ABSTRACT
A new highly emissive pH-responsive near-IR active digital probe was designed and synthesized. The probe is based on a bisbenzothiazole motif with a highly vulnerable hydrogen unit attached in an intramolecular fashion. The probe produced a large Stokes shift which was observed to be highly pH dependent. The optical pH dependence can be used for sensing pH over a wide range.
Subject(s)
Fluorescent Dyes , Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry , Hydrogen-Ion ConcentrationABSTRACT
A novel fluorescent Mg2+ probe was developed based on a small molecule-protein hybrid. This probe enables subcellular targeting, long-term imaging, and high selectivity for Mg2+ over Ca2+. Using ratiometric fluorescence microscopy with a co-localized standard fluorophore, the variations in intranuclear Mg2+ concentrations during mitosis could be visualized.
Subject(s)
Fluorescent Dyes , Mitosis , Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods , Optical Imaging/methodsABSTRACT
Eudragit, synthesized by radical polymerization, is used for enteric coating, precise temporal release, and targeting the entire gastrointestinal system. Evonik Healthcare Germany offers different grades of Eudragit. The ratio of methacrylic acid to its methacrylate-based monomers used in the polymerization reaction defines the final product's characteristics and consequently its potential range of applications. Since 1953, these polymers have been made to use in a wide range of healthcare applications around the world. In this review, we reviewed the "known of knowns and known of unknowns" about Eudragit, from molecule to material design, its characterization, and its applications in healthcare.
ABSTRACT
The presence of multiple oxidation and spin states of first-row transition-metal complexes facilitates the development of switchable MRI probes. Redox-responsive probes capitalize on a change in the magnetic properties of the different oxidation states of the paramagnetic metal ion center upon exposure to biological oxidants and reductants. Transition-metal complexes that are useful for MRI can be categorized according to whether they accelerate water proton relaxation (T1 or T2 agents), induce paramagnetic shifts of 1H or 19F resonances (paraSHIFT agents), or are chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) agents. The various oxidation state couples and their properties as MRI probes are summarized with a focus on Co(II)/Co(III) or Fe(II)/Fe(III) complexes as small molecules or as liposomal agents. Solution studies of these MRI probes are reviewed with an emphasis on redox changes upon treatment with oxidants or with enzymes that are physiologically important in inflammation and disease. Finally, we outline the challenges of developing these probes further for in vivo MRI applications.
Subject(s)
Coordination Complexes , Transition Elements , Coordination Complexes/chemistry , Ferric Compounds , Ferrous Compounds , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Oxidants , Oxidation-Reduction , Protons , Reducing Agents , Transition Elements/chemistry , WaterABSTRACT
Living cells dynamically change their morphology and function according to the cell cycle. Long-term observations of living cells are privileged when we spy the unique, cell cycle-driven molecular events, which cannot be obtained from short-term ones. Mg2+, a metal ion abundant in cells, has been shown to be involved in a variety of physiological phenomena by noninvasive cellular observation using fluorescence microscopy. However, long-term observation of Mg2+ in cells has been a great challenge. Herein, we present a protocol for the long-term microscopic imaging of intracellular Mg2+ levels using a small molecule-protein hybrid fluorescent probe we developed.
