ABSTRACT
Charcot created a system for the classification and diagnosis of neurological patients in the 1850s. His methodology consisted of listening to a patient's family history and present history, observing the patient scrupulously, and confirming lesions by autopsy once the patient was dead. He compared two different diseases in order to make their differences clear. Once he understood the fundamental form of a disease, he proceeded to study less perfect forms that had a single symptom. By this process, Charcot developed many new symptomatologies in Neurology.
Subject(s)
Central Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis , Movement Disorders/diagnosis , Neurology/history , Autopsy , Diagnosis, Differential , France , History, 19th Century , HumansABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: We describe a previously unreported pitfall, spread of the stimulus at the elbow to the radial nerve, in an antidromic sensory nerve conduction study of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous (LAC) nerve. METHODS: Subjects consisted of 80 healthy volunteers, and both sides were examined for each subject. Besides routine recording of the LAC nerve, sensory nerve action potentials (SNAPs) of the radial nerve were recorded distally. RESULTS: The spread phenomenon occurred in 73 of 160 arms (46%), and the SNAP amplitude increased due to contamination of the radial SNAP up to 6.7 times the genuine LAC SNAP. In 10 arms (6%), the spread started before the LAC SNAP was saturated, and the genuine LAC SNAP was unknown due to an anatomical variation in at least 1 arm. CONCLUSIONS: Without monitoring distal radial SNAPs, the spread phenomenon will remain unrecognized. This pitfall undermines the reliability of the test.
Subject(s)
Evoked Potentials/physiology , Neural Conduction/physiology , Radial Nerve/physiology , Skin/innervation , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Biophysics , Electric Stimulation , Electromyography , Female , Healthy Volunteers , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young AdultABSTRACT
The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control has been effective as of February 2005. This is an epoch making event for the world tobacco control. However, in Japan, almost nothing has been changed due to the intrusion of the tobacco industry and Ministry of Finance. In article 8, the Government still cannot pass a law to protect Japanese people from passive smoking. In article 11, Ministry of Finance is still permitting an old package. In article 13, no restriction is possible except a self-imposed control. Japan Society for Tobacco Control has made a passive smoking prevention bill and presented a petition to the Minister of Health, Labor and Welfare with related 4 bills. Cooperation, money and champion are the three most important issues that we have to pursue.
