[Structural and functional organization of the upper esophageal sphincter]. / Strukturno-funktsional'naia organizatsiia verkhnego pishchevodnogo sfinktera.

Using traditional anatomical and histological methods, the muscle envelope of the pharynx-esophagus junction was investigated in humans and dogs. In the upper (cranial) portion of the esophagus of man and dogs, an inferior anatomical sphincter was detected which histologically can be referred to the group of rhabdo-sphincters. The upper esophageal sphincter is a purely esophageal structure which in man is located at a distance of 25-30 cm from the maxillary incisors. In adult humans, it is 25-30 mm long and is situated obliquely to the long esophageal axis. The posterior semicircle of the sphincter is located higher than the anterior one. In the area of the upper esophageal sphincter the esophageal wall is of different thickness. Due to the muscle envelope and submucous membrane of the base, the right wall is 1.7-2.0 times thicker than the left, anterior or posterior wall. The data obtained from fiber esophagoscopy of patients and electromyography of the pharynx-esophagus junction of dogs have shown that the upper (cranial) esophageal sphincter control food passage from the pharynx to the esophagus and prevents food reflux to the laryngopharynx, protecting airways from aspiration.

[Dialectics of the method of diaphragmo-crurotomy by A.G. Savinykh]. / Dialektika metoda diafragmokrurotomii po A.G. Savinykh.

The development of the method of diaphragmocrurotomy widely used in many surgical clinics of the world was considered on the basis of an analysis of case histories and results of autopsies of patients with diseases of the cardial part of the stomach and esophagus. The article proposes practical recommendations for the fulfillment of this operation.

[Surgical anatomy of the gastroduodenal junction]. / Khirurgicheskaia anatomiia gastroduodenal'nogo perekhoda.

The structure of the gastroduodenal passage from the surgical viewpoint was studied in 50 preparations taken from corpses of people from neonatal age to 80 years. There is a well pronounced layer of the connective tissue on the border between the stomach and duodenum which may be of significance for pathogenesis of traumatic abruption of the duodenum from the stomach. The pyloric sphincter is characterized by asymmetry of the wall thickness and oblique disposition. The pylorus canal lumen after Heineke-Mikulicz pyloroplasty became about 7.7 times larger, that after Jadd-Tanaka was 2.6 times larger.

[Functional morphology of the cricopharyngeal muscle]. / Funktsional'naia morfologiia perstneglotochnoi myshtsy.

In the cricopharyngeal part of the inferior constrictor in the human and canine pharynx, there is a group of odd muscle fibers (transversal portion), which contracts at every phase of sigh. Registration of mechanical and electrical activity of the transversal portion of the canine cricopharyngeal muscle in chronic experiments demonstrates an important role of this structure to prevent from getting an excessive amount of air into the digestive tract at a sigh.