Vaccinated COVID-19 Index Cases Are Less Likely to Transmit SARS-CoV-2 to Their Household Contacts: A Cohort Study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of index case vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 transmission to household contacts. In our epidemiological cohort study (May 2022-November 2023), we surveyed registered index case vaccination status and test results for contacts (testing on day 0, and on day 7 for negative contacts) and calculated the secondary attack rate (SAR), i.e., newly infected contacts/susceptible included contacts. The association of the independent variable, index case COVID-19 vaccination (yes/no), with household contact infection was determined using the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). We recorded 181 index cases and 314 contacts, of whom 250 agreed to participate; 16 contacts were excluded upon testing positive on day 0. Of the 234 included contacts, 49.1% were women, and the mean (SD) age was 51.9 (19.8) years. The overall SAR of 37.2% (87/234) was lower in the contacts of both vaccinated index cases (34.9% vs. 63.2%; p = 0.014) and index cases with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection history (27.0% vs. 46.3%; p = 0.002). Index case vaccination showed a protective effect against infection for their household contacts (aOR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.67). The household SAR was high when the Omicron variant circulated. Vaccinated index cases were less likely to transmit SARS-CoV-2 to their contacts.

Effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in protecting newborn: A matched case-control study.

INTRODUCTION: The objective was to estimate the effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in protecting infants aged < 2 months. METHODS: We performed a case-control study. Laboratory-confirmed cases aged <8 weeks at disease onset were identified and 2-4 matched-controls born within ± 15 days of the case were included. Information was obtained from healthcare providers and maternal interviews. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using multivariable conditional logistic regression. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated as (1 - OR) × 100%. RESULTS: 47 cases and 124 controls were studied. The mean age (in days) (39.8 ± 12.7 vs. 40.8 ± 13.2), weeks of gestation (38.8 vs. 39.1, p = 0.43) and mean birth weight (3.309 vs. 3.253 kg, p = 0.55) were comparable between cases and controls. Mothers of cases were less frequently vaccinated in the third trimester (59.6% vs. 83.9%, p <0.001). The VE of maternal vaccination in pregnancy was 88.0% (95%CI 53.8% -96.5%), and was slightly higher in those vaccinated before the 32nd week of gestation (88.5% vs 87.8%). CONCLUSION: Pertussis vaccination in pregnancy is very effective in reducing pertussis in children aged < 2 months. Vaccination before and after the 32nd week of pregnancy are equally effective in reducing the risk of pertussis.

Legionella SBT applied directly to respiratory samples as a rapid molecular epidemiological tool.

Legionnaires' disease (LD) is an atypical pneumonia caused by the inhalation of Legionella. The methods used for the diagnosis of LD are direct culture of respiratory samples and urinary antigen detection. However, the sensitivity of culture is low, and the urinary antigen test is specific only for L. pneumophila sg1. Moreover, as no isolates are obtained, epidemiological studies cannot be performed. The implementation of Nested-sequence-based typing (Nested-SBT) makes it possible to carry out epidemiological studies while also confirming LD, especially in cases caused by non-sg 1. Sixty-two respiratory samples from patients with Legionella clinically confirmed by positive urinary antigen tests were cultured and tested by Nested-SBT, following the European Study Group for Legionella Infections (ESGLI) protocol. Only 2/62 (3.2%) respiratory samples were culture-positive. Amplification and sequencing of Nested-SBT genes were successfully performed in 57/62 samples (91.9%). The seven target genes were characterised in 39/57 (68.4%) respiratory samples, and the complete sequence type (ST) was obtained. The mip gene was the most frequently amplified and sequenced. Nested-SBT is a useful method for epidemiological studies in culture-negative samples, achieving a 28.7-fold improvement over the results of culture studies and reducing the time needed to obtain molecular epidemiological results.

Population structure of Environmental and Clinical Legionella pneumophila isolates in Catalonia.

Legionella is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease (LD). In Spain, Catalonia is the region with the highest incidence of LD cases. The characterisation of clinical and environmental isolates using molecular epidemiology techniques provides epidemiological data for a specific geographic region and makes it possible to carry out phylogenetic and population-based analyses. The aim of this study was to describe and compare environmental and clinical isolates of Legionella pneumophila in Catalonia using sequence-based typing and monoclonal antibody subgrouping. A total of 528 isolates were characterised. For data analysis, the isolates were filtered to reduce redundancies, and 266 isolates (109 clinical and 157 environmental) were finally included. Thirty-two per cent of the clinical isolates were ST23, ST37 and ST1 while 40% of the environmental isolates were ST284 and ST1. Although the index of diversity was higher in clinical than in environmental ST isolates, we observed that clinical STs were similar to those recorded in other regions but that environmental STs were more confined to particular study areas. This observation supports the idea that only certain STs trigger cases or outbreaks in humans. Therefore, comparison of the genomes of clinical and environmental isolates could provide important information about the traits that favour infection or environmental persistence.

Resultados y retos en salud pública ante la alerta por Ébola: una perspectiva desde Cataluña / Ebola alert: results and challenges in public health. A view from Catalonia (Spain)

El brote de enfermedad por virus Ébola iniciado en Guinea Conakry y notificado a la Organización Mundial de la Salud en marzo de 2014ha sido el mayor documentado hasta la fecha. Su extensión a países limítrofes y el riesgo de expansión fuera del continente africano hicieron que, en agosto de 2014, fuese declarado emergencia de salud pública internacional. En el marco de lo establecido por el Centro de Coordinación de Alertas y Emergencias Sanitarias, la Agencia de Salud Pública de Cataluña inició las actuaciones de salud pública en marzo de 2014 y elaboró un único protocolo para todo el territorio, consejos para viajeros y cooperantes procedentes de países afectados, y una nota informativa semanal. Asimismo, en Cataluña, se crearon el Comité de Análisis y Seguimiento de Ébola y el Comité Científico Asesor de Ébola. Se realizaron sesiones informativas y formativas a más de 9600 profesionales de la salud de diferentes ámbitos. Desde agosto de 2014, a través del Sistema de Urgencias de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Cataluña se notificaron 117 sospechas de Ébola. En tres casos se activó el protocolo con derivación al centro hospitalario de referencia, siendo los resultados descartados microbiológicamente. Se realizó la vigilancia de 95 cooperantes, un 52% mujeres y un 74% procedentes de Sierra Leona. En la gestión de alertas fueron esenciales la preparación y la planificación previas, el trabajo sinérgico entre la red epidemiológica, la asistencial y el conjunto de agentes implicados, así como la comunicación de riesgo precisa, veraz y proporcionada. Fue clave el circuito de cribado previo establecido ante la sospecha de casos por parte de los servicios de vigilancia epidemiológica. Así, solo se activó el protocolo de inmediato en aquellos casos que cumplían estrictamente los criterios. Este es un aspecto esencial a reforzar y mantener de cara a futuras alertas de salud pública internacional (AU)

The Ebola outbreak in Guinea Conakry was notified to the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2014. It is the most complex Ebola outbreak to date, affecting Guinea Conakry as well as the surrounding countries and with a risk of the disease spreading outside Africa. For this reason, the World Health Organization declared this Ebola outbreak an international public health emergency in August 2014. The Public Health Agency of Catalonia, through the Spanish Alert and Emergencies Coordination Network, initiated public health actions in March 2014, developing a single protocol of action to be applied by all the health care providers in the whole Catalan territory, advice for travellers and voluntary workers arriving from affected countries and a weekly newsletter addressed to health professionals. At the same time, the Ebola Analysis and Monitoring Committee and the Ebola Scientific and Advisory Committee were established. More than 9600 professional health workers attended training sessions and informative sessions. From August 2014, the Catalan Epidemiological Surveillance Emergency Service (SUVEC) reported 117 suspected Ebola cases, of which only 3 met the epidemiological and clinical criteria leading to the activation of the action protocol. All 3 cases proved negative for Ebola. Also, 95 voluntary workers were monitored, 52% of whom were female and 74% had returned from Sierra Leone. Dealing with the suspected Ebola cases required a detailed advance preparation and planning, with a coordinated effort between the epidemiological and health-care network, and all the agents involved, as well as precise, realistic and appropriate risk communication. The prior screening of suspected Ebola cases by the SUVEC meant the immediate protocol was activated only in the cases that met the epidemiological and clinical criteria. This is a key point to be reinforced in any future international public health alerts (AU)

[Ebola alert: results and challenges in public health. A view from Catalonia (Spain)]. / Resultados y retos en salud pública ante la alerta por Ébola: una perspectiva desde Cataluña.

The Ebola outbreak in Guinea Conakry was notified to the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2014. It is the most complex Ebola outbreak to date, affecting Guinea Conakry as well as the surrounding countries and with a risk of the disease spreading outside Africa. For this reason, the World Health Organization declared this Ebola outbreak an international public health emergency in August 2014. The Public Health Agency of Catalonia, through the Spanish Alert and Emergencies Coordination Network, initiated public health actions in March 2014, developing a single protocol of action to be applied by all the health care providers in the whole Catalan territory, advice for travellers and voluntary workers arriving from affected countries and a weekly newsletter addressed to health professionals. At the same time, the Ebola Analysis and Monitoring Committee and the Ebola Scientific and Advisory Committee were established. More than 9600 professional health workers attended training sessions and informative sessions. From August 2014, the Catalan Epidemiological Surveillance Emergency Service (SUVEC) reported 117 suspected Ebola cases, of which only 3 met the epidemiological and clinical criteria leading to the activation of the action protocol. All 3 cases proved negative for Ebola. Also, 95 voluntary workers were monitored, 52% of whom were female and 74% had returned from Sierra Leone. Dealing with the suspected Ebola cases required a detailed advance preparation and planning, with a coordinated effort between the epidemiological and health-care network, and all the agents involved, as well as precise, realistic and appropriate risk communication. The prior screening of suspected Ebola cases by the SUVEC meant the immediate protocol was activated only in the cases that met the epidemiological and clinical criteria. This is a key point to be reinforced in any future international public health alerts.

Effectiveness of hepatitis A vaccination as post-exposure prophylaxis.

Hepatitis A (HA) has been a vaccine-preventable disease since 1995. In Catalonia, a universal combined hepatitis A+B vaccination program of preadolescents was initiated at the end of 1998. However, outbreaks are reported each year and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) with hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine or immunoglobulin (IG) is recommended to avoid cases. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of HAV vaccine and IG in preventing hepatitis A cases in susceptible exposed people. A retrospective cohort study of contacts of HA cases involved in outbreaks reported in Catalonia between January 2006 and December 2012 was made. The rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of HA in susceptible contacts receiving HAV or IG versus those without PEP were calculated. There were 3550 exposed persons in the outbreaks studied: 2381 received one dose of HAV vaccine (Hepatitis A or hepatitis A+B), 190 received IG, and 611 received no PEP. 368 exposed subjects received one dose of HAV vaccine and IG simultaneously and were excluded from the study. The effectiveness of PEP was 97.6% (95% CI 96.2-98.6) for HAV vaccine and 98.3% (95% CI 91.3-99.9) for IG; the differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.36). The elevated effectiveness of HAV vaccination for PEP in HA outbreaks, similar to that of IG, and the long-term protection of active immunization, supports the preferential use of vaccination to avoid secondary cases.

Characterization of unrelated clinical Legionella pneumophila isolates in Catalonia by monoclonal subgrouping and sequence-based typing.

AIM: To characterize the genetic diversity of unrelated Legionella pneumophila clinical isolates in Catalonia and compare with other European regions. METHODS: 95 unrelated isolates were analyzed using monoclonal antibodies and sequence-based typing, 1989-2013. RESULTS: The isolates showed a high diversity (IOD 0.964) with a predominance of some profiles (ST37-Phialdelphia, ST23-Philadelphia and ST1-OLDA). All regions had predominant sequence types (STs) that differed between regions, and only 3% of STs were shared between the three regions. CONCLUSION: L. pneumophila clinical isolates from Catalonia presented a high diversity and can be used in epidemiological surveillance studies. The heterogeneous predominance of STs between European regions suggested a relationship between geographical distribution and virulence of some STs.

Importance of Enhanced Surveillance for Prevention of Pertussis in Children.

BACKGROUND: Bordetella pertussis infection causes considerable morbidity, even in countries with high vaccination coverage. Surveillance of pertussis is usually passive and based on mandatory reporting. We assessed the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of pertussis cases detected by passive or enhanced surveillance. METHODS: A prospective population-based study was carried out from January 2012 to December 2013 in Catalonia and Navarre, 2 Spanish regions with a total population of 8.2 million. For each confirmed case, variables of age, sex, clinical symptoms, laboratory results and vaccination status were investigated. Associations between the variables studied and the type of surveillance were assessed by odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted OR (aOR). RESULTS: In children <18 years of age, passive surveillance was the most important source of detection (95.7% in <1 year). In children 5-10 years of age, passive surveillance detected 67.5% of cases. In those ≥18 years, enhanced surveillance was the most frequent source of case detection (82.5%). Inspiratory whoop (aOR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.40-2.70), apnea (aOR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.28-2.87) and posttussive vomiting (aOR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.04-1.96) were symptoms included in the clinical case definition that were associated with passive surveillance. CONCLUSIONS: Underreporting of symptomatic cases is important not only in adults, but also in children >1 year of age and suggests that providing clinics with free, fast laboratory diagnostic tests, together with enhanced surveillance of family contacts of any age is necessary to better determine existing cases. Enhanced surveillance may be helpful to better understand transmission patterns in the family and in the community.

Cost-effectiveness of rifampin for 4 months and isoniazid for 6 months in the treatment of tuberculosis infection.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the cost-effectiveness ratio of rifampin for 4 months and isoniazid for 6 months in contacts with latent tuberculosis infection. METHODS: The cost was the sum of the cost of treatment with isoniazid for 6 months or with rifampin for 4 months of all contacts plus the cost of treatment of cases of tuberculosis not avoided. The effectiveness was the number of cases of tuberculosis avoided with isoniazid for 6 months or with rifampin for 4 months. When the cost with one schedule was found to be cheaper than the other and a greater number of tuberculosis cases were avoided, this schedule was considered dominant. The efficacy adopted was 90% for rifampin for 4 months and 69% for isoniazid for 6 months. A sensitivity analysis was made for efficacies of rifampin for 4 months of 80%, 69%, 60% and 50%. RESULTS: Of the 1002 patients studied, 863 were treated with isoniazid for 6 months and 139 with rifampin for 4 months The cost-effectiveness ratio with isoniazid for 6 month was € 19759.48/avoided case of tuberculosis and € 8736.86/avoided case of tuberculosis with rifampin for 4 months. Rifampin for 4 months was dominant. In the sensitivity analysis, rifampin for 4 months was dominant for efficacies from 60%. CONCLUSIONS: Rifampin for 4 months was more cost-effective than isoniazid for 6 months.

Surveillance of hospitalized and outpatient cases of pertussis in Catalonia from 2003 to 2009.

Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable disease that generates a large number of cases and hospitalizations. In Catalonia, the vaccination schedule includes three doses of vaccine at 2, 4 and 6 mo and two booster doses at 18 mo and 4-6 y. In 2002, DTPw was replaced by DTPa. The aim of this study was to determine how the vaccination status affects pertussis hospitalizations. Cases were obtained from the epidemiological surveillance system of the Generalitat of Catalonia from 2003 to 2009. Hospitalization, immunization status and type of vaccine received in reported cases were analyzed. OR and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. To control the effect of age (< 6 mo and ≥ 6 mo) Mantel-Haenszel OR (ORMH) were calculated; statistical significance was established as p < 0.05. During the study period, 1538 cases were reported. Cases below vaccination age (< 2 mo) were excluded. A total of 265 cases were hospitalized: 137 (51.7%) had no vaccine administrated, 104 (39.2%) were correctly vaccinated according to age and 24 (9.1%) were poorly vaccinated. Correct vaccination protected against hospitalization (ORMH: 0.33; 95%CI: 0.23-0.47). Of hospitalized cases, 38 (14.3%) had received DTPw and 91 (34.2%) DTPa. Both vaccines were effective in avoiding hospitalization, and comparison showed no differences (ORMH: 0.73; 95%CI: 0.46-1.14). We highlight the importance of a correct follow-up immunization schedule in reducing the number of cases and hospitalizations.

Transmisión de los primeros casos en España de influenza pandémica A/H1N1 / Pandemic A/H1N1 influenza: Transmission of the first cases in Spain

Introducción El virus de la influenza pandémica A/H1N1 surgió en México a finales de marzo del 2009. Desde entonces, es todavía importante aportar las evidencias que contribuyeron a la rápida propagación internacional del virus y determinar la tasa de ataque de esta nueva cepa de influenza entre los primeros casos que llegaron a España y llevaron a identificar la primera transmisión en Europa. Métodos Se estudiaron tres grupos de personas con sospecha de casos de virus de la gripe pandémica A/H1N1 relacionados con un vuelo internacional: 71 estudiantes que viajaban juntos, 94 pasajeros que viajaban en el mismo avión que el grupo de estudiantes, y 68 contactos de casos confirmados. Se calculó la tasa de ataque entre los estudiantes y los contactos con su intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC). El 26 de abril, cuando los primeros casos fueron notificados, se llevaron a cabo medidas de prevención exhaustivas entre el grupo de alumnos y de los contactos de los casos confirmados. Resultados El 27 de abril, los primeros casos de influenza pandémica A/H1N1 confirmados en España fueron tres estudiantes que regresaban de México en avión. Un estudiante dio lugar al primer caso autóctono en España y a uno de los primeros casos en Europa. Se encontraron tasas de ataque similares entre el grupo de estudiantes (14,1%; IC: 12.1-16.1) y sus contactos (13,2%; IC: 4.4-22.0), pero no se detectó ningún caso entre el resto de pasajeros del vuelo, lo que sugiere que el riesgo de transmisión durante el vuelo fue bajo. Conclusión Los primeros casos de gripe A/H1N1 en España fueron importados por vía aérea desde México. Los esfuerzos de prevención para reducir el impacto de la nueva cepa de influenza influyeron en que tanto la tasa de ataque primaria como la secundaria fueran menores a las primeras tasas estimadas por la OMS para esta nueva cepa de influenza (AU)

Introduction Pandemic A/H1N1 influenza emerged in Mexico at the end of March 2009. Since then, it is still important to provide evidences that contributed to the international spread of the virus and to ascertain the attack rate of this new strain of influenza among the first cases in Spain that led to identify the first transmission in Europe. Methods Three pandemic A/H1N1 influenza groups related to an overseas flight were studied: 71 student group, 94 remaining passengers, and 68 contacts of confirmed cases. The attack rate with their 95% confidence interval (CI) among the student group and contacts was calculated. On April 26th, when the first cases were notified, strong preventive measures were implemented among the student group and the contacts of the confirmed cases. Results On 27th April, the first pandemic A/H1N1 influenza cases confirmed in Spain were three students that came back from Mexico by airplane. A student generated the first native case in Spain and one of the first cases in Europe. Similar attack rates were found between the student group (14.1%; CI: 12.1-16.1) and their contacts (13.2%; CI: 4.4-22.0), but no cases among remaining passengers were detected, suggesting low transmission risk during air travel. Conclusion The first cases of pandemic A/H1N1 influenza in Spain were imported by airplane from Mexico. Preventive efforts to reduce the impact of the influenza influenced that primary and secondary rates were lower than first estimations by WHO (AU)

Pandemic A/H1N1 influenza: transmission of the first cases in Spain.

INTRODUCTION: Pandemic A/H1N1 influenza emerged in Mexico at the end of March 2009. Since then, it is still important to provide evidences that contributed to the international spread of the virus and to ascertain the attack rate of this new strain of influenza among the first cases in Spain that led to identify the first transmission in Europe. METHODS: Three pandemic A/H1N1 influenza groups related to an overseas flight were studied: 71 student group, 94 remaining passengers, and 68 contacts of confirmed cases. The attack rate with their 95% confidence interval (CI) among the student group and contacts was calculated. On April 26th, when the first cases were notified, strong preventive measures were implemented among the student group and the contacts of the confirmed cases. RESULTS: On 27th April, the first pandemic A/H1N1 influenza cases confirmed in Spain were three students that came back from Mexico by airplane. A student generated the first native case in Spain and one of the first cases in Europe. Similar attack rates were found between the student group (14.1%; CI: 12.1-16.1) and their contacts (13.2%; CI: 4.4-22.0), but no cases among remaining passengers were detected, suggesting low transmission risk during air travel. CONCLUSION: The first cases of pandemic A/H1N1 influenza in Spain were imported by airplane from Mexico. Preventive efforts to reduce the impact of the influenza influenced that primary and secondary rates were lower than first estimations by WHO.

[Characteristics of cases hospitalized for severe pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Catalonia]. / Características de los casos graves hospitalizados por gripe pandémica a (H1N1) 2009 en Cataluña.

BACKGROUND: Influenza pandemics may cause more severe cases. The objective was to determine the characteristics of hospitalized severe cases of pandemic influenza in Catalonia and to study risk factors for admission to intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: A prospective epidemiologic study of new cases of pandemic influenza hospitalized by their severity between June 2009 and May 2010. Hospitals were asked to declare laboratory confirmed pandemic influenza cases that met the case specific case definition for severe case. A standardized epidemiological survey was conducted to collect information on demographics, clinical characteristics, risk factors, treatment and outcome. Differences between the cases in ICU compared to other severe cases were studied with the odds ratio (OR), which were adjusted using a logistic regression model. RESULTS: We detected total of 773 pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 severe cases; 465 (60.2%) of them had at least one risk factor and the most prevalent were: pregnancy 19 (13%), asthma 87 (12%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 87 (11.4%) and heart disease 80 (10.5%). Required admission to ICU 293 patients (37.9%). Factors associated with ICU admission were obesity BMI>40 (adjusted OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.4-4.5) and chronic liver disease (adjusted OR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.8). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the high prevalence of pregnancy, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes and obesity among pandemic influenza severe cases. Obesity acts as a risk factor for ICU admission and should therefore be considered as an indicator for influenza vaccination.

Características de los casos graves hospitalizados por gripe pandémica (H1N1) 2009 en Cataluña / Characteristics of cases hospitalized for severe pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Catalonia

Fundamentos. Las pandemias de gripe pueden comportar una mayor gravedad. El objetivo fue determinar las características de los casos graves hospitalizados de gripe pandémica en Cataluña y estudiar factores de riesgo de ingreso en UCI. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio epidemiológico observacional y prospectivo de los casos nuevos de gripe pandémica hospitalizados por su gravedad en el período: junio del 2009 hasta mayo del 2010. Se solicitó a los centros sanitarios la declaración de los casos que cumplieron la definición de caso grave y en los que se confirmó la presencia del virus pandémico. Mediante una encuesta epidemiológica se recogió información sobre variables demográficas, clínica, factores de riesgo, tratamiento y evolución clínica. Las diferencias entre los casos en UCI respecto al resto de casos graves se estudiaron con la odds ratio ajustada (ORa) mediante un modelo de regresión logística no condicional. Resultados: Se detectaron 773 casos graves de gripe pandémica; 465 (60,2%) presentaron al menos un factor de riesgo y los más prevalentes fueron: embarazo 19 (13%), asma 87 (12%); enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica 87 (11,4%) y cardiopatías 80 (10,5%). Precisaron ingreso en una unidad de cuidados intensivos 293 pacientes (37,9%). Los factores asociados al ingreso en UCI fueron la obesidad IMC>40 (ORa=2,5; IC 95% 1,4-4,5) y la enfermedad hepática crónica (ORa=2,3; IC 95% 1,1-4,8). Conclusiones: Se confirma la alta prevalencia de embarazo, enfermedades respiratorias crónicas, diabetes y obesidad entre los casos graves. La obesidad mórbida se comporta como un factor de riesgo de ingreso en UCI y por ello debe ser un indicador de vacunación antigripal(AU)

Background. Influenza pandemics may cause more severe cases. The objective was to determine the characteristics of hospitalized severe cases of pandemic influenza in Catalonia and to study risk factors for admission to intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: A prospective epidemiologic study of new cases of pandemic influenza hospitalized by their severity between June 2009 and May 2010. Hospitals were asked to declare laboratory confirmed pandemic influenza cases that met the case specific case definition for severe case. A standardized epidemiological survey was conducted to collect information on demographics, clinical characteristics, risk factors, treatment and outcome. Differences between the cases in ICU compared to other severe cases were studied with the odds ratio (OR), which were adjusted using a logistic regression model. Results: We detected total of 773 pandemic influenza (H1N1) 2009 severe cases; 465 (60.2%) of them had at least one risk factor and the most prevalent were: pregnancy 19 (13%), asthma 87 (12%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 87 (11.4%) and heart disease 80 (10.5%). Required admission to ICU 293 patients (37.9%). Factors associated with ICU admission were obesity BMI> 40 (adjusted OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.4-4.5) and chronic liver disease (adjusted OR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.8). Conclusions: This study confirms the high prevalence of pregnancy, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes and obesity among pandemic influenza severe cases. Obesity acts as a risk factor for ICU admission and should therefore be considered as an indicator for influenza vaccination(AU)

[Norovirus outbreaks in hospitals and nursing homes in Catalonia, Spain]. / Brotes por norovirus en residencias y centros sanitarios de Cataluña.

BACKGROUND: The low infectious dose and multiple transmission routes favour the appearance of norovirus outbreaks. The objective of this study was to compare the incidence of norovirus outbreaks in hospitals and nursing homes in Catalonia. METHODS: A descriptive study of norovirus outbreaks between 15/10/2004 and 30/10/2005 was carried out. An epidemiological survey was completed for each outbreak. Norovirus in clinical samples was determined by PCR techniques. The incidence in each centre and the annual incidence of outbreaks by centre were calculated. Differences were calculated using the chi-square test and the Student's t test, taking a p value of > 0.05 as significant. RESULTS: Seventeen outbreaks (6 in hospitals and 11 in nursing homes) were detected. The global attack rate was 33.4% (652/1951) and was slightly higher in nursing homes (35.2%) than in hospitals (31.4%). A total of 94.1% (16/17) of outbreaks were caused by person-to-person transmission and only 5.9% (1/17) by foods. The mean number of days between the first and last case was 11.4 (SD = 6.9). The mean duration of symptoms was 2.39 days (SD=1.6), and was higher hospitals, 2.63 (SD=1.7), than in nursing homes, 1.97 (SD=1.7) (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Norovirus is responsible for a large number of outbreaks due to person-to-person transmission. Control should be standardized to reduce the number and duration of outbreaks.

Aetiology and epidemiology of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in Catalonia (Spain) in 2004-2005.

BACKGROUND: Acute infectious gastroenteritis causes substantial morbidity and economic loss. OBJECTIVE: The aetiology, epidemiology, and clinical features of acute viral gastroenteritis outbreaks reported during 1 year in Catalonia were investigated. STUDY DESIGN: This was a population-based study in which enzyme immunoassay and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques were used to determine the presence of virus in stool specimens from outbreaks clinically and epidemiologically compatible with a viral aetiology and negative for bacteria, parasites and toxins. RESULTS: Sixty outbreaks affecting 1791 people were evaluated. Fifty-five outbreaks were positive for norovirus, four were positive for norovirus and other microorganisms (adenovirus, astrovirus, S. Typhimurium and V. parahaemolyticus in one each). Thirty-seven percentage of the outbreaks occurred in collective catering; 18.3% in nursing homes; 10% in hospitals and long-term-care facilities. Foodborne transmission accounted for 50% of outbreaks. Norovirus genotype GGII.4 accounted for 42% of all the outbreaks, being more prevalent in nursing homes, hospital and long-term-care facilities. CONCLUSIONS: The large number of norovirus outbreaks and resulting health service demand and absenteeism indicate that acute gastroenteritis caused by norovirus is an important health problem in Catalonia. Preventive measures should target education and control of food handlers, and immediate specific control measures should be adopted in institutions.