Shape variety of food can boost its visual appeal.

We investigated whether food shape and its variety within a group affect visual appeal using a four-shaped fast-food chicken product known as Chicken McNuggets®. In Experiment 1, participants rated the visual appeal of each nugget shape both individually and when presented in groups of variously shaped nuggets. The results revealed that the rounder nugget was less visually appealing than those of other shapes. Additionally, assortments featuring various shapes were rated as more appealing than those of a single shape. In Experiment 2, the visual appeal of individual nuggets presented in groups and alone was assessed using a visual analog scale. The visual appeal of one specific nugget (target nugget) was higher when presented in a group than alone. Furthermore, a target nugget presented in a group with various shapes was more visually appealing than when presented in a group with the same shape, regardless of the shape of the target nugget. These results suggest that a food product with low visual appeal can be perceived as more appealing when it is presented alongside various food shapes. Indeed, the variety of food shapes presented in a group affected the perceived appeal both of the group and of the individual food item. These findings offer novel insights into the impact of food's visual variation on its appeal.

Clusters in Infant Environmental Factors Influence School-Age Children's Vegetable Preferences in Japan.

It remains unclear how the various environmental factors are combined in practice to influence vegetable preferences in school-aged children. This study aimed to clarify the environmental factors during infancy and their association with vegetable preference in school-aged children. To find clusters of early childhood environmental factors, we conducted a factor analysis on 58 items related to early childhood environmental factors and a k-means cluster analysis using the factors obtained. The association of the extracted factors and clusters with vegetable preferences was assessed by multiple regression analysis. Twelve factors relating to vegetable eating, cooking and harvesting experience, and parental attitudes were extracted by factor analysis. Three clusters, "low awareness of experiences", "high awareness" and "low positive encouragement", were then extracted. In the multiple regression analysis, all 12 factors were found to be associated with vegetable preferences. Furthermore, it was found that the "high awareness" group had a significantly higher score for vegetable preference than the "low awareness of experiences" group (ß = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.37-0.74). Thus, the study found that environmental factors during infancy, in isolation and combination, influenced vegetable preferences in school-aged children. Assessing the combination of various environmental factors during infancy may contribute to a better understanding of future vegetable preferences.

Effects of pulmonary exposure to carbon nanotubes on lung and systemic inflammation with coagulatory disturbance induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice.

Despite intensive research as to the pathogenesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-related inflammation with coagulatory disturbance, their exacerbating factors have not been well explored. This study examined the effects of pulmonary exposure to two types of nano-sized materials (carbon nano-tubes: CNT [single-wall: SWCNT, and multi-wall: MWCNT]) on lung inflammation and consequent systemic inflammation with coagulatory disturbance induced by pulmonary exposure to LPS in mice and their cellular mechanisms in vitro. ICR male mice were divided into 6 experimental groups that intra-tracheally received the vehicle, two types of CNT (4 mg/kg), LPS (33 mu g/kg), or LPS plus either type of CNT. Twenty-four hours after treatment, both types of CNT alone induced lung inflammation with enhanced lung expression of proinflammatory cytokines, but did not synergistically exacerbate lung inflammation elicited by LPS. SWCNT significantly induced/ enhanced pulmonary permeability and hyperfibrinogenemia and reduced activated protein C in the absence or presence of LPS, whereas MWCNT did moderately. Both CNT moderately, but not significantly, elevated circulatory levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In the presence of LPS, CNT tended to elevate the levels of the mediators with an overall trend, which was more prominent with SWCNT than with MWCNT. In vitro study showed that both CNT amplified LPS-induced cytokine production from peripheral blood monocytes. These results suggest that CNT can facilitate systemic inflammation with coagulatory disturbance, at least in part, via the activation of mononuclear cells, which is accompanied by moderate enhancement of acute lung inflammation related to LPS.

Effects of components derived from diesel exhaust particles on lung physiology related to antigen.

Our previous study has shown that diesel exhaust particles (DEP), main constituents in ambient particulate matters (PM), enhance airway hyperresponsivness in a murine model of allergic asthma (Takano et al., 1998). However, it remains unknown which components in DEP are responsible for the enhancement. The present study investigated the effects of repeated pulmonary exposure to DEP components (extracted organic chemicals in DEP; DEP-OC, carbonaceous nuclei of DEP after extraction; washed DEP) on lung physiology in the presence or absence of antigen. ICR mice were divided into six experimental groups. Vehicle, DEP components, ovalbumin (OVA), or DEP components plus OVA was administered intratrachally for 6 weeks. Twenty-four hr after the last instillation, cholinergic lung reactivity was examined. DEP components alone did not induce any facilitation of lung function as compared to vehicle alone. The values of total respiratory system resistance (R), elastance (E), Newtonian resistance (R(n)), tissue damping (G), and tissue elastance (H) were higher and the value of compliance (C) was lower in the OVA or the DEP component + OVA groups than in the vehicle group. In particular, the hyperreactivity was most prominent in the washed DEP + OVA group. The values in the DEP-OC + OVA group were not significantly different from those in the OVA group. These data suggest that carboneous component in DEP, rather than organic chemical one, can be attributable to the enhancement of lung hyperresponsiveness in allergic asthma.

Role of interleukin-6 in toll-like receptor 4 and 2 expressions induced by lipopolysaccharide in the lung.

Our previous study demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-6 is protective against hemorrhagic lung inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice, at least partly, by inhibition of the enhanced expressions of proinflammatory cytokines. The present study elucidated the role of IL-6 in Toll like receptor (TLR) 4 and 2 expressions in the lung during inflammation induced by intraperitoneal administration of LPS (1 mg/kg) using IL-6 null (-/-) mice and wild type (WT) mice. The expressions of mRNA for both TLR4 and 2 in the lung were evaluated 72 hrs after intraperitoneal administration. LPS enhanced both TLR4 mRNA expression as compared with vehicle. However, the enhancement was significantly stronger in IL-6 (-/-) mice than in WT mice after LPS challenge. LPS significantly increased TLR2 mRNA expression only in IL-6 (-/-) mice. As well, in the presence of LPS, the expression was significantly greater in IL-6 (-/-) mice than in WT mice. These results suggest that the protective role of IL-6 against LPS-induced hemorrhagic lung inflammation might be explained, in part, by inhibition of the enhanced lung expressions of TLR4 and 2.

Effects of naphthoquinone on airway responsiveness in the presence or absence of antigen in mice.

We have recently demonstrated that naphthoquinone (NQ), one of extractable chemical compounds of diesel exhaust particles (DEP), enhances antigen-related airway inflammation with goblet cell hyperplasia in mice (Inoue et al. in Eur Respir J 209(2):259-267, 2007). Further, NQ has enhanced lung expressions of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5. However, the effects of NQ on other cardinal features of asthma have not been completely investigated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of NQ on airway responsiveness on the model. Vehicle, NQ, ovalbumin (OVA), or NQ + OVA was administered intratarcheally to ICR mice for 6 weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last instillation, lung histology, lung functions such as total respiratory system resistance (R) and Newtonian resistance (R (n)), and protein level of IL-13 and mRNA level for MUC5AC in the lung were examined. Repetitive exposure to NQ aggravated antigen-related lung inflammation. NQ alone enhanced R and R (n) as compared to vehicle without statistical significance. OVA alone or NQ plus OVA showed increases in R and R (n), which was prominent in NQ plus OVA (P < 0.05 vs. vehicle). Combined exposure to NQ and OVA elevated the levels of IL-13 and MUC5AC in the lung as compared with exposure to NQ or OVA alone. These results indicate that NQ can enhance airway hyperresponsiveness in the presence or absence of an antigen. Also, amplified lung expressions of IL-13 and MUC5AC might partly contribute to the deterioration of asthma features by NQ.

Effects of diesel exhaust particles on cytokine production by splenocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide.

It was previously shown that pulmonary exposure of mice to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) enhances inflammatory conditions induced by allergens or bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide: LPS) via enhanced local expression of cytokines. However, resolution of the underlying mechanisms, in which DEP exaggerate inflammation, remains uncompleted. Investigation of the actions of DEP on mouse-derived mononuclear cells may provide a clue to the mechanisms, because mononuclear cells produce and release several types of cytokines. The present study elucidated the effects of DEP on mononuclear cell reactions stimulated with LPS in vitro. ICR mouse-derived mononuclear cells, isolated from splenocytes, one of the secondary lymphoid tissues, were co-cultured with LPS (1 microg ml(-1)) and DEP (1, 10 or 100 microg ml(-1)). The protein levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, and IL-13 in the culture supernatants were measured 72 h after the co-culture. LPS significantly increased the protein levels of IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-10. In the presence of LPS, DEP decreased the protein levels in a concentration-dependent manner with an overall trend, whereas DEP (1, 10 microg ml(-1)) moderately elevated the IL-13 level. These results suggest that DEP suppress cytokine production from mononuclear cells stimulated with LPS and provide a possible hint for DEP facilitation on inflammatory conditions, especially related to Th2 response, in vivo.

Effects of diesel exhaust on lung inflammation related to bacterial endotoxin in mice.

We have previously shown that intratracheal instillation of diesel exhaust particles enhances lung inflammation and lung expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines related to bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) in mice. The present study was designed to elucidate the effects of inhalation of diesel exhaust on lung inflammation related to lipopolysaccharide. ICR mice were exposed for 12 hr to clean air or diesel exhaust at a soot concentration of 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/m(3) after intratracheal challenge with 125 microg/kg of lipopolysaccharide. Lung inflammation and lung expression of proinflammatory chemokines such as macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 and keratinocyte chemoattractant were evaluated 24 hr after intratracheal administration. Diesel exhaust inhalation decreased lipopolysaccharide-elicited inflammatory cell recruitment into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as compared with clean air inhalation. Histological study demonstrated that exposure to diesel exhaust did not affect lipopolysaccharide-enhanced neutrophil recruitment into the lung parenchyma. Lipopolysaccharide instillation elevated lung expression of macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 and keratinocyte chemoattractant under clean air or diesel exhaust inhalation. However, diesel exhaust exposure did not influence but rather did suppress these levels in the presence of lipopolysaccharide. These results suggest that short-term exposure to diesel exhaust did not exacerbate lung inflammation related to bacterial endotoxin.

Pulmonary exposure to diesel exhaust particles enhances coagulatory disturbance with endothelial damage and systemic inflammation related to lung inflammation.

Pulmonary exposure to diesel exhaust particles (DEP) enhances lung inflammation related to bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) in mice. Severe lung inflammation can reportedly induce coagulatory abnormalities and systemic inflammation. This study examined the effects of components of DEP on lung inflammation, pulmonary permeability, coagulatory changes, systemic inflammatory response, and lung-to-systemic translocation of LPS in a murine model of lung inflammation. ICR mice were divided into six experimental groups that intratracheally received vehicle, LPS (2.5 mg/kg), organic chemicals in DEP (DEP-OC; 4 mg/kg) extracted with dicloromethane), residual carbonaceous nuclei of DEP (washed DEP: 4 mg/kg), DEP-OC + LPS, or washed DEP + LPS. Both DEP components exacerbated lung inflammation, vascular permeability, and the increased fibrinogen and E-selectin levels induced by LPS. With overall trends, the exacerbation was more prominent with washed DEP than with DEP-OC. Washed DEP + LPS significantly decreased activated protein C and antithrombin-III and elevated circulatory levels of interleukin (IL)-6, keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC), and LPS as compared with LPS alone, whereas DEP-OC + LPS elevated IL-6, KC, and LPS without significance. These results show that DEP components, especially washed DEP, amplify the effects if LPS on the respiratory system and suggest that they contribute to the adverse health effects of particulate air pollution on the sensitive populations with predisposing vascular and/or pulmonary diseases, including ischemic vascular diseases and respiratory infection.

Effects of airway exposure to nanoparticles on lung inflammation induced by bacterial endotoxin in mice.

BACKGROUND: Although adverse health effects of particulate matter with a diameter of < 100 nm (nanoparticles) have been proposed, molecular and/or experimental evidence for their facilitation of lung inflammation in vivo is not fully defined. OBJECTIVE: In the present study we investigated the effects of nanoparticles on lung inflammation related to bacterial endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ] in mice. RESULTS: We intratracheally administered vehicle, two sizes (14 nm, 56 nm) of carbon black nanoparticles (4 mg/kg) , LPS (2.5 mg/kg) , or LPS plus nanoparticles and evaluated parameters for lung inflammation and coagulation. Nanoparticles alone induced slight lung inflammation and significant pulmonary edema compared with vehicle. Fourteen-nanometer nanoparticles intensively aggravated LPS-elicited lung inflammation and pulmonary edema that was concomitant with the enhanced lung expression of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) , macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) , macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, MIP-2, and keratinocyte chemoattractant in overall trend, whereas 56-nm nanoparticles did not show apparent effects. Immunoreactivity for 8-hydroxyguanosine, a marker for oxidative stress, was more intense in the lungs from the LPS + 14-nm nanoparticle group than in those from the LPS group. Circulatory fibrinogen levels were higher in the LPS + plus 14-nm nanoparticle group than in the LPS group. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, evidence indicates that nanoparticles can aggravate lung inflammation related to bacterial endotoxin, which is more prominent with smaller particles. The enhancement may be mediated, at least partly, via the increased local expression of proinflammatory cytokines and via the oxidative stress. Furthermore, nanoparticles can promote coagulatory disturbance accompanied by lung inflammation.

Role of interleukin-6 in fibrinolytic changes induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice.

We have recently demonstrated that interleukin (IL)-6 is protective against coagulatory and hemostatic disturbance and subsequent pulmonary hemorrhage induced by bacterial endotoxin, at least partly, via the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines using IL-6-null [IL-6(-/-)] mice and corresponding wild-type mice. Its role in fibrinolytic systems remains undefined, however. The present study elucidated the role of IL-6 in the activity of alpha(2)-plasmin inhibitor, an inhibitor of fibrinolysis, during inflammation induced by intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide in IL-6(-/-) and wild-type mice. Both IL-6(-/-) and wild-type mice were injected with vehicle or lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg). Seventy-two hours later, blood samples were collected and alpha(2)-plasmin inhibitor activity was examined. Lipopolysaccharide challenge induced significant enhancement of alpha(2)-plasmin inhibitor activity as compared with vehicle challenge in wild-type mice, but not in IL-6(-/-) mice. In the presence of lipopolysaccharide, the activity was significantly lower in IL-6(-/-) mice than that in wild-type mice. These results indicate that IL-6 can, at least partly, inhibit the lipopolysaccharide-enhanced fibrinolysis via the enhanced alpha2-plasmin inhibitor activity.

Effects of nano particles on cytokine expression in murine lung in the absence or presence of allergen.

Particulate matter (PM) can exacerbate allergic airway diseases. Health effects of PM with a diameter of less than 100 nm, called nano particles, have been focused. We have recently demonstrated that carbon nano particles (14, 56 nm) exaggerate allergic airway inflammation in mice. In the present study, we investigated the effects of repeated pulmonary exposure to carbon nano particles on the expression of a variety of cytokines in the absence or presence of allergen in mice. ICR mice were divided into six experimental groups. Vehicle, two sizes of carbon nano particles, ovalbumin (OVA), and OVA + nano particles were administered intratracheally. Nano particles increased the lung protein levels of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the absence or presence of allergen. The enhancement was more prominent with 14 nm of nano particles than with 56 nm of nano particles in overall trend. 14 nm nano particle exposure significantly enhanced the lung expressions of interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-10 in the presence of allergen as compared with allergen exposure. These results suggest that pulmonary exposure to nano particles can induce the lung expression of TARC, MIP-1alpha, GM-CSF in the absence of allergen and can enhance that of TARC, MIP-1alpha, GM-CSF, IL-2, and IL-10 in the presence of allergen. The enhancing effects are more prominent with smaller particles.

Role of metallothionein in coagulatory disturbance and systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice.

Although metallothionein (MT) can be induced by inflammatory mediators, its roles in coagulatory disturbance during inflammation are poorly defined. We determined whether MT protects against coagulatory and fibrinolytic disturbance and systemic inflammation induced by intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in MT-I/II null (-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice. As compared with WT mice, MT (-/-) mice revealed significant prolongation of prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin time, a significant increase in the levels of fibrinogen and fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products, and a significant decrease in activated protein C, after LPS treatment. LPS induced inflammatory organ damages in the lung, kidney, and liver in both genotypes of mice. The damages, including neutrophil infiltration, were more prominent in MT (-/-) mice than in WT mice after LPS treatment. In both genotypes of mice, LPS enhanced protein expression of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-2, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, and keratinocyte chemoattractant in the lung, kidney, and liver and circulatory levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, MIP-2, and KC. In overall trends, however, the levels of these proinflammatory proteins were greater in MT (-/-) mice than in WT mice after LPS challenge. Our results suggest that MT protects against coagulatory and fibrinolytic disturbance and multiple organ damages induced by LPS, at least partly, via the inhibition of the expression of proinflammatory proteins.

Antioxidative role of urinary trypsin inhibitor in acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide.

We have previously demonstrated the protective role of urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) against acute inflammatory lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using UTI-deficient (-/-) mice and corresponding wild-type (WT) mice. The protection was mediated, at least partly, through inhibition of the enhanced local expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. In the present study, we addressed whether UTI regulates oxidative stress generated by LPS challenge in the lung. UTI (-/-) and WT mice were treated intratracheally with vehicle or LPS (125 microg/kg). After LPS challenge in both genotypes of mice, the lung levels of mRNA for inducible nitric oxide synthase and hemo oxygenase-1 were elevated, but to a greater extent in UTI (-/-) mice than in WT mice. Immunohistochemistry showed that the formations of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and nitrotyrosine in the lung were more intense in UTI (-/-) mice than in WT mice after LPS challenge. These results indicate that endogenous UTI is protective against acute lung injury induced by bacterial endotoxin, at least partly, via the antioxidative properties.

Effects of nano particles on antigen-related airway inflammation in mice.

BACKGROUND: Particulate matter (PM) can exacerbate allergic airway diseases. Although health effects of PM with a diameter of less than 100 nm have been focused, few studies have elucidated the correlation between the sizes of particles and aggravation of allergic diseases. We investigated the effects of nano particles with a diameter of 14 nm or 56 nm on antigen-related airway inflammation. METHODS: ICR mice were divided into six experimental groups. Vehicle, two sizes of carbon nano particles, ovalbumin (OVA), and OVA + nano particles were administered intratracheally. Cellular profile of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, lung histology, expression of cytokines, chemokines, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and immunoglobulin production were studied. RESULTS: Nano particles with a diameter of 14 nm or 56 nm aggravated antigen-related airway inflammation characterized by infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils, and mononuclear cells, and by an increase in the number of goblet cells in the bronchial epithelium. Nano particles with antigen increased protein levels of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, and IL-13, eotaxin, macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and regulated on activation and normal T cells expressed and secreted (RANTES) in the lung as compared with antigen alone. The formation of 8-OHdG, a proper marker of oxidative stress, was moderately induced by nano particles or antigen alone, and was markedly enhanced by antigen plus nano particles as compared with nano particles or antigen alone. The aggravation was more prominent with 14 nm of nano particles than with 56 nm of particles in overall trend. Particles with a diameter of 14 nm exhibited adjuvant activity for total IgE and antigen-specific IgG1 and IgE. CONCLUSION: Nano particles can aggravate antigen-related airway inflammation and immunoglobulin production, which is more prominent with smaller particles. The enhancement may be mediated, at least partly, by the increased local expression of IL-5 and eotaxin, and also by the modulated expression of IL-13, RANTES, MCP-1, and IL-6.

Effect of apolipoprotein E (apoE) phenotype on the apoE content of CSF-HDL in children.

BACKGROUND: The majority of the lipoprotein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is apolipoprotein E (apoE)-containing HDL. Since neuronal cells express lipoprotein receptors which recognize apoE, apoE in CSF-HDL is believed to be important for the development of central nervous system (CNS) in children. In adults, the apoE phenotype affects the plasma apoE concentration and the epsilon 4 allele is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Due to the requirement for CNS development, we examined whether the apoE phenotype affects the composition and concentration of CSF-HDL in children. METHODS: We determined the apoE phenotype in 107 neurologically normal subjects, including 67 children (<20 years), by isoelectronic focusing. We also measured apoE, total cholesterol (TC), and phospholipid (PL) concentrations in the CSF. RESULTS: The respective frequencies of apoE4/3, E3/3 and E3/2 were 16.4%, 77.6%, and 6.0%. The allele frequencies of epsilon 4, epsilon 3, and epsilon 2 were 0.082, 0.888, and 0.030, respectively. There were no significant differences in the CSF-apoE, TC, or PL concentrations or the apoE/PL ratio among the apoE phenotypes. However, the CSF-apoE/PL ratio was significantly higher in children than in adults. CONCLUSION: The apoE phenotype does not affect the composition or concentration of CSF-HDL in children. We speculate that an apoE4 carrier is prevented in childhood from the impaired development of central nervous system by CSF-HDL enriched with apoE.

Effects of 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 on nuclear localization of GATA-3 in the murine lung in the presence of lipopolysaccharide.

15-Deoxy-delta(12, 14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PG J2) is a regulator of a nuclear transcriptional factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma. A previous study has demonstrated that 15d-PG J2 enhanced acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. 15d-PG J2 induced mucin-producing cells in the bronchial epithelium, especially in the presence of LPS. The present study investigated the effects of 15d-PG J2 on the activation of GATA-3 and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) 6, important transcriptional factors in mucus secretion, in the lung in the presence or absence of LPS. ICR mice were divided into 4 experimental groups that intratracheally received vehicle, lipopolysaccharide (LPS: 125 microg/kg), 15d-PG J2 (1 mg/kg), or 15d-PG J2 + LPS. The nuclear localization of GATA-3 and phosphorylated STAT 6 was evaluated 2 h after the intratracheal administration. 15d-PG J2 enhanced the nuclear localization of GATA-3 in the presence of LPS, whereas the nuclear localization of phosphorylated STAT 6 was not altered in the groups. These results suggest that the enhancing effects of 15d-PG J2 on the production of mucin-producing cells might be related, at least in part, to the activation of GATA-3.

Protective role of urinary trypsin inhibitor in acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide.

Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), a serine protease inhibitor, has been widely used as a drug for patients with acute inflammatory disorders such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, shock, and pancreatitis. However, direct contribution of UTI to inflammatory diseases has not been established. The present study analyzed acute inflammatory lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in UTI-deficient (-/-) mice and corresponding wild-type (WT) mice. UTI (-/-) and WT mice were treated intratracheally with vehicle or LPS (125 mug/kg). The cellular profile of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung water content, histology, and expression of proinflammatory molecules in the lung were evaluated. After LPS challenge, both genotypes of mice revealed neutrophilic lung inflammation and pulmonary edema. UTI (-/-) mice, however, showed more prominent infiltration of inflammatory cells and edema than WT mice. After LPS challenge in both genotypes of mice, the lung levels of mRNA and/or protein expression of interleukin-1beta, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, keratinocyte chemoattractant, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were elevated in both groups, but to a greater extent in UTI (-/-) mice than in WT mice. These results suggest that UTI protects against acute lung injury induced by bacterial endotoxin, at least partly, through the inhibition of the enhanced local expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and ICAM-1.

Cytoprotection by interleukin-6 against liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide.

The role of interleukin (IL)-6 in inflammatory injury remains controversial. The present study elucidated the role of IL-6 in liver damage during severe inflammation induced by intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 mg/kg) using IL-6 null (-/-) mice and corresponding wild-type (WT) mice. Histological study showed that LPS treatment caused more severe liver injury with centrilobular vacuolation of hepatocytes and neutrophilic infiltration in the liver of IL-6 (-/-) mice; in contrast, neutrophilic infiltration and mild vacuolar change of hepatocytes were found in the liver of LPS-treated WT mice. Protein levels of proinflammatory molecules, such as IL-1beta, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, in the livers were significantly greater in IL-6 (-/-) mice than in WT mice after LPS challenge. These results directly indicate that IL-6 is protective against liver injury induced by bacterial endotoxin, at least partly, via the modulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.

Urinary trypsin inhibitor protects against systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide.

Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI), a serine protease inhibitor, has been widely used as a drug for patients with acute inflammatory disorders such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, shock, and pancreatitis in Japan. Recent studies have demonstrated that serine protease inhibitors may play an anti-inflammatory role beyond merely an inhibitory action on neutrophil elastase at the site of inflammation at least in vitro. To clarify the direct contributions of UTI to inflammatory condition in vivo, we analyzed its roles in experimental systemic inflammatory response induced by intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) using UTI deficient (-/-) mice and corresponding wild-type (WT) mice. After LPS (1 mg/kg) challenge, UTI (-/-) mice revealed a significant elevation of plasma fibrinogen and fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products and a decrease in white blood cell counts compared with WT mice. LPS treatment induced more severe neutrophilic inflammation in the lung and the kidney obtained from UTI (-/-) mice than in those from WT mice, which was confirmed by histological examination. The protein levels of proinflammatory mediators, such as macrophage chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in the lungs, MCP-1 and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) in the kidneys, and interleukin-1beta, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, MCP-1, and KC in the liver, were significantly greater in UTI (-/-) mice than in WT mice after LPS challenge. Our results suggest that UTI protects against systemic inflammatory response and subsequent organ injury induced by bacterial endotoxin, at least partly through the inhibition of the enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.