Histological findings and NAFLD/NASH Status in liver biopsies of patients subjected to bariatric surgery

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatic fibrosis in biopsies of people with obesity who underwent bariatric surgery and examine the possible association of different variables with a diagnosis of NAFLD and NASH. Materials and methods: Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data from 574 individuals with obesity of both genders seen by the same physician between 2003 and 2009 who had a liver biopsy during bariatric surgery were examined. Results: Of the 437 patients included, 39.8% had some degree of liver fibrosis, 95% had a histologic diagnosis of NAFLD, and the risk factors were age ≥ 28 years and Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) ≥ 2.5 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.016, respectively). In the NAFLD group, NASH was present in 26% of patients and the associated factors were aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase index (AST/ALT) > 1, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) < 40 mg/dL, total cholesterol (TC) ≥ 200 mg/dL, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) > 38 U/L and triglycerides (TG) levels > 150 mg/dL. The independent risk factors were low HDL-c, elevated AST/ALT and high TG. Conclusion: The variables associated with a diagnosis of NAFLD were HOMA ≥ 2.5 and age ≥ 28 years. NASH was associated with low HDL-c, high TG and AST/ALT ≤ 1.

Histological findings and NAFLD/NASH Status in liver biopsies of patients subjected to bariatric surgery.

Objective: To investigate nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatic fibrosis in biopsies of people with obesity who underwent bariatric surgery and examine the possible association of different variables with a diagnosis of NAFLD and NASH. Materials and methods: Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data from 574 individuals with obesity of both genders seen by the same physician between 2003 and 2009 who had a liver biopsy during bariatric surgery were examined. Results: Of the 437 patients included, 39.8% had some degree of liver fibrosis, 95% had a histologic diagnosis of NAFLD, and the risk factors were age ≥ 28 years and Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) ≥ 2.5 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.016, respectively). In the NAFLD group, NASH was present in 26% of patients and the associated factors were aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase index (AST/ALT) > 1, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) < 40 mg/dL, total cholesterol (TC) ≥ 200 mg/dL, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) > 38 U/L and triglycerides (TG) levels > 150 mg/dL. The independent risk factors were low HDL-c, elevated AST/ALT and high TG. Conclusion: The variables associated with a diagnosis of NAFLD were HOMA ≥ 2.5 and age ≥ 28 years. NASH was associated with low HDL-c, high TG and AST/ALT ≤ 1.

PET/CT-Guided Biopsy of Suspected Lung Lesions Requires Less Rebiopsy Than CT-Guided Biopsy Due to Inconclusive Results.

The purpose of this study was to compare 18F-FDG PET/CT and CT performance in guiding percutaneous biopsies with histologic confirmation of lung lesions. Methods: We prospectively evaluated 341 patients, of whom 216 underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT-guided biopsy and 125 underwent CT-guided biopsy. The pathology results, lesion size, complications, and rebiopsy rate in the 2 groups were evaluated. Results: Of the 216 biopsies with PET/CT guidance, histology demonstrated 170 lesions (78.7%) to be malignant and 46 (21.3%) to be benign. In the CT-guided group, of 125 lesions, 77 (61.6%) were malignant and 48 (38.4%) were benign (P = 0.001). Inconclusive results prompted the need for a second biopsy in 18 patients: 13 of 125 (10.4%) in the CT group and 5 of 216 (2.3%) in PET group (P = 0.001). Complications were pneumothorax (13.2%), hemothorax (0.8%), and hemoptysis (0.6%). No life-threatening adverse events or fatalities were reported. The difference in complication rates between the 2 groups was not significant (P = 0.6). Malignant lesions showed a greater mean size than benign lesions regardless of the group (P = 0.015). Conclusion: PET/CT-guided biopsy of lung lesions led to fewer inconclusive biopsies than CT-guided biopsy, with similar complication rates.

Brunners gland cyst: rare differential diagnosis of dyspeptic symptoms / Cisto da glândula de Brunner: diagnóstico diferencial raro de sintomas dispépticos

abstract A 60-year-old woman was under investigation of dyspeptic symptoms. The upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a cystic subepithelial lesion in the second portion of the duodenum, measuring 8 mm in its longest diameter. The biopsy showed dilated Brunner's gland lobular ducts with scattered stromal elements, what characterized a Brunner's gland cyst. Brunner's gland cyst should be included in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding, dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), malabsorption syndrome, anemia, among others. The correct nomenclature is important to facilitate research for articles specifically related to each duodenal cystic lesions and better understanding of these diseases, as some may have malignant potential.

resumen Paciente femenina, de 60 años de edad, tenía quejas dispépticas. La endoscopía digestiva reveló lesión subepitelial ubicada en la segunda porción del duodeno con aspecto quístico (signo de la tienda de campaña), de 8 mm en su mayor diámetro. Se realizó biopsia de la lesión. El análisis histopatológico mostró dilatación de los ductos lobulares de las glándulas de Brunner, acompañada por elementos estromales dispersos, identificando un quiste de las glándulas duodenales. Es un diagnóstico diferencial de sangrado intestinal, dispepsia, enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE), malabsorción y anemia. La nomenclatura es importante tanto para buscar artículos específicos de cada lesión quística en el duodeno como para mejor caracterizar esas lesiones, puesto que algunas pueden tener potencial maligno.

resumo Paciente do sexo feminino, 60 anos, com queixas dispépticas. A endoscopia digestiva revelou lesão subepitelial localizada na segunda porção do duodeno com aspecto cístico (sinal da tenda positivo), de 8 mm no seu maior diâmetro. Biópsia da lesão foi realizada. A análise histopatológica mostrou dilatação dos ductos lobulares das glândulas de Brunner, acompanhada por elementos estromais dispersos, caracterizando um cisto da glândula de Brunner. É um diagnóstico diferencial de sangramento intestinal, dispepsia, doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE), má absorção e anemia. A nomenclatura é importante tanto para a pesquisa de artigos específicos de cada lesão cística no duodeno quanto para melhor caracterização dessas lesões, uma vez que algumas podem apresentar potencial maligno.

Esôfago de Barrett: concordância diagnóstica entre os achados da endoscopia digestiva alta e a histologia / Barrett's Esophagus: diagnostic agreement between high digestive endoscopy findings and histology

Justificativa: A Doença do Refluxo Gastroesofágico (DRGE) apresenta alta prevalência na população mundial. Uma de suas complicações, é o esôfago de Barrett (EB), uma alteração histológica pré-maligna do epitélio esofágico. O seu diagnóstico se da através do exame endoscópico e posterior confirmação histopatológica. Objetivo: Estimar a concordância diagnóstica, nos casos suspeitos de EB, entre o exame endoscópico e a análise histológica. Métodos: Foram analisados 151 pacientes, retrospectivamente, com suspeita diagnóstica de EB na endoscopia. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de prontuários eletrônicos, entre Julho de 2013 e Julho de 2014. Os laudos anatomopatológicos foram obtidos através de registros do laboratório Byori. Resultados: Entre os 151 pacientes submetidos a biópsias com suspeita endoscópica de EB, 47 (31,1%) obtiveram confirmação diagnóstica através do exame anatomopatológico. Conclusão: A endoscopia digestiva alta é um bom exame para detecção de metaplasia colunar, entretanto, nos casos de esôfago de Barrett, essa eficácia não se reproduziu.

Background: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) has a high prevalence in the world population. One of its complications is Barrett's esophagus (EB), a premalignant histological alteration of the esophageal epithelium. Its diagnosis is given through endoscopic examination and subsequent histopathological confirmation. Objective: Estimate at diagnostic agreement, we have suspense cases of EB, between endoscopic examination and histological analysis. Method: A total of 151 patients were retrospectively with suspected diagnosis of EB at endoscopy. Data were obtained from electronic medical records between July 2013 and July 2014. Anatomopathological reports were obtained from Byori laboratory records. Results: Among the 151 patients who underwent biopsy with endoscopic suspicion of EB, 47 (31.1%) obtained diagnostic confirmation through pathological examination. Conclusion: Upper digestive endoscopy is a good exam to detect columnar metaplasia, however, in Barrett's esophagus cases, this efficacy has not been reproduced.

Pathological findings of colorectal polyps analyzed in Curitiba - Brazil / Achados anatomopatológicos de pólipos colorretais analisados em Curitiba ­ Brasil

ABSTRACT Context: Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of death from malignancy in the world and the fourth leading cause in Brazil's ranks. Adenomatous polyps are considered premalignant lesions, and its resection reduces both morbidity and mortality rates. Objectives: Investigate the prevalence of premalignant lesions and correlate it with age and gender, as well as with the lesion found profile: location, morphology, histology and grade dysplasia. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational and descriptive study. We analyzed and tabulated results of polyps reports sent to Pathology Laboratory in the period ranging from January 1 to December 31, 2013, in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Results: We analyzed 4640 reports of colorectal polypectomy, coming from 3089 patients, of whom 97.6% were examined by colonoscopy. Concerning gender, 56.5% were female and 43.5% were male. The mean age was 57.6 years (ranging from 15 to 92 years). The predominant removal areas of polyps were rectum in 26.2% and sigmoid in 24.2% cases. About histological aspects, the most common type - adenoma - was present in 75.1% polyps, of which 74.2% were tubular and 21.7% were serrated. Among the non-adenomatous polyps, hyperplastic prevailed with 88.7% cases. Malignancy was observed in 100 cases (2.15%). Conclusion: This study showed higher incidence of colorectal polyps in women, although adenocarcinomas are equally distributed in both sexes. In addition, the average age of patients undergoing colonoscopy is decreasing. Furthermore, 2.15% polyps sent for pathology analysis were found to be malignant.

RESUMO Contexto: O câncer colorretal (CCR) é a terceira causa de morte por doença maligna no mundo e, no Brasil, ocupa a quarta posição. Os pólipos adenomatosos são considerados lesões pré-malignas e a sua ressecção diminui a taxa de morbimortalidade. Objetivos: Verificar a prevalência das lesões pré-malignas e malignas, correlacionando com a idade e gênero, com perfil da lesão encontrada: tamanho, localização, aspecto morfológico, tipo histológico e grau de displasia. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, observacional e descritivo. Foram analisados os resultados dos laudos encaminhados a um Laboratório de Patologia, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2013, em Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Resultado: No total, analisou-se 4640 laudos de polipectomias colorretais, oriundos de 3089 pacientes, dos quais 97,6% realizaram exame por colonoscopia. Em relação ao gênero, 56,5% eram mulheres e 43,5% homens. A idade média foi 57,6 anos (entre 15 e 92 anos). Os locais predominantes de retirada dos pólipos foram reto (26,2%) e sigmoide (24,2%) dos casos. Em relação aos aspectos histológicos, o tipo mais comum foi adenoma, presente em 75,1% dos pólipos, dos quais 74,2% eram do tipo tubular e 21,7% serrilhado. Dentre os pólipos não adenomatosos, predominou o hiperplásico com 88,7% dos casos. A presença de malignidade foi observada em 100 casos (2,15%). Conclusão: O presente estudo evidenciou maior frequência de pólipos colorretais em mulheres, embora os adenocarcinomas estejam distribuídos igualmente em ambos os sexos. Além disso, a média de idade dos indivíduos que fazem colonoscopia está diminuindo. Malignidade foi encontrada em 2,15% dos pólipos encaminhados para análise anatomopatológica.

Comparison of CT and PET/CT for biopsy guidance in oncological patients.

PURPOSE: To compare FDG PET/CT and CT for the guidance of percutaneous biopsies with histological confirmation of lesions. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 323 patients of whom 181 underwent FDG PET/CT-guided biopsy (total 188 biopsies) and 142 underwent CT-guided biopsy (total 146 biopsies). Biopsies were performed using the same PET/CT scanner with a fluoroscopic imaging system. Technical feasibility, clinical success and complication rates in the two groups were evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 188 biopsies with PET/CT guidance, 182 (96.8%) were successful with conclusive tissue samples obtained and of the 146 biopsies with CT guidance, 137 (93.8%) were successful. Therefore, 6 of 188 biopsies (3.1%) with PET/CT guidance and 9 of 146 (6.1%) with CT guidance were inconclusive (p = 0.19). Due to inconclusive histological results, 4 of the 188 lesions (2.1%) were rebiopsied with PET/CT guidance and 3 of 146 lesions (2.0%) were rebiopsied with CT guidance. Histology demonstrated that 142 of 188 lesions (75.5%) were malignant, and 40 (21.2%) were benign in the PET/CT-guided group, while 89 of 146 lesions (60.9%) were malignant and 48 (32.8%) were benign in the CT-guided group (p = 0.004 and 0.01, respectively). Patients with a histological diagnosis of benign lesion had no recurrence of disease with a minimum of 6 months follow-up. Of the 188 PET/CT-guided biopsies, 6 (3.1%) were repeat biopsies due to a previous nondiagnostic CT-guided biopsy performed in a different diagnostic centre. The interval between the two biopsies was less than a month in all cases. Histology revealed five malignant lesions and one benign lesion among these. The complication rate in the PET/CT-guided biopsy group was 12.7% (24 of 188), while in the CT-guided group, was 9.5% (14 of 146, p = 0.26). Therefore, there was no significant difference in complication rates between PET/CT and CT guidance. CONCLUSION: PET/CT-guided biopsy is already known to be a feasible and accurate method in the diagnostic work-up of suspected malignant lesions. This prospective analysis of a large number of patients demonstrated the feasibility and advantages of using PET/CT as the imaging method of choice for biopsy guidance, especially where FDG-avid foci do not show corresponding lesions on the CT scan. There were no significant differences in the ability to obtain a diagnostic specimen or in the complication rates between PET/CT and CT guidance.

The impact of coaxial core biopsy guided by FDG PET/CT in oncological patients.

OBJECTIVE: When deciding on therapy, FDG PET/CT-positive results should be confirmed by histology if possible. We evaluated the impact of percutaneous PET/CT-guided biopsies on histological confirmation of PET/CT-positive lesions. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 126 patients who had undergone a PET/CT scan with positive results with an indication for histological evaluation of lesions. Imaging was performed in a PET/CT scanner with a fluoroscopic imaging system. A total of 130 lesions were accessed by PET/CT-guided biopsy. The technical feasibility, clinical success and complication rates of PET/CT-guided biopsies were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 130 PET/CT-positive lesions, 128 (98.5 %) were successfully accessed and representative tissue samples obtained. Two lesions were reaccessed due to inconclusive histological results. Histology showed that 99 of the 130 lesions (76.2 %) were malignant, and 31 lesions (23.8 %) were benign (inflammatory cells or necrotic tissue); these patients had no recurrence of disease after a minimum follow-up of 6 months. Also, in 23 of the 130 lesions (17.7 %), the patient was referred for the PET/CT-guided biopsy due to a previous nontumoral biopsy result, and of these 23 lesions, 21 were found to be malignant. The complication rates were: pneumothorax in 15/130 (11.5 %; resolved spontaneously), haemoptysis in 2/130 (1.5 %) and severe haemothorax in 1/130 (0.8 %); there was no procedure-related mortality. CONCLUSION: PET/CT-guided biopsy is feasible and may optimize the diagnostic yield of image-guided interventions. Also, PET/CT-positive lesions with no morphological correlation may now be accessible to percutaneous interventions.

Influência da nicotina na proliferação de miofibroblastos e de vasos sanguíneos no tecido cicatricial da parede abdominal de ratos lactentes: estudo imunoistoquímico / Nicotine effects in proliferation of myofibroblasts and blood vessels on abdominal wall scar tissue of suckling rats: immunohistochemical study

RACIONAL: O tabagismo na gestação acarreta prejuízos para o crescimento intra-uterino da criança. Assim como na gestação, as suas consequências sobre a lactação e a criança amamentada constituem somatório de efeitos prejudiciais ao desenvolvimento do lactente. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da nicotina na proliferação de miofibroblastos e de vasos sanguíneos no tecido cicatricial da parede abdominal de ratos lactentes nascidos e amamentados por ratas que receberam nicotina durante a gestação e lactação. MÉTODO: Ratas Wistar prenhas foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos; um grupo recebeu nicotina (GN) na dose diária de 2 mg/kg de peso durante a gestação e lactação; o grupo controle (GC) recebeu solução fisiológica a 0,9 por cento, no mesmo período. Foram utilizados 60 ratos lactentes Wistar, divididos igualmente em dois grupos. Após o término do período de lactação (21 dias), todos foram submetidos à laparotomia transversa e ao fechamento da camada músculo-aponeurótica. Cada grupo foi dividido em dois subgrupos, com 15 animais cada, de acordo com o intervalo de tempo utilizado para a avaliação. As aferições foram realizadas no 7.º dia (subgrupos C7 e N7) e no 21.º dia (subgrupos C21 e N21) de pós-operatório. Foram retirados os retalhos da parede abdominal contendo a linha de sutura, os quais foram estudados pelo método imunoistoquímico para identificação de miofibroblastos e de vasos sanguíneos. A estatística foi baseada no modelo ANOVA, ao nível de significância de 5 por cento. RESULTADOS: No subgrupo N7 houve redução do número de miofibroblastos (9,93 ± 3,06 vs. 21,87 ± 9,07, p=0,007) e do número de vasos sanguíneos (8,33 ± 4,43 vs. 13,4 ± 5,33, p=0,031) em comparação ao C7. No subgrupo N21, não houve diferença significativa do número de miofibroblastos (7,47 ± 3,96 vs. 12,00 ± 7,21, p=0,121) e do número de vasos sanguíneos (9,47 ± 2,42 vs. 12,93 ± 4,35, p=0,090) em comparação ao C21. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se o efeito deletério...

BACKGROUND: Smoking during pregnancy is detrimental to the intrauterine growth of the child. As in pregnancy, its effects on lactation and breast-fed child is the sum of adverse infant development. AIM: To analyze the effects of nicotine on the proliferation of myofibroblasts and of blood vessels, on the abdominal scar of suckling rats born of mothers that received nicotine, during pregnancy and lactation. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups, the nicotine group (NG), in which nicotine was administered subcutaneous at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day, during pregnancy and lactation, and the control group (CG), that received subcutaneous isovolumetric saline solution at 0,9 percent, in the same period of time. Sixty baby rats, divided into two groups, were weaned at 21 days and a transverse laparotomy was performed. Each group was divided into two subgroups, each one containing 15 baby rats, in accordance with the date when the surgical scar was analyzed: on the 7th post-operative day, control subgroup C7 and nicotine subgroup N7, or on the 21st post-operative day, control subgroup C21 and nicotine subgroup N21. The surgical scar in the healing area was evaluated by immunohistochemistry study for identification of myofibroblasts and of blood vessels. The statistical analysis was based on the Anova model, at a significance level of 5 percent. RESULTS: The subgroup N7 presented lower number of myofibroblasts (9,93 ± 3,06 vs. 21,87 ± 9,07, p=0,007) and lower number of blood vessels (8,33 ± 4,43 vs. 13,4 ± 5,33, p=0,031) when compared to C7. The subgroup N21 presented no significant difference on the number of myofibroblasts (7,47 ± 3,96 vs. 12,00 ± 7,21, p=0,121) and on the number of blood vessels (9,47 ± 2,42 vs. 12,93 ± 4,35, p=0,090) when compared to C21. CONCLUSION: Adverse effect of nicotine, administrated in pregnancy and lactation period, was observed on the proliferation of myofibroblasts and of blood vessels on the abdominal...

Evaluation of the nonalcoholic fat liver disease fibrosis score for patients undergoing bariatric surgery.

CONTEXT: Morbidly obese patients have an increased risk for nonalcoholic fat liver disease. Its severe form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis may cause liver fibrosis. The diagnosis of advanced fibrosis has great value during the pre operative evaluation for bariatric surgery. Currently, liver biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of liver fibrosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nonalcoholic fat liver disease fibrosis score in morbidly obese patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in our population. METHODS: One hundred fifty-eight morbidly obese patients that had undergone bariatric surgery were included. Age, body mass index, hyperglycemia, platelet count, albumin and AST/ALT ratio were applied to the score formula. Scores above 0.676 were indicative of advanced liver fibrosis and scores under -1,455 absence of advanced liver fibrosis. These scores were compared to liver biopsy findings. RESULTS: The presence of advanced fibrosis could be diagnosed with good accuracy, with a positive predictive value of 83.7%. The score had a higher accuracy to exclude advanced fibrosis with a negative predictive value of 97%. Twenty-five patients (16%) had scores between the cutoffs points and were identified as indeterminate. The score sensibility and specificity was 83% and 97% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The nonalcoholic fat liver disease fibrosis score has high accuracy to identify and exclude advanced liver fibrosis in morbidly obese patients subjected to bariatric surgery.

Evaluation of the nonalcoholic fat liver disease fibrosis score for patients undergoing bariatric surgery / Avaliação do escore de fibrose hepática para doença hepática gordurosa não-alcoólica em pacientes submetidos a cirurgia bariátrica

CONTEXT: Morbidly obese patients have an increased risk for nonalcoholic fat liver disease. Its severe form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis may cause liver fibrosis. The diagnosis of advanced fibrosis has great value during the pre operative evaluation for bariatric surgery. Currently, liver biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis of liver fibrosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the nonalcoholic fat liver disease fibrosis score in morbidly obese patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in our population. METHODS: One hundred fifty-eight morbidly obese patients that had undergone bariatric surgery were included. Age, body mass index, hyperglycemia, platelet count, albumin and AST/ALT ratio were applied to the score formula. Scores above 0.676 were indicative of advanced liver fibrosis and scores under -1,455 absence of advanced liver fibrosis. These scores were compared to liver biopsy findings. RESULTS: The presence of advanced fibrosis could be diagnosed with good accuracy, with a positive predictive value of 83.7 percent. The score had a higher accuracy to exclude advanced fibrosis with a negative predictive value of 97 percent. Twenty-five patients (16 percent) had scores between the cutoffs points and were identified as indeterminate. The score sensibility and specificity was 83 percent and 97 percent respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The nonalcoholic fat liver disease fibrosis score has high accuracy to identify and exclude advanced liver fibrosis in morbidly obese patients subjected to bariatric surgery.

CONTEXTO: Pacientes com obesidade mórbida apresentam risco significativo para doença hepática gordurosa não-alcoólica e para suas formas mais graves, a esteatohepatite e a cirrose hepática. O diagnóstico de tais alterações é importante, principalmente na avaliação pré-operatória de cirurgia bariátrica. Até o momento, a biopsia hepática é o procedimento com maior precisão para tal diagnóstico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o escore de fibrose hepática em doença hepática gordurosa não-alcoólica em pacientes com obesidade mórbida na população brasileira. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 158 pacientes com obesidade mórbida submetidos a cirurgia bariátrica. Idade, índice de massa corporal, hiperglicemia, albumina, contagem de plaquetas e razão AST/ALT foram aplicados à fórmula do escore de fibrose. Valores acima de 0,676 indicavam fibrose avançada e abaixo de - 1,455 indicavam ausência de fibrose. Estes valores foram comparados com os achados de biopsia hepática realizados no intra-operatório. RESULTADOS: A presença de fibrose avançada foi diagnosticada com boa precisão, valor preditivo positivo de 83,7 por cento. O escore teve melhor precisão para excluir fibrose avançada, com valor preditivo negativo de 97,2 por cento. Em 25 pacientes (16 por cento) o escore resultou indeterminado entre os pontos de corte. A sensibilidade e a especificidade do escore foram de 83 por cento e 97 por cento, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: O escore de fibrose para doença hepática gordurosa não-alcoólica apresenta elevada precisão para reconhecer e excluir fibrose avançada em pacientes com obesidade mórbida submetidos a cirurgia bariátrica.

Healing reaction to mammary prostheses covered by textured silicone and silicone foam in rats.

PURPOSE: To compare the capsular reaction to two different coverings of silicone prosthesis through the biophysical characteristic of adherence and microscopical aspects of the inflammatory reaction and collagen formation. METHODS: Thirty two Wistar rats were used. In the dorsum of each animal a silicone elastomer with a smooth superficies and another coated with texturized silicone (Mentor) was implanted. Another one, with the same smooth superficies and other coated with silicone foam (Lifesil), making up in each side, of the dorsum, the texturized and silicone foam group respectively. The animals were split into four groups to be evaluated at 7, 14, 30 and 60 days. On the evaluation dates the implant adherence was verified witch a tensiometer and the values in kgf were obtained. The material was sent to histological analysis with hematoxilin-eosin and picrosirius colorations, to evaluate the inflammatory reaction and collagen synthesis, respectively. The obtained data were submitted to statistical treatment. RESULTS: There was more adherence of the tissue to the silicone foam (P<0,001). The inflammatory reaction was more intense in the same group, but without statistical significance. The number of giant cells and granulomas were more frequent in the silicone foam group. There was statistical significance at the 60 days for granulomas (P<0,028) and for all subgroups about number of giant cells (P< 0,012 to P<0,036). The thickness of the capsule in the silicone foam group was bigger, with statistical significance at seven days (P<0,028) and 60 days (P<0,012). The collagen deposition showed no difference in statistical analysis. CONCLUSION: The capsular reaction to the silicone foam showed stronger adherence, bigger thickness and had more number of granulomas and giant cells. No difference was observed in the intensity of inflammatory reaction in relation to type I and III collagen, when compared to the texturized cover.

Healing reaction to mammary prostheses covered by textured silicone and silicone foam in rats / Reação capsular aos revestimentos de próteses mamárias de silicone texturizado e espuma de silicone em ratos

PURPOSE: To compare the capsular reaction to two different coverings of silicone prosthesis through the biophysical characteristic of adherence and microscopical aspects of the inflammatory reaction and collagen formation. METHODS: Thirty two Wistar rats were used. In the dorsum of each animal a silicone elastomer with a smooth superficies and another coated with texturized silicone (Mentor) was implanted. Another one, with the same smooth superficies and other coated with silicone foam (Lifesil), making up in each side, of the dorsum, the texturized and silicone foam group respectively. The animals were split into four groups to be evaluated at 7, 14, 30 and 60 days. On the evaluation dates the implant adherence was verified witch a tensiometer and the values in kgf were obtained. The material was sent to histological analysis with hematoxilin-eosin and picrosirius colorations, to evaluate the inflammatory reaction and collagen synthesis, respectively. The obtained data were submitted to statistical treatment. RESULTS: There was more adherence of the tissue to the silicone foam (P<0,001). The inflammatory reaction was more intense in the same group, but without statistical significance. The number of giant cells and granulomas were more frequent in the silicone foam group. There was statistical significance at the 60 days for granulomas (P<0,028) and for all subgroups about number of giant cells (P< 0,012 to P<0,036). The thickness of the capsule in the silicone foam group was bigger, with statistical significance at seven days (P<0,028) and 60 days (P<0,012). The collagen deposition showed no difference in statistical analysis. CONCLUSION: The capsular reaction to the silicone foam showed stronger adherence, bigger thickness and had more number of granulomas and giant cells. No difference was observed in the intensity of inflammatory reaction in relation to type I and III collagen, when compared to the texturized cover.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a reação capsular de dois revestimentos de próteses de silicone através da característica biofísica de aderência e dos aspectos microscópicos de reação inflamatória e formação de colágeno. MÉTODOS: Implantaram-se no dorso de 32 ratos duas membranas de silicone ambas possuindo uma superfície lisa e outra diferindo em sua estrutura. Estes revestimentos foram de espuma de silicone (LifeSil) ou silicone texturizado (Mentor). Os dois grupos foram divididos em quatro sub-grupos conforme o tempo de pós-operatório avaliado: 7, 14, 30 e 60 dias. Obteve-se material para análise biofísica de aderência, a qual foi realizada com tensiômetro para obtenção de valores em kgf. O estudo microscópico da reação inflamatória e síntese de colágeno foi realizado com colorações de hematoxilina-eosina e picrosirius. Os dados foram submetidos a testes para avaliação da significância estatística. RESULTADOS: Houve maior aderência do revestimento de espuma de silicone ao tecido capsular, sendo este valor estatisticamente significativo (P<0,001). Quanto à reação inflamatória observou-se maior intensidade também neste grupo, porém sem significância estatística. Na contagem de células gigantes e granulomas os valores foram maiores para o grupo espuma de silicone com significância estatística no sub-grupo 60 dias (P<0,028) para número de granulomas; e em todos os sub-grupos (variando de P<0,012 a P<0,036) para o número de células gigantes. A reação capsular à espuma de silicone foi mais espessa, com significância estatística nos sub-grupos sete dias (P<0,028) e 60 dias (P<0,012). No estudo da síntese de colágeno, as diferenças não foram significantes estatisticamente. CONCLUSÃO: A reação capsular ao revestimento de espuma de silicone apresentou características de ter maior aderência ao tecido peri-implante, ser mais espesso, possuir maior número de granulomas e células gigantes de corpo estranho. Não demonstrou diferença quanto à intensidade da reação ...

Influência da nicotina durante a gestação e lactação na cicatrização da parede abdominal de ratos lactentes: estudo tensiométrico / Nicotine effects during pregnancy and lactation on abdominal wall healing of young offspring rats: tensiometric study

RACIONAL: O tabagismo na gestação acarreta prejuízos, devidamente reconhecidos e relatados, para o crescimento intra-uterino da criança. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência da nicotina, em relação à tensiometria (tensão, força máxima e força de ruptura), na cicatrização da parede abdominal de ratos lactentes nascidos e amamentados por ratas que receberam nicotina durante a gestação e lactação. MÉTODO: Ratas Wistar prenhas foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos. Um recebeu nicotina (GN) via subcutânea na dose diária de 2mg/kg de peso durante a gestação e lactação O outro, controle (GC) recebeu solução fisiológica a 0,9% isovolumétrica, no mesmo período e via. Foram utilizados 60 ratos filhotes, divididos igualmente em dois grupos. Após o término do período de lactação (21 dias), todos foram submetidos à laparotomia transversa e ao fechamento da camada músculo-aponeurótica. Cada grupo foi dividido em dois subgrupos, com 15 animais cada, de acordo com o intervalo de tempo utilizado para a avaliação. As aferições foram realizadas no 7º (subgrupos C7 e N7) e no 21º dia (subgrupos C21 e N21) do pós-operatório, quando os animais foram sacrificados. Foram retirados os retalhos da parede abdominal contendo a linha de sutura, os quais tiveram avaliação tensiométrica computadorizada. A estatística foi baseada no modelo ANOVA, ao nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: A avaliação tensiométrica do subgrupo N7 comparada ao C7 demonstrou redução da força máxima (0,391 ± 0,032kgf vs. 0,586 ± 0,041kgf, P=0,0060), da força de ruptura (0,393 ± 0,032kgf vs. 0,577 ± 0,051kgf, P=0,0047) e da tensão (0,029 ± 0,002kgf/mm2 vs. 0,036 ± 0,005kgf/mm2, P=0,0493). Entre o subgrupo N21 e C21, observou-se a diminuição da força de ruptura (0,421 ± 0,004kgf vs. 0,581 ± 0,002kgf, P=0,0007) e da tensão (0,053 ± 0,002kgf/mm2 vs. 0,066 ± 0,002kgf/mm2, P=0,0056)...

BACKGROUND: Smoking is deleterious to the healing process in the intra-womb fetus. AIM: To analyze the effects of nicotine, according with the tensiometric study (maximum strength, rupture strength and tensile strength), on the abdominal wall healing of suckling rats born of mothers that received nicotine, during pregnancy and lactation. METHODS: Pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups, the nicotine group (NG), in which it was administered subcutaneous nicotine at dose of 2mg/kg/day, during pregnancy and lactation, and the control group (CG), that received subcutaneous isovolumetric saline solution at 0,9%, in the same period of time. Sixty baby rats, divided into two groups, were weaned at 21 days and the transverse laparotomy was performed. Each group was divided into two subgroups, each one containing 15 baby rats, in accordance with the date when the surgical scar was analyzed: on the 7th day of postoperative, control subgroup C7 and nicotine subgroup N7, or 21st day of the postoperative, control subgroup C21 and nicotine subgroup N21. The surgical scar in the healing area was evaluated by tensiometric study. The statistics was based on the ANOVA model, at significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The tensiometric evaluation pointed out that the subgroup N7, in comparison to C7, presented lower maximum strength (0,391 ± 0,032kgf vs. 0,586 ± 0,041kgf, P=0,0060), rupture strength (0,393 ± 0,032kgf vs. 0,577 ± 0,051kgf, P=0,0047) and tensile strength (0,029 ± 0,002kgf/mm2 vs. 0,036 ± 0,005kgf/mm2, P=0,0493). The subgroup N21, when compared to C21, presented lower rupture strength (0,421 ± 0,004kgf vs. 0,581 ± 0,002kgf, P=0,0007) and tensile strength (0,053 ± 0,002kgf/mm2 vs. 0,066 ± 0,002kgf/mm2, P=0,0056). CONCLUSION: Adverse effect of nicotine, administrated in pregnancy and lactation period, was observed on the abdominal wall healing of baby rats, according to the tensiometric parameter.

Tumor de células gigantes do metatarso: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Giant cell tumor of the metatarsal bone: case report and review of the literature

O tumor de células gigantes é uma neoplasia rara e representa 5% dos tumores ósseos primários. Acomete com maior freqüência joelho e punho, sendo raro em pequenos ossos do pé. Os autores apresentam um paciente do sexo masculino, 32 anos de idade, há quatro meses com dor no pé direito. A radiografia simples demonstrou lesão osteolítica e insuflante acometendo o primeiro metatarso do pé direito. A tomografia computadorizada revelou lesão radiolucente com bordas bem definidas. Foi realizada biópsia da lesão, cujo estudo histológico definiu o diagnóstico de tumor de células gigantes. Os autores enfatizam a correlação entre os achados de imagem e a histologia.

Giant cell tumor of bone is a rare neoplasm and account for 5% of all primary bone tumors. It is common in the knee and wrist, but rare in the small bones of the foot. The authors report a 32-yearold male patient presented with a four-month history of right foot pain. Plain radiographs showed an expansive lytic lesion involving the first right metatarsal bone. Computed tomography scan demonstrated a radiolucent lesion with well-defined borders. Biopsy was performed and the histological diagnostic was giant cell tumor. The authors emphasize the correlation between the imaging and histological findings.

The reversed apical pattern of MUC1 expression is characteristics of invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast.

BACKGROUND: Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) of the breast is a special subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), which is known to have a high potential to metastasize to the axillary lymph node. However, it is sometimes difficult to differentiate IMPC from conventional IDC showing an IMPC-like pattern due to artifact (pseudo-IMPC). In the present study, we investigated the usefulness of immunohistochemical expression of MUC1 for distinguishing IMPC from pseudo-IMPC, and analyzed several clinicopathological parameters of IMPC and pseudo-IMPC cases. METHODS: Eighty cases showing IMPC or IMPC-like pattern were selected from our surgical files of 1,240 cases of IDC. We examined the expression of MUC1, D2-40 and CD34 by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Eighty cases were classified into 9 cases (0.7%) of pure-IMPC, 31 cases (2.5%) of mixed-IMPC, and 40 cases of pseudo-IMPC, according to the expression pattern of MUC1. In pure-IMPC cases, MUC1 expression was found at the reversed apical membrane of neoplastic cell clusters, while in pseudo-IMPC, MUC1 expression was present in the whole cytoplasmic membrane and/or cytoplasm. There were no significant differences among the three groups in patient age, tumor size and nuclear grade of neoplastic cells. However, lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis in the pure-IMPC or mixed-IMPC cases were higher than those in pseudo-IMPC cases with statistically significant values. Pure-IMPC has a higher recurrence rate and lower overall survival compared to pseudo-IMPC [P = 0.0165(DFS) P = 0.025(OS)]. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that immunohistochemistry of MUC1 is useful for the diagnosis of IMPC. The pure-IMPC cases had higher incidences of lymphatic invasion and lymph node metastasis, and also showed a poorer prognosis.

[Surgical bladder wounds treated with Orbignya phalerata aqueous extract: controlled study in rats]. / Análise da cicatrização da bexiga com o uso do extrato aquoso da Orbignya phalerata (babaçu): estudo controlado em ratos.

INTRODUCTION: Wound healing is a complex process that deals with different biological and immunological systems and is essential to keep the organism integrity. Three well-defined phases occur: inflammatory, proliferative and maturation. A failure or lengthy phase may result in a delay or absence of it. PURPOSE: The aim of this paper is to analyse comparatively the histological alteration provided by the use of the aqueous extract of Orbignya phalerata, in the healing process of bladder surgical wounds. METHODS: Forty adult, male Wistar rats were used. The experimental procedure consisted of a longitudinal 2 cm long bladder incision and single layer interrupted suture of 5-0 polyglactine 910. Post-operatively, the rats were randomly divided into two groups of 20. The substance was not used in the control group. The Orbignya phalerata aqueous solution was used in the study group. The animals were observed and killed three and seven days later. Comparative histological analysis was accomplished between the groups. RESULTS: Significant statistical differences were observed in the neo-formation variables (p= 0.001), chronic inflammation (p= 0.002) and fibroblastic proliferation (p= 0.023). Acute inflammation was very evident in the control group. CONCLUSION: The time factor of wound healing showed homogeneity between experimental and control groups, however faster in the experimental one. The Orbignya phalerata had a favoring healing effect in the surgical incision on rats bladder.

Análise da cicatrização da bexiga com o uso do extrato aquoso da Orbignya phalerata (babaçu). Estudo controlado em ratos / Surgical blader wounds treated with Orbignya phalerata aqueous extract: controlled study in rats

INTRODUÇÃO: A cicatrização constitui processo complexo, envolvendo diferentes sistemas biológicos e imunológicos, sendo essencial para manter a integridade do organismo. Três fases bem definidas ocorrem: inflamatória, proliferativa e maturação. Falha ou prolongamento em uma delas pode resultar em retardo ou ausência da cicatrização. OBJETIVO: Analisar comparativamente as alterações histológicas proporcionadas pelo uso do extrato aquoso da Orbignya phalerata na cicatrização de lesões cirúrgicas da bexiga. MÉTODOS: Quarenta ratos da linhagem Wistar, adultos e machos foram utilizados. O procedimento experimental constituiu-se em incisão longitudinal de 2cm na bexiga e síntese em plano único com pontos separados de poliglactina 910 cinco zeros. Após este procedimento comum, os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois subgrupos contendo 20 animais cada. No grupo controle não foi utilizada a substância Orbignya phalerata. No grupo-experimento utilizou-se solução aquosa de Orbignya phalerata na dose de 50mg/kg por via intraperitoneal. Os animais foram acompanhados e mortos em três e sete dias. Foi feita análise histológica comparativa entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que foi observada diferença estatística significante nas variáveis neoformação (p= 0,001) e proliferação fibroblástica (p= 0,010) nos subgrupos controle e experimento do 3º dia. Ainda no grupo experimento a neoformação capilar foi mais intensa que no grupo controle, apresentando significância estatística. No grupo de sete dias observou-se que as variáveis inflamação aguda (p= 0,001), inflamação crônica (p= 0,002) e proliferação fibroblástica (p=0,023) apresentaram significância estatística, sendo bem evidente a inflamação aguda no grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: Foi observada homogeneidade no fator tempo da cicatrização nos grupos experimento e controle sendo mais rápida no grupo experimento. Houve efeito favorecedor cicatrizante na utilização do extrato aquoso do mesocarpo da Orbignya phalerata na bexiga do ratos.

INTRODUCTION: Wound healing is a complex process that deals with different biological and immunological systems and is essential to keep the organism integrity. Three well-defined phases occur: inflammatory, proliferative and maturation. A failure or lengthy phase may result in a delay or absence of it. PURPOSE: The aim of this paper is to analyse comparatively the histological alteration provided by the use of the aqueous extract of Orbignya phalerata, in the healing process of bladder surgical wounds. METHODS: Forty adult, male Wistar rats were used. The experimental procedure consisted of a longitudinal 2cm long bladder incision and single layer interrupted suture of 5-0 poliglactine 910. Post-operatively, the rats were randomly divided into two groups of 20. The substance was not used in the control group. The Orbignya phalerata aqueous solution was used in the study group. The animals were observed and killed three and seven days later. Comparative histological analysis was accomplished between the groups. Resuts: Significant statistical differences were observed in the neo-formation variables (p= 0,001), chronic inflammation (p= 0,002) and fibroblastic proliferation (p= 0,023). Acute inflammation was very evident in the control group. CONCLUSION: The time factor of wound healing showed homogeneity between experimental and control groups, however faster in the experimental one. The Orbignya phalerata had a favoring healing effect in the surgical incision on rats bladder.

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen concomitant with renal cell carcinoma: case report.

CONTEXT: Inflammatory pseudotumor is a rare benign lesion that can occur at a wide variety of primary sites. It is usually worrisome for the patient and the medical staff, since it cannot be clinically or radiologically distinguished from malignant entities. CASE REPORT: We report on a case of splenic inflammatory pseudotumor presenting with concomitant renal cell carcinoma. Despite the alarming macroscopic appearance of pseudotumors, their microscopic features usually confirm the inflammatory nature of such lesions. Evidence regarding the etiology of pseudotumors is still lacking, but hypotheses have been created.

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the spleen concomitant with renal cell carcinoma: case report

CONTEXTO: Pseudotumor inflamatório é uma lesão benigna rara que pode se desenvolver em uma grande variedade de órgãos. Sua grande importância na prática médica reside na enorme dificuldade de distingui-lo tanto clinicamente quanto radiologicamente de condições malignas. RELATO DE CASO: Os autores relatam um caso de pseudotumor envolvendo o baço e apresentando-se concomitantemente a um carcinoma renal de células claras. Apesar da semelhança macroscópica a tumores malignos, as características inflamatórias do pseudotumor são facilmente evidenciadas à microscopia. Apesar de hipóteses terem sido formuladas, os mecanismos patogenéticos relacionados ao pseudotumor ainda não estão bem estabelecidos.