Effects of water borne iron on spawn of Indian major carps (Catla catla (Ham.), Labeo rohita (Ham.) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.)).

Effects of water-borne iron on Indian major carps spawn were evaluated in the present study. Ferrous sulphate was used to prepare different test iron concentrations. Mrigal had the lowest 96 h LC(50) value of 0.30 ± 0.06 mg L(-1) while rohu had the highest value of 0.73 ± 0.06 mg L(-1) of iron. Accumulation of iron in mrigal spawn was highest whereas it was lowest in catla. Abnormal behaviour and reduced growth were observed in chronic toxicity. Application factors were calculated to establish acceptable ranges and safe levels.

Immune responses and protection in catla (Catla catla) vaccinated against epizootic ulcerative syndrome.

Three different antigenic preparations from the epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) pathogen Aphanomyces invadans were evaluated as vaccine candidate in catla (Catla catla). Anti-catla enzyme immunoconjugate was prepared after isolating catla immunoglobulin and raising hyperimmune sera against it, in rabbit. Three antigens namely, fungal extract (FE), fungal extract mixed with Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA) in a 1:1 (v/v) ratio (FE + A) and extra cellular product (ECP) were prepared and three groups of catla were vaccinated intramuscularly with all these antigens (200 µg/fish). Different cellular and humoral immune responses were measured for the entire vaccinated and control group on 0th, 5th, 15th and 25th day post vaccination. Thirty days after the vaccination, the fish were challenged with an A. invadans zoospore dose of 1 × 10(5) ml(-1) and mortality and relative percent of survival (RPS) were recorded. Study of cellular immunological parameters including antigen-specific leukocyte proliferation, antigen-specific nitric oxide production and superoxide anion production showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) values, in general, on 5th and 15th day post vaccination than the 0th day. Among all the antigenic groups, FE + A showed most significant response compared to the other groups. Among the humoral immune responses, lysozyme activity showed almost similar trend like cellular parameters. Anti-Aphanomyces antibody production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and it was increased with increasing days of vaccination in all the vaccinated groups with the highest observed on 25th day. Among the antigens, FE + A showed the highest antibody production following vaccination. The result of the homologous pathogen challenge study showed reduction in mortality in all the vaccinated groups. However, this reduction was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Increased immune responses and protection have important implications with regard to the control of EUS by vaccination.