A multistage framework for respiratory disease detection and assessing severity in chest X-ray images.

Chest Radiography is a non-invasive imaging modality for diagnosing and managing chronic lung disorders, encompassing conditions such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and COVID-19. While it is crucial for disease localization and severity assessment, existing computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems primarily focus on classification tasks, often overlooking these aspects. Additionally, prevalent approaches rely on class activation or saliency maps, providing only a rough localization. This research endeavors to address these limitations by proposing a comprehensive multi-stage framework. Initially, the framework identifies relevant lung areas by filtering out extraneous regions. Subsequently, an advanced fuzzy-based ensemble approach is employed to categorize images into specific classes. In the final stage, the framework identifies infected areas and quantifies the extent of infection in COVID-19 cases, assigning severity scores ranging from 0 to 3 based on the infection's severity. Specifically, COVID-19 images are classified into distinct severity levels, such as mild, moderate, severe, and critical, determined by the modified RALE scoring system. The study utilizes publicly available datasets, surpassing previous state-of-the-art works. Incorporating lung segmentation into the proposed ensemble-based classification approach enhances the overall classification process. This solution can be a valuable alternative for clinicians and radiologists, serving as a secondary reader for chest X-rays, reducing reporting turnaround times, aiding clinical decision-making, and alleviating the workload on hospital staff.

Pyrazole-based and N,N-diethylcarbamate functionalized some novel aurone analogs: Design, synthesis, cytotoxic evaluation, docking and SAR studies, against AGS cancer cell line.

The present study involves the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of thirty-three, pyrazole-based and N,N-diethylcarbamate functionalized, novel aurone analogs, against AGS cancer cell line. These novel aurone analogs are obtained from the reaction of pyrazole-based 6-hydroxyaurones with diethyl carbamoyl chloride using mild basic reagent. The cytotoxic activities of these compounds were evaluated against a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS) and disclosed some potential outcomes as several analogs were found to have cytotoxicity better than the reference drugs Oxaliplatin and Leucovorin. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) study further unveiled the critical role of replacing the hydroxyl group in ring A with a carbamoyl group for cytotoxic activity. Among these aurone analogs, 8e and 8f, with IC50 values of 6.5 ± 0.024 µM and 6.6 ± 0.035 µM, respectively, are identified as the most active compounds. Molecular docking studies were conducted against HER2, a human epidermal growth factor involved in gastric and ovarian cancer, to investigate the binding interactions between the compounds and the protein HER2, where7e and 8e exhibited maximum interactions.

Outcomes of 3-year follow up with induction vs first line chemotherapy in oral cancer patients: An observational hospital-based study.

OBJECTIVE: Our study aims to analyse and compare the efficacy, adverse effect profile and survival among the Paclitaxel/Cisplatin/5-Flurouracil (TPF) induction chemotherapy and Paclitaxel/carboplatin (PC) first line or cisplatin chemotherapy in a high-volume tertiary care cancer centre. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 215 patients with oral cavity cancer were recruited in this study. Patients with stages I-IIc underwent surgical resection or radiation therapy 66-74 GY/fraction. Patients of Stages III-IV were administered with either induction chemotherapy TPF or PC or cisplatin regimen. Treatment responses were assessed by CT and MRI. Response rates, survival and adverse effects data were tabulated and analysed. RESULTS: The mean age was 49.2 ± 11.68 years. Symptoms were ulceration (33.5%), growth (20.5%), pain (13%), ulcer-proliferative growth (8.4%) and swelling (13, 6%). The tumour site was found at the base of the tongue, C01 (42.2%) followed by C06 (35.8%), C08 (6.5%), C07 (5.2%) and C05 (4.6%). There were no significant differences ( P > 0.05) in efficacy and survival outcomes between the different groups of treatment. Median survival was achieved within 36 months. The major side effect observed were anaemia (15.81%), diarrhoea (36.2%), dyspepsia (28.8%), fever (33.95%), mucositis (28.85%), myalgia (33.95%) and nausea (7.9%). Survival among the responder categories (CR, PR and NR) was significantly different as per Log-rank analysis ( P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: TPF induction therapy and PC first line chemotherapy showed similar efficacy, safety profile and survival whereas cisplatin shows poor efficacy and safety and survival in Indian oral cancer patients.

Emerging Futuristic Targeted Therapeutics: A Comprising Study Towards a New Era for the Management of TNBC.

Triple-negative breast cancer is characterized by high lethality attributed to factors such as chemoresistance, transcriptomic, and genomic heterogeneity, leading to a poor prognosis and limiting available targeted treatment options. While the identification of molecular targets remains pivotal for therapy involving chemo drugs, the current challenge lies in the poor response rates, low survival rates, and frequent relapses. Despite various clinical investigations exploring molecular targeted therapies in conjunction with conventional chemo treatment, the outcomes have been less than optimal. The critical need for more effective therapies underscores the urgency to discover potent novel treatments, including molecular and immune targets, as well as emerging strategies. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of conventional treatment approaches and explores emerging molecular and immune-targeted therapeutics, elucidating their mechanisms to address the existing obstacles for a more effective management of triple-negative breast cancer.

Machine Learning-Mediated Ultrasensitive Detection of Citrinin and Associated Mycotoxins in Real Food Samples Discerned from a Photoluminescent Carbon Dot Barcode Array.

Economically viable remote sensing of foodborne contaminants using minimalistic chemical reagents and simultaneous automation calls for a concrete integration of a chemical detection strategy with artificial intelligence. In a first of its kind, we report the ultrasensitive detection of citrinin and associated mycotoxins like aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A using an Alizarin Red S (ARS) and cystamine-derived carbon dot (CD) that aptly amalgamate with machine learning algorithms for automation. The photoluminescence response of the CD as a function of various solvents and pH is used to generate array channels that are further modulated in the presence of the mycotoxins whose digital images were acquired to determine pixelation, essentially creating a barcode. The barcode was fed to machine learning algorithms that actualize and intertwine convoluted databases, demonstrating Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) as the optimized model out of eight algorithms tested. Spiked samples of wheat, rice, gram, maize, coffee, and milk were used to evaluate the testing model where an exemplary accuracy of 100% even at 10 pmol of mycotoxin concentration was achieved. Most importantly, the coexistence of mycotoxins could also be detected through the CD array and XGBoost synergy hinting toward a broader scope of the developed methodology for smart detection of foodborne contaminants.

PIM1/STAT3 axis: a potential co-targeted therapeutic approach in triple-negative breast cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer lacks an expression of ER, PR, and Her-2, has a poor prognosis, and there are no target therapies available. Therapeutic options to treat TNBC are limited and urgently needed. Strong evidence indicates that molecular signaling pathways have a significant function to regulate biological mechanisms and their abnormal expression endows with the development of cancer. PIM kinase is overexpressed in various human cancers including TNBC which is regulated by various signaling pathways that are crucial for cancer cell proliferation and survival and also make PIM kinase as an attractive drug target. One of the targets of the STAT3 signaling pathway is PIM1 that plays a key role in tumor progression and transformation. In this review, we accumulate the current scenario of the PIM-STAT3 axis that provides insights into the PIM1 and STAT3 inhibitors which can be developed as potential co-inhibitors as prospective anticancer agents.

In-silico and in-vitro investigation of STAT3-PIM1 heterodimeric complex: Its mechanism and inhibition by curcumin for cancer therapeutics.

The functional activity among STAT3 and PIM1, are key signaling events for cancer cell function. Curcumin, a diarylheptanoid isolated from turmeric, effectively inhibits STAT3 signaling. Selectively, we attempted to address interactions of STAT3, PIM1 and Curcumin for therapeutic intervention using in silico and in vitro experimental approaches. Firstly, protein-protein interactions (PPI) between STAT3-PIM1 by molecular docking studies reflected salt bridges among Arg279 (STAT3)-Glu140 (PIM1) and Arg282 (STAT3)-Asp100 (PIM1), with a binding affinity of -38.6 kcal/mol. Secondly, molecular dynamics simulations of heterodimeric STAT3-PIM1 complex with curcumin revealed binding of curcumin on PIM-1 interface of the complex through hydrogen bonds (Asp155) and hydrophobic interactions (Leu13, Phe18, Val21, etc.) with a binding energy of -7.3 kcal/mol. These PPIs were confirmed in vitro by immunoprecipitation assays in MDA-MB-231 cells. Corroborating our results, expression levels of STAT3 and PIM1 decreased after curcumin treatment. We observed that PIM1 interacts with STAT3 and these functional interactions are disrupted by curcumin. The calculated band energy gap of heterodimeric STAT3-PIM1-Curcumin complex was of 9.621 kcal/mol. The present study revealed the role of curcumin in STAT3/PIM1 signaling and its binding affinity to the complex for design of advanced cancer therapeutics.

Evaluation of numerical rating scale and neuropathic pain symptom inventory pain scores in advanced ovarian carcinoma patients undergoing surgery and first-line chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (OC) has a high disease manifestation with difficult-to-manage symptoms that limit the patients' functionality. Abdominal pain, persistent back pain, and neuropathic pain are among the common discomforts associated with OC and its treatment. Our study aims to determine pain scores in advanced OC patients undergoing surgery and chemotherapeutic treatment with carboplatin and paclitaxel. METHODS: One hundred and ten patients with advanced epithelial OC were enrolled and treated with surgery and an adjuvant/neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimen of carboplatin-paclitaxel for six cycles (triweekly). Pain intensity was analyzed using the validated numerical rating scale for resting, movement, sleep interference-associated pain, and neuropathic pain scores were evaluated using the neuropathic pain symptom inventory scale. Pain was correlated with Qol according to Fact-O questionnaires. Chemo-response was evaluated using the CA125 blood biomarker and CT scan of the abdomen and thorax. Data were recorded at baseline, 2, 4, and 6 months of the six chemotherapy cycles. RESULTS: Of the 110 patients, no statistically significant differences were found in pain at baseline and after treatment (P > 0.05) and between the responder and non-responder categories (P > 0.05). However, movement-associated pain had a significant correlation with chemo-response and a strong positive correlation with the patients' physical and functional wellbeing. There were more chemo-induced neuropathy occurrences (P = 0.001) in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy group. CONCLUSION: Patients in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy arm experienced more chemo-induced neuropathy that was persistent and did not improve with the treatment. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS: Peripheral neuropathy is a common adverse effect of platinum and taxane chemotherapeutic drugs that persists throughout cancer treatment and in survivorship. This research provides evidence that chemotherapy-associated neuropathy affects Qol of patients and it will be helpful to improve pain and palliative care management policies.

Assessment of quality of life among advanced ovarian cancer patients in a tertiary care hospital in India.

PURPOSE: The study aims to record the quality of life (Qol) and its changes while ovarian cancer (OC) patients undergo debulking surgeries and chemotherapy in a tertiary care hospital of Eastern India. METHODS: Patients with advanced epithelial OC (FIGO stages III-IV) were recruited. They underwent primary/interval debulking surgeries with classical chemotherapy (adjuvant/neoadjuvant) of intravenous tri-weekly doses of paclitaxel + carboplatin. QoL was assessed using Fact- O + FACIT-Sp-12 questionnaire with a set of 51 questions in different domains (spiritual, physical, social, emotional, and functional factors) and a special set for OC patients under the heading "Additional concerns." The responses from patients were recorded at baseline (diagnosis/study entry), 2, 4, and 6 months during the treatment visits. Overall survival (OS) was assessed using Kaplan Meier curve. RESULTS: A majority of patients were 49.15±10.8 years of age, school-educated (54%), unemployed/homemakers (73.5%), belonging from rural setup (64.6%) with a monthly income of Rs. 2000/- to Rs. 5000/-. There was no statistically significant (p>0.05) improvement found in Qol from the baseline till the end of the study, neither overall nor in subsets (responders (Rs)/partial responders (PRs)/non-responder (NRs) groups or the adjuvant and neoadjuvant chemotherapy groups). The common toxicities like anemia, constipation, and weight loss were significantly (p<0.05) correlated with the patients' physical, functional, emotional, and social well-being. CONCLUSION: Ovarian cancer patients represent a poor functional, social, and disease-specific quality of life that needs to be addressed, identified, and improved by the growing nexus of healthcare providers and researchers.

Mitotic checkpoint defects: en route to cancer and drug resistance.

Loss of mitosis regulation is a common feature of malignant cells that leads to aberrant cell division with inaccurate chromosome segregation. The mitotic checkpoint is responsible for faithful transmission of genetic material to the progeny. Defects in this checkpoint, such as mutations and changes in gene expression, lead to abnormal chromosome content or aneuploidy that may facilitate cancer development. Furthermore, a defective checkpoint response is indicated in the development of drug resistance to microtubule poisons that are used in treatment of various blood and solid cancers for several decades. Mitotic slippage and senescence are important cell fates that occur even with an active mitotic checkpoint and are held responsible for the resistance. However, contradictory findings in both the scenarios of carcinogenesis and drug resistance have aroused questions on whether mitotic checkpoint defects are truly responsible for these dismal outcomes. Here, we discuss the possible contribution of the faulty checkpoint signaling in cancer development and drug resistance, followed by the latest research on this pathway for better outcomes in cancer treatment.

Premalignant and malignant lesions of oral cavity in eastern India: a hospital-based study.

BACKGROUND: Oral carcinoma and precancers are major public health challenges in India and other developing countries. OBJECTIVES: Aim of the study was to assess the associations of demographic characteristics, addictions, chief complaints of mouth/oral and clinical diagnosis by cytology smear and punch biopsy in early detection of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. Methods Study was designed on retrospective data of case files of CDC, CNCI, Kolkata, from patients attended from January 1996 to September 2016. History was taken, histopathology and Pap smear were performed. Descriptive statistical analysis, cross-tabulation and Pearson's Chi-square test were done. RESULTS: Total participants (n = 692); 110 (15.9%) having history of swallowing betel leaf, nut lime, dokta, jarda, catecheu with an average of 11 years. Three hundred twenty-five (46.9%) had multiple addiction (cigarette/bidi/tobacco/all). Ninety-eight (12.1%), 99 (12.2%) and 68 (8.4%) were addicted to cigarette, bidi and chewing tobacco, respectively. Twenty-nine participants were addicted to alcohol; 18 (2.6%) and 11 (1.5%) took country and foreign alcohol correspondingly. Clinicians thoroughly examined lips (4.1%), buccal mucosa (27.3%), gingival (2.8%), tongue (23.1%), hard and soft palate (4.9%), mouth loor (5.2%) and other parts (32.3%); diagnosed participants as normal (22.8%)/benign (23.1%)/premalignant (39.1%)/malignant (14.8%). Smears confirmed 60, 131, 42, 9 and 8 cases as carcinoma, mild, moderate, severe dysplasia and inflammation, respectively. The punch biopsy identified 11 carcinomas, two severe, two moderate and seveeen mild dysplasia's. Chi-square test showed significant association between smear and examination (P = 0.022), diagnosis and examinations of the oral cancer patients (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The study provided strong evidence that betel leaf, chewing tobacco, smoking and alcohol are independent risk factors for oral cancer. Cytological smear and biopsy are cost-effective approaches for early detection.

Sociodemographic factors and clinical presentation of women attending Cancer Detection Centre, Kolkata for breast examination.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Indian women. AIM: The aim of the study was to report the sociodemographic factors, habits, personal history, gynecological and obstetric history, the clinical presentation of Indian women, and analyze those factors with the diagnosis of breast cancer. METHODS: This study is based on retrospective data collection from case files of women who attended the Cancer Detection Centre during January1995-September 2016. RESULTS: Data analysis for 1196 women showed 31.5% aged between 26 and 35 years; 90.7% were Hindus; 61.3% school-educated; 77.0% housewives/unemployed; 80.6% married and 98.2% were non-vegetarian. Physical activity, medical history and gynecologic history of menarche, menstrual type, menopause, marital age, and breast feeding history had a strong correlation with clinical diagnosis (p<0.05). About 8.4% of the total population was diagnosed with breast cancer using smear cytology, FNAC, mammography, and USG. CONCLUSIONS: Age, lack of proper education, marital status, food habit, physical activity, age of menarche, menstrual type, menopause, marital age, and breastfeeding history were highlighted as significant risk factors of breast cancer in Indian women. Smears from nipple discharges, FNAC, mammography, and USG are effective methods for breast cancer detection in low-cost setting where routine organized screening programs are not available. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS: The study will identify important risk factors among women in the Eastern region of India. Thus, background information of patients can be used to emphasize the importance of organizing breast cancer screening while making public health policies and implementing breast cancer control programs.