Nano fuzzy alarming system for blood transfusion requirement detection in cancer using deep learning.

Periodic blood transfusion is a need in cancer patients in which the disease process as well as the chemotherapy can disrupt the natural production of blood cells. However, there are concerns about blood transfusion side effects, the cost, and the availability of donated blood. Therefore, predicting the timely requirement for blood transfusion considering patient variability is a need, and here for the first-time deal with this issue in blood cancer using in vivo data. First, a data set of 98 samples of blood cancer patients including 61 features of demographic, clinical, and laboratory data are collected. After performing multivariate analysis and the approval of an expert, effective parameters are derived. Then using a deep recurrent neural network, a system is presented to predict a need for packed red blood cell transfusion. Here, we use a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network for modeling and the cross-validation technique with 5 layers for validation of the model along with comparing the result with networking and non-networking machine learning algorithms including bidirectional LSTM, AdaBoost, bagging decision tree based, bagging KNeighbors, and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP). Results show the LSTM outperforms the other methods. Then, using the swarm of fuzzy bioinspired nanomachines and the most effective parameters of Hgb, PaO2, and pH, we propose a feasibility study on nano fuzzy alarming system (NFABT) for blood transfusion requirements. Alarming decisions using the Internet of Things (IoT) gateway are delivered to the physician for performing medical actions. Also, NFABT is considered a real-time non-invasive AI-based hemoglobin monitoring and alarming method. Results show the merits of the proposed method.

An Update on the Role of mpMRI and 68Ga-PSMA PET Imaging in Primary and Recurrent Prostate Cancer.

The objective of this work was to review comparisons of the efficacy of 68Ga-PSMA-11 (prostate-specific membrane antigen) PET/CT and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in the detection of prostate cancer among patients undergoing initial staging prior to radical prostatectomy or experiencing recurrent prostate cancer, based on histopathological data. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science, and relevant articles were analyzed with various parameters, including year of publication, study design, patient count, age, PSA (prostate-specific antigen) value, Gleason score, standardized uptake value (SUVmax), detection rate, treatment history, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and PI-RADS (prostate imaging reporting and data system) scores. Only studies directly comparing PSMA-PET and mpMRI were considered, while those examining combined accuracy or focusing on either modality alone were excluded. In total, 24 studies comprising 1717 patients were analyzed, with the most common indication for screening being staging, followed by relapse. The findings indicated that 68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT effectively diagnosed prostate cancer in patients with suspected or confirmed disease, and both methods exhibited comparable efficacy in identifying lesion-specific information. However, notable heterogeneity was observed, highlighting the necessity for standardization of imaging and histopathology systems to mitigate inter-study variability. Future research should prioritize evaluating the combined diagnostic performance of both modalities to enhance sensitivity and reduce unnecessary biopsies. Overall, the utilization of PSMA-PET and mpMRI in combination holds substantial potential for significantly advancing the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer.

A case report of prostate cancer with leptomeningeal metastasis and bone marrow involvement.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement in prostate cancer which manifests as cerebral, leptomeningeal, or dural involvement is uncommon and occurs late in the course of disease. CASE: A 60-year-old patient with castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) presented with headache and fatigue. Evaluation revealed bone marrow and leptomeningeal involvement. The patient treated by whole brain radiotherapy, leuprolide, weekly docetaxel and daily 1000 mg abiraterone. Complete blood count (CBC) and CNS symptoms improved and the patient is alive after 11 months with excellent performance status. CONCLUSION: Leptomeningeal involvement in prostate cancer is rare and is associated with a poor prognosis but the possibility of such event should be considered in patients with new onset progressive CNS symptoms. New treatment strategies such as combination of docetaxel and abiraterone added to androgen deprivation therapy (triplet therapy) might improve outcome in these patients.