Japanese honey bees (Apis cerana japonica) have swarmed more often over the last two decades.

The impacts of temperature increase are a concern for honey bees, which are major pollinators of crops and wild plants. Swarming is the reproductive behavior of honey bees that increases colony numbers. Honey bee colonies sometimes swarm multiple times, with each swarming termed a "swarming event" and a series of these events called a "swarming cycle." The number of swarming events per swarming cycle varies widely depending on climatic conditions and subspecies, and the recent temperature increase due to global warming might be affecting the number of swarming events per swarming cycle of native honey bees. We clarified long-term changes in the number of swarming events per swarming cycle of Japanese honey bees (Apis cerana japonica) by collecting beekeepers' swarming logbooks. The survey showed that between 2000 and 2022, Japanese honey bees swarmed 1 to 8 times per swarming cycle. Generalized linear model analysis indicated that year had a significant positive effect (coefficient, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.04); that is, the number of swarming events per swarming cycle showed a moderate increase over time. In addition, we found that colonies swarmed more often in a cycle when the swarming process began in early spring, especially in March. Considering the notably strong trend in Japan of warmer temperatures in March, the number of swarming events per swarming cycle may be increasing because reproduction is beginning earlier in the year. Further analyses are needed to verify the causal relationship of temperature increase on the number of swarming events per swarming cycle.

Draft genome sequences of Pantoea sp. strains QMID1-QMID4 isolated from the midgut of Japanese honey bee (Apis cerana japonica).

We report the draft genome sequences of Pantoea sp. strains QMID1-QMID4 that were recovered from the midgut of Japanese honey bee (Apis cerana japonica). The strains possess the carotenoid biosynthetic gene cluster. The genome information expands our knowledge of their potential use as probiotics and/or prebiotics in honey bees.

Novel ollusvirus detected in a solitary wild bee species (Osmia taurus) in Japan.

Pathogens of wild bees in Japan remain largely unknown. We examined viruses harbored by solitary wild Osmia bees, including Osmia cornifrons and Osmia taurus. Interestingly, the full-length genome of a novel virus (designated as "Osmia-associated bee chuvirus", OABV) was identified in three Osmia taurus bees collected in Fukushima prefecture. The sequences and genomic features are similar to those of Scaldis River bee virus. Phylogenetic analysis based on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, glycoprotein, and nucleoprotein sequences showed that OABV formed a subcluster within ollusviruses and was closely related to strains identified in European countries. This study extends our knowledge of wild bee parasites in Japan.

Comparison of RNA-Seq analysis data between tracheal mite-infested and uninfested Japanese honey bees (Apis cerana japonica).

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this data set is to investigate differences in RNA-Seq transcriptome profiles between Acarapis woodi-infested and uninfested Japanese honey bees (Apis cerana japonica). The data set is strengthened by data collected from different body parts (head, thorax, and abdomen). The data set will support future studies of molecular biological changes in mite-infested honey bees. DATA DESCRIPTION: We collected 5 mite-infested and 5 uninfested A. cerana japonica workers from each of 3 different colonies (designated as A, B, and C). Workers were dissected into 3 body sites (i.e., heads, thoraces, and abdomen), and 5 of each body site were pooled together for RNA extraction, generating a total of 18 RNA-Seq samples (2 infection status × 3 colonies × 3 body sites). FASTQ data files of each sample that were generated by a DNBSEQ-G400 sequencer with the 2 × 100 bp paired-end sequencing protocol are available in the DDBJ Sequence Read Archive under accession number DRA015087 (RUN: DRR415616-DRR415633, BioProject: PRJDB14726, BioSample: SAMD00554139-SAMD00554156, Experiment: DRX401183-DRX401200). The data set is a fine-scale analysis of gene expression in the mite-infested A. cerana japonica workers because 18 RNA-Seq samples are separated by 3 body sites.

Insecticide Residues Associated with Apple Orchard Treatments in the Mason Bee, Osmia cornifrons, and their Nests.

Declines in bee populations, in part due to pesticides, especially insecticides, are of global concern. Although most studies have investigated insecticide residues in honeybees and bumblebees, few have focused on non-Apis solitary bees, which are considered essential pollinators in the field. Most non-Apis bees are solitary and build their nests in the ground or in tree holes, therefore insecticide exposure pathways would differ from those of honeybees and bumblebees. We analyzed the residues of 20 insecticides in Osmia cornifrons bees and their pollen-provisions and nesting materials, along with adult honeybees, soil, and wildflowers collected in four apple orchards in two regions in Japan. Few insecticides were common among adult bees, pollen-provisions, and wildflowers. Insecticides applied in orchards were detected at high frequency: chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, and diazinon were detected in almost all samples. Insecticides without a known history of application were detected from various samples at frequencies ranging from 0% to 100%. Even in orchards without a known history of insecticide application, clothianidin was detected in many sample types and at high concentration. A purple deadnettle sample had the highest concentration at 17.5 mg/kg. These results highlight the complexity of pathways of insecticide exposure to O. cornifrons in the environment because insecticides may remain in the environment for long periods and wild bees may forage farther than previously known distances. Furthermore, each sample type contained different insecticides, so wild bees may have been exposed to different insecticides at different life stages. Future research should prioritize wide-scale measurements of insecticide residues in field conditions and toxicity testing with multiple exposures at different life stages of target species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:1564-1574. © 2023 SETAC.

Acute toxicity data of common agricultural insecticides to Japanese wild bees.

Although numerous ecotoxicological assessments of European honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) have been performed, Japanese wild bees are less well studied in this regard. To address this knowledge gap, we assessed the mortality and acute toxicity (LD50) of 3 common agricultural insecticides (clothianidin, fipronil, and diazinon) on as many as 6 species of Japanese wild bees (Andrena prostomias Perez, Apis cerana japonica Radoszkowski, Bombus deuteronymus Perez, Bombus honshuensis Tkalcu, Bombus hypocrita Perez, and Eucera spp.; all or any of them). The datasets were obtained via standard acute toxicity testing, with assessment of mortality at 24 and 48 h after exposure to the insecticides. These data provide important information regarding the effects of insecticides on Japanese wild bees and their conservation.

Current research and future directions for realizing the ideal One-Health approach: A summary of key-informant interviews in Japan and a literature review.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of the One Health (OH) approach, which considers the health of humans, animals, and the environment in preventing future pandemics. A wide range of sustainable interdisciplinary collaborations are required to truly fulfill the purpose of the OH approach. It is well-recognized, however, that such collaborations are challenging. In this study, we undertook key-informant interviews with a panel of stakeholders from Japan to identify their perceived needs and challenges related to OH research. This panel included scientists, government officials, journalists, and industry stakeholders. By combining a thematic analysis of these interviews and a literature review, we summarized two key themes pertinent to the effective implementation of OH research: types of required research and systems to support that research. As a technological issue, interviewees suggested the importance of research and development of methodologies that can promote the integration and collaboration of research fields that are currently fragmented. An example of such a methodology would allow researchers to obtain high-resolution metadata (e.g. ecological and wildlife data) with high throughput and then maximize the use of the obtained metadata in research, such as in environmental DNA analysis, database construction, or the use of computational algorithms to find novel viral genomes. In terms of systems surrounding OH research, some interviewees stressed the importance of creating a sustainable research system, such as one that has continuous budget support and allows researchers to pursue their academic careers and interests. These perceptions and challenges held by Japanese stakeholders may be common to others around the world. We hope this review will encourage more researchers and others to work together to create a resilient society against future pandemics.

Effects of neonicotinoids on honey bee autogrooming behavior against the tracheal mite Acarapis woodi.

The European honey bee, Apis mellifera, is the most common and important pollinator of crops worldwide. Honey bees are damaged by destructive parasitic mites, but they also have evolved a behavioral immune system to remove them. Exposures to neonicotinoids, however, can cause significant behavioral effects because these compounds alter the central role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in insect brains. In this study, we assessed the effects of three neonicotinoids that have a high toxicity to bees-imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin-on the behavioral immune system of honey bees. We used A. mellifera and the endoparasitic mite Acarapis woodi as a behavioral immune system model because A. mellifera can effectively remove the mite by autogrooming. Our results did not demonstrate an effect of neonicotinoid application on whether bees show autogrooming or on mite removal, but the time to initial autogrooming became shorter and the number of autogrooming attempts increased. As opposed to previous studies, our findings indicate that the honey bee response to parasitic mites becomes more sensitive after exposure to neonicotinoids.Clinical Trials Registration: Not applicable.

Simple risk-score model for in-hospital major bleeding based on multiple blood variables in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: In-hospital bleeding is associated with poor prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We sought to investigate whether a combination of pre-procedural blood tests could predict the incidence of in-hospital major bleeding in patients with AMI. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 1684 consecutive AMI patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were recruited and randomly divided into derivation (n = 1010) and validation (n = 674) cohorts. A risk-score model was created based on a combination of parameters assessed on routine blood tests on admission. In the derivation cohort, multivariate analysis revealed that the following 5 variables were significantly associated with in-hospital major bleeding: hemoglobin level < 12 g/dL (odds ratio [OR], 3.32), white blood cell count >10,000/µL (OR, 2.58), platelet count <150,000/µL (OR, 2.51), albumin level < 3.8 mg/dL (OR, 2.51), and estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (OR, 2.31). Zero to five points were given according to the number of these factors each patient had. Incremental risk scores were significantly associated with a higher incidence of in-hospital major bleeding in both cohorts (P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of risk models showed adequate discrimination between patients with and without in-hospital major bleeding (derivation cohort: area under the curve [AUC], 0.807; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.759-0.848; validation cohort: AUC, 0.793; 95% CI, 0.725-0.847). CONCLUSIONS: Our novel laboratory-based bleeding risk model could be useful for simple and objective prediction of in-hospital major bleeding events in patients with AMI.

Serum Albumin and Bleeding Events After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction (from the HAGAKURE-ACS Registry).

Low serum albumin (SA) on admission in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been reported to be associated with adverse cardiovascular events. The relation between low SA and post-AMI bleeding events is presently unknown. We analyzed 1,724 patients with AMI enrolled in the HAGAKURE-ACS registry who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention from January 2014 to December 2018. To assess the influence of low SA at admission, patients were divided into 3 groups according to the albumin tertiles: the low SA group (<3.8 g/100 ml), the middle SA (MSA) group (3.8 to 4.1 g/100 ml), and the normal SA (NSA) group (≥4.2 g/100 ml). The primary end point was the incidence of Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries moderate/severe bleeding. The cumulative 3-year incidence of the primary end point was significantly higher in the low SA group than in the MSA and NSA groups (30.8% and 11.9% vs 7.7%; p <0.001). In the landmark analysis at 30 days, the cumulative incidences of the primary end point were also significantly higher in the low SA group than in the MSA and NSA groups, both within and beyond 30 days (20.1% and 6.1% vs 3.5%; p <0.001, and 12.4% and 6.2% vs 4.5%; p <0.001, respectively). After adjusting for confounders, the low SA group showed excess risk of bleeding events relative to NSA (hazard ratio 1.56; 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 2.30; p = 0.026), whereas risk of bleeding was neutral in MSA relative to NSA (hazard ratio 0.94; 95% confidence interval 0.63 to 1.34; p = 0.752). In conclusion, low SA at admission was independently associated with higher risk for bleeding events in patients with AMI undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

Range expansion of the tracheal mite Acarapis woodi (Acari: Tarsonemidae) among Japanese honey bee, Apis cerana japonica, in Japan.

Acarapis woodi, a parasitic mite of honey bees, was first detected in Japan in 2010. Infestation was mostly observed in the Japanese honey bee (Apis cerana japonica) and was rare in the European honey bee (Apis mellifera). By 2014, the mites had spread throughout central and eastern Japan. In the current study, we investigated the subsequent expansion of the mite to western Japan. Our research revealed that the mites were distributed across most of Japan by 2018, except for Wakayama and Kochi prefectures. Many small remote islands more than 20 km away from mainland Japan are still free of A. woodi, but bees on some of these islands were infested. About 40% of colonies of the Japanese honey bee in Japan were infested by the mites, and average mite prevalence of the infested colonies was about 50% during the 6-year study. There was no trend of decline in the infested colony proportion or in the mite prevalence. In addition, the observation of Japanese honey bee colonies by hobby beekeepers for two signs of mite infestation, K-wing and crawling bees, was an effective means for estimating infestation by tracheal mites.

Influence of preoperative serum creatinine level and intraoperative volume of contrast medium on the risk of acute kidney injury after transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a retrospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine if contrast medium volume (CMV) is a risk factor for acute kidney injury (AKI) during transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) via a transfemoral approach performed without major complications. All TAVI procedures performed at our institution between March 2014 and March 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. AKI was diagnosed using the Acute Kidney Injury Network classification based on the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 definition. Procedures performed via a transapical approach and those in which circulatory dynamics failed intraoperatively were excluded. RESULTS: Eighty-one (96.4%) of 100 patients scheduled for TAVI were enrolled; seven (8.6%) developed AKI and 74 (91.4%) did not. The serum creatinine (SCr) level was significantly higher (p < 0.05) and the estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower in the AKI group (p < 0.05). The CMV was significantly higher in the AKI group (103 ml vs 84 ml, p < 0.05), as was the CMV × SCr/BW value (3.34 vs 1.49, p < 0.01). The area under the curve for CMV × SCr/BW was 0.9228 and the cut-off value was 2.99. The CMV, SCr, and estimated glomerular filtration rate affect the likelihood of AKI after transfemoral TAVI and a CMV × SCr/BW value > 2.99 accurately predicts AKI.

[Assessing the Effects of Prescription Adjustment and Medication Non-adherence Associated with Medication Efficacy Classifications from Leftover Drugs through the SETSUYAKU-BAG Campaign].

　The increase in medical expenditure has been worsening and poses a serious social problem. Commonly, leftover drugs are retained by patients. We estimated the possible reduction in prescription rates by appropriately reusing leftover drugs, and investigated the medication efficacy classifications that render leftover drugs due to the medication non-adherence. A retrospective cross-sectional survey of prescription data was performed at community pharmacies engaged in the appropriate reuse of leftover drugs through the SETSUYAKU-BAG campaign. We evaluated the drug costs and number of drugs originally prescribed, the reduction in expenditure and numbers after the use of leftover drugs, and then calculated the prescription reduction ratio (PRR) based on the number of drugs. Factors contributing to non-adherence were analyzed by the PRR. After reviewing the prescription information of 1792 patients, the reduction rate in drug expenditure was found to be 20.1%. Purgatives, Chinese medicines, and agents for peptic ulcer had higher PRRs and belonged to the top ten medications according to the prescription efficacy classifications. Non-adherence associated with the medication efficacy classifications was assessed by analyzing 5466 formulations. Thirty percent of formulations were found to be non-adherent. According to the medication efficacy classifications, six medications including agents for hyperlipidemias, peptic ulcer, psychotropics agents, and others, were less adherent than antihypertensives. These results suggest that adjusting prescriptions by appropriately reusing leftover drugs in community pharmacies could reduce medical costs. Further considerations are necessary for improving medication adherence in Japan. Healthcare providers should monitor medication adherence more carefully, with the results identified in this study.

Author Correction: Declaration of local chemical eradication of the Argentine ant: Bayesian estimation with a multinomial-mixture model.

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.

Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy and safety of sitagliptin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A total of 188 patients were enrolled who had type 2 diabetes mellitus with poor glycemic profiles (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] ≥6.2%). Patients were assigned to one of three age groups (<65, 65-74 and ≥75 years) and received 50-100 mg of sitagliptin daily for 12 months. Changes in HbA1c classified by age and body mass index (BMI) were assessed in addition to physiological parameters. RESULTS: Mean HbA1c decreased significantly in all age groups (<65 years 8.01 ± 1.59% to 7.29 ± 1.23%; 65-74 years 7.61 ± 1.11% to 7.05 ± 0.99%; ≥75 years 7.21 ± 0.87% to 6.74 ± 0.96%). Reductions in HbA1c were not significantly different among age groups (P = 0.324). In older patients aged 65-74 years and ≥75 years, HbA1c decreased significantly in lean (BMI <25 kg/m2 ) patients (7.52 ± 1.10% to 6.99 ± 1.08%; P < 0.001) and in obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m2 ) patients (7.25% ± 0.90% to 6.86% ± 0.86%; P = 0.015); the changes in HbA1c were not significantly different between the lean and the obese groups (P = 0.943). Adverse events occurred in 12 patients (10.3%) aged ≥65 years, although there was no significant difference among the three age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Sitagliptin treatment offers elderly patients aged ≥65 years efficacious and safe reductions in HbA1c values regardless of BMI. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 631-639.

Declaration of local chemical eradication of the Argentine ant: Bayesian estimation with a multinomial-mixture model.

Determining the success of eradication of an invasive species requires a way to decide when its risk of reoccurrence has become acceptably low. In Japan, the area populated by the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile (Mayr), is expanding, and eradication via chemical treatment is ongoing at various locations. One such program in Tokyo was apparently successful, because the ant population decreased to undetectable levels within a short time. However, construction of a population model for management purposes was difficult because the probability of detecting ants decreases rapidly as the population collapses. To predict the time when the ant was eradicated, we developed a multinomial-mixture model for chemical eradication based on monthly trapping data and the history of pesticide applications. We decided when to declare that eradication had been successful by considering both 'eradication' times, which we associated with eradication probabilities of 95% and 99%, and an optimal stopping time based on a 'minimum expected economic cost' that considered the possibility that surveys were stopped too soon. By applying these criteria, we retroactively declared that Argentine ants had been eradicated 38-42 months after the start of treatments (16-17 months after the last sighting).

Insecticide Susceptibility in Asian Honey Bees (Apis cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae)) and Implications for Wild Honey Bees in Asia.

To conserve local biodiversity and ensure the provision of pollination services, it is essential to understand the impact of pesticides on wild honey bees. Most studies that have investigated the effects of pesticides on honey bees have focused on the European honey bee (Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)), which is commonly domesticated worldwide. However, the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) is widely distributed throughout Asia, and toxicity data are lacking for this species. This study aimed to fill this important knowledge gap. In this study, we determined the acute contact toxicity in A. cerana to various pesticides, including neonicotinoids, fipronil, organophosphorus, synthetic pyrethroids, carbamate, and anthranilic diamide. Based on the test duration of 48 h of contact LD50 tests, A. cerana was most sensitive to dinotefuran (0.0014 µg/bee), followed by thiamethoxam (0.0024 µg/bee) and fipronil (0.0025 µg/bee). Dinotefuran is used extensively in Asia, thereby potentially creating a substantial hazard. More generally, A. cerana was approximately one order of magnitude more sensitive than was A. mellifera to most of the pesticides evaluated. The results of our study suggest that neonicotinoid pesticides should not be considered as a single group that acts uniformly on all honey bees, and that more careful management strategies are required to conserve A. cerana populations than A. mellifera.