gabapentin the one of naproxen in the treatment of failed laminectomy syndrome. In this controlled trial, patients who had had elective lumbar discectomy or spinal fusion surgery more than one year ago, and complaining about leg and back pain in spite of different medical therapy were randomly assigned to receive naproxen (control group) or gabapentin. Gabapentin was started at a daily dose of 300 mg. This dose was increased by 300 mg at the end of each week up to a maximum dose of 1800 mg. Naproxen, which was administered at an initial daily dose of 250 mg, was increased similarly to the maximum 1500 mg. Patients were then followed up for the next 6 consecutive months. Back and leg pains were compared between the two groups at 9 consecutive time points, namely 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 32 weeks after starting the treatment. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score of the back pain was significantly reduced when a 600 mg daily dose of gabapentin was reached (P < 0.001). At a dose of 1800 mg, the decrease in back pain amounted 20.5%. Naproxen-treated patients did not show significant improvement in back pain. Leg pain as similarly assessed by a VAS significantly decreased when a 1200 mg dose of gabapentin was attained (P < 0.008). At 1800 mg, the reduction in VAS was 39.2%. Naproxen-treated patients had a 7.7% pain reduction at 6th week, when using the maximum daily dose of 1500 mg (P < 0.04), but the pain increased thereafter. We conclude that Gabapentin, at a maximum daily dose of 1800 mg, is significantly more efficient than naproxen at treating persistent pain after spinal surgeries.

En-bloc Transplantation: an Eligible Technique for Unilateral Dual Kidney Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Kidney transplantation is the best available treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the en bloc anastomosis technique for unilateral dual kidney transplantation (DKT). METHODS: From May to October 2011, 5 patients (4 women and 1 man) with mean age of 31.8 years underwent unilateral DKT with this technique in which distal end of the aorta and proximal end of inferior vena cava (IVC) were closed with running sutures. Then, proximal end of the aorta and distal end of the IVC were anastomosed to internal (or external) iliac artery and external iliac vein, respectively. RESULTS: Post-operative course was uneventful. No vascular and urologic complications developed; all patient had acceptable serum creatinine at discharge time and up of 2-6 months of post-operation follow up. CONCLUSION: Unilateral DKT is a safe method for performing DKT. The proposed en bloc anastomosis can improve the outcome of the graft by reducing the cold ischemia and the operation time.

Hypotension after reperfusion in liver transplantation: histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate versus University of Wisconsin solution.

BACKGROUND: The greatest hemodynamic instability during orthotopic liver transplantation occurs at graft reperfusion. Many factors have been implicated. PURPOSE: To compare hemodynamic changes after reperfusion in grafted livers preserved with histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution versus grafted livers preserved with University of Wisconsin (UW) solution. METHODS: In this prospective study, we randomly divided 89 patients who underwent deceased donor liver transplantation into 2 groups: the UW group and the HTK group. The HTK group was further divided into 2 subgroups: flushed and not flushed before reperfusion. The patients were monitored with hemodynamic and metabolic parameters at 3 times: after the skin incision, 5 minutes before reperfusion, and 5 minutes after reperfusion. RESULTS: Hemodynamic parameters in the UW group had not changed significantly at 5 minutes before reperfusion or 5 minutes after reperfusion (P = .45), and the incidence of hypotension after reperfusion in the UW group was 20%. In both HTK groups, the mean arterial pressure 5 minutes after reperfusion was significantly lower than at 5 minutes before reperfusion (P = .002); the incidence of hypotension after reperfusion in the nonflushed HTK group was 83.3% and in the flushed HTK group, 65.5%. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of hypotension after reperfusion is greater if HTK solution rather than UW solution is used. Flushing of grafted livers preserved with HTK solution might eliminate some vasoactive substances found in HTK solution.

Post-reperfusion Syndrome and Outcome Variables after Orthotopic Liver Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Post-reperfusion syndrome (PRS) is an important complication during liver transplantation. OBJECTIVE: We studied the occurrence and severity of PRS in patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) to investigate how PRS was correlated to clinical variables and outcomes. METHODS: We retrospectively recorded intra- and peri-operative data for 184 adult patients who received cadaveric OLT during a 3-year period from 2005 to 2008. Patients were divided into two groups according to the severity of PRS: Group 1 (mild or no PRS) comprised 152 patients; and group 2 (significant PRS) consisted of 32 patients. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in demographic and pre-operative data between groups. Group 2 had more total blood loss than group 1 (p=0.036), especially after reperfusion (p=0.023). Group 2 required more packed red cell transfusions (p=0.005), more fresh frozen plasma (p=0.003) and more platelets (p=0.043) than group 1. Fibrinolysis was more frequent in group 2 (p=0.004). Hospital stay in group 2 was significantly longer than in group 1 (p=0.034), but the frequencies of other outcomes including infection, retransplantation, dialysis, rejection and extended donor criteria did not differ significantly between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Bleeding, blood transfusion and fibrinolysis occurred more often in the group of severe PRS after reperfusion. Although postoperative complications like rejection, infection and the dialysis rate were not significantly different in the two groups, hospital stay was more prolonged in the group with severe PRS.