Diffuse large b-cell lymphoma of the ocular adnexa with flow cytometry analysis and review of the literature.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological features and flow cytometry (FCM) of tumor tissues in ocular adnexal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). METHODS: This retrospective, multicenter case study was designed to evaluate the clinical and immunohistochemical features of tumors. DLBCL was diagnosed based on histopathology, immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain gene rearrangement, and FCM in all surgically removed periocular tumor tissues. This study involved assessing percentages (%) of B-cell/T-cell markers, a natural killer cell marker, and cell-surface Ig kappa/lambda (κ/λ) expression measured by FCM analysis in tumor tissues. RESULTS: Eleven DLBCL patients (4 men and 7 women) with 11 tumors were enrolled in this study. The median age at the time of initial presentation was 73 years. The tumor cells were immunohistochemically positive for cluster of differentiation (CD) 20, while CD5 was negative in all 8 cases tested. At the time of ophthalmic diagnosis, two cases already showed systemic dissemination of DLBCL throughout the body. FCM of tumor tissues detected a high percentage of B-cell markers including CD19 and CD20 in all 11 tumors. One case with high CD10 levels in FCM was histologic transformation from follicular lymphoma. One case with a relatively low CD20 population involved a history of systemic treatments including intravenous rituximab. CONCLUSION: Although caution should be exercised when interpreting the data, FCM is useful for not only supportive diagnosis complementary to immunohistochemistry, but also facilitates a better understanding of immunopathology including histologic transformation of follicular lymphoma to DLBCL in the ocular adnexa.

Follicular lymphoma of the ocular adnexa: Clinicopathological findings with flow cytometry analysis of eight cases.

PURPOSE: Flow cytometry (FCM) is used to evaluate cell surface markers of various leukocyte populations quantitatively. However, little is known about the usefulness of FCM in follicular lymphoma (FL) of the ocular adnexa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological features and FCM results in ocular adnexal FL. MATERIALS: This is a retrospective multicenter case study on clinical and immunohistochemical features. All tumors, surgically excised, were diagnosed based on histopathology, immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement, and FCM. The percentages (%) of B-cell markers, T-cell markers, a natural killer cell marker, and cell surface kappa/lambda measured by FCM analysis in tumor tissues were searched based on medical records. RESULTS: This study enrolled nine tumors in eight FL patients (three men and five women). The median age at the time of initial presentation was 74 years. All the tumors surgically excised histologically exhibited cluster of differentiation (CD)10, CD20, and BCL2-positive cells. At the time of ophthalmic diagnosis, lymphomas were already disseminated throughout the body in five cases. FCM demonstrated high percentage of B-cell markers including CD10, CD19, CD20, and CD23 in all nine tumors. CD10 population was 73.5% ± 11.9% in seven out of nine tumors, while that in the other two tumors was particularly low being 11.7% ± 1.13%, which showed the relatively high T-cell lineages compared to the other seven tumors. CONCLUSION: For ophthalmologists involving managements of ocular adnexal tumors, FCM can provide useful information for complementing the diagnosis and understanding pathophysiology of FL.

Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Orbit: A Clinicopathologic Study of Two Cases With Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Orbital solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare lesion among orbital tumors, which can be misdiagnosed as another mesenchymal tumor. In this study we report two cases of orbital SFT, focusing on the imaging and pathological findings of the vascular structure inside the tumor. CASE REPORT: A 26-year-old woman and 43-year-old man presented with orbital SFT. The pathological findings revealed a patternless growth pattern of the tumor cells and hemangiopericytoma-like vascularity as well as thickened, dilated blood vessels within the tumor tissue. Tumor cells revealed a diffuse strong positivity for cluster of differentiation 34 (CD34) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) in both cases, while B-cell lymphoma 2 (bcl-2) and CD99 were positive in one case. Characteristic findings within the tumor were the arterial components, where a variety of STAT6, CD99 and bcl-2-positive smooth muscle cells were intermingled. CONCLUSION: Histologically, the tumor tissues might be characterized by not only conventional hemangiopericytoma-like vasculature but also dilated arterial vessels, which were shown to be part of the tumor components.

Quantification of Prostaglandin E2 Concentration in Interstitial Fluid from the Hypothalamic Region of Free-moving Mice.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a well-established chemical mediator for the generation of the fever at the hypothalamus of the brain. PGE2 mediates fever generation via PGE receptor 3 (i.e., EP3) on neurons in the preoptic area. The role of PGE2 has been analyzed by measuring PGE2 concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (Ccsf); however, local PGE2 concentration at the hypothalamus may not necessarily be consistent with Ccsf. In this protocol, we introduce our method to measure directly the alteration in PGE2 concentration in interstitial fluid in the hypothalamus (Cisf) of awake (free-moving) mice using a microdialysis technique. Male mice (c57BL/6J) were anesthetized and fixed in the stereotaxic instrument, and a microdialysis probe was inserted into the hypothalamus through a guide cannula. On the fifth postoperative day, Cisf was monitored in free-moving mice that were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). PGE2 and other eicosanoids recovered in Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer and defused through a microdialysis probe were extracted into ethyl acetate/formic acid and then quantified with LC-MS/MS. Our method is useful to understand the role of key regulators of prostaglandin concentration such as those of transporters, which have been unappreciated in inflammation-based brain diseases.

Importance of prumycin produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SD-32 in biocontrol against cucumber powdery mildew disease.

BACKGROUND: Powdery mildew disease of cucurbits is caused mainly by Podosphaera fusca, which is one of the most important limiting factors in cucurbit production worldwide. Previously we reported that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens biocontrol strain SD-32 produces C17 bacillomycin D and [Ile 2002]surfactin, and that these metabolites play important roles in SD-32's biocontrol over cucumber gray mold disease. Our further investigation demonstrated that the culture broth and its supernatant suppressed cucumber powdery mildew disease in greenhouse experiments. However, the active principle(s) remained unknown. RESULTS: The active compound was isolated from the culture supernatant after anti-powdery mildew disease activity-guided purification and identified as prumycin. Prumycin significantly suppressed the disease, whereas bacillomycin D and [Ile 2002]surfactin did not. Prumycin did not induce the expression of plant defense genes (PR1a and VSP1), suggesting that it does not act via plant defense response. Light microscopic observations of prumycin-treated cucumber cotyledon suggested that prumycin inhibits the conidial germination of P. fusca. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that prumycin is a major factor in SD-32's suppression of cucumber powdery mildew disease. Our findings shed light for the first time on prumycin's role in biocontrol by Bacillus against this disease. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Bilateral Neuroretinitis in Cat Scratch Disease with Exudative, Obliterative Vasculitis in the Optic Disc.

A 29-year-old fisherman exhibited optic disc oedema and peripapillary retinal detachment in the right eye, whereas in the left eye, optic atrophy and intraretinal exudates were already observed on first examination. About 6 months earlier, he noticed blurred vision of the left eye but took no medication. Visual acuity was 0.4 OD and 0.01 OS. Perimetry showed a large lower-half field defect with sparing 10° central field in the right eye and a large central scotoma in the left eye. Fluorescein angiography showed existence of arteriole or capillary nonperfusion and hyperpermeability of surrounding capillaries. Since serological examinations showed positive Bartonella immunoglobulin G (IgG) and other causes of neuroretinitis (NR) were excluded, NR in the present case was caused by cat scratch disease (CSD). Optic atrophy appeared 2 weeks after onset. Optical coherence tomography 13 weeks after onset revealed severe loss of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) superior and nasal to the optic disc in both eyes and temporal in the left eye. Visual acuity of the right eye improved to 1.2 by the treatment, whereas visual field defects were persistent. CSD-NR in the present case developed abrupt appearance of optic atrophy with severe RNFL loss in the right eye, which was elicited by exudative, obliterative vasculitis in the superficial layer of the optic disc.