[Encuesta Internacional de Indicadores de Salud Referidos por los Pacientes: el protocolo del Estudio PaRIS en España.] / International Patient-Reported Indicators Surveys: The PaRIS study protocol in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: The PaRIS Survey is an initiative led by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in twenty-one countries, including Spain, to promote people-centred health care. The objective of the study aimed to describe PROMS and PREMS (Patient Reported Outcomes and Experience Measures, respectively) from patients who were in contact with Primary Care Centres, in order to establish a set of reliable, valid and internationally comparable indicators. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with two questionnaires will be carried out: one applied online for professionals from Primary Care Centres and another by telephone or online for patients aged forty-five and older of the same Health Care Centres. The domains covered are: characteristics of the Health Centre and of the professionals; sociodemographic characteristics of the patients; lifestyles; health care capacities; PROMs and PREMs. CONCLUSIONS: The study offers a unique opportunity to evaluate the health outcomes and experiences of the care received in Primary Care from patient's perspective. This information is essential to help policymakers better understand the performance of their health system and how it could be improved, particularly in relation to chronic care in Primary Care.

OBJETIVO: La Encuesta de Indicadores Referidos por los Pacientes (PaRIS, por sus siglas en inglés) es una iniciativa liderada por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos en veintiún países, incluyendo España, para promover una atención sanitaria centrada en las personas. El objetivo del estudio fue describir los resultados en salud y las experiencias referidas por los pacientes (PROMs y PREMs, por sus siglas en inglés Patient Reported Outcomes and Experience Measures, respectivamente) que tuvieron contacto con los Centros de Atención Primaria (CAP), con la finalidad de establecer un conjunto de indicadores confiables, válidos e internacionalmente comparables. METODOS: Se realizará un estudio transversal, con dos cuestionarios: online para profesionales de los Centros de Atención Primaria y telefónico u online para los pacientes de cuarenta y cinco años y más, que acudieron a los CAP. Los dominios abarcados son: características del Centro de Atención Primaria y de los profesionales; características sociodemográficas de los pacientes; estilos de vida; capacidades; PROMs y PREMs. CONCLUSIONES: PaRIS ofrece una oportunidad para medir resultados de salud y las experiencias en Atención Primaria desde la perspectiva del paciente. Esta información es fundamental para ayudar a los gestores a comprender mejor el desempeño del sistema de salud y detectar posibilidades de mejora, particularmente en relación con la atención crónica.

Encuesta Internacional de Indicadores de Salud Referidos por los Pacientes: el protocolo del Estudio PaRIS en España / International Patient-Reported Indicators Surveys: The PaRIS study protocol in Spain

Fundamentos: La Encuesta de Indicadores Referidos por los Pacientes (PaRIS, por sus siglas en inglés) es una iniciativa liderada por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos en veintiún países, incluyendo España, para promover una atención sanitaria centrada en las personas. El objetivo del estudio fue describir los resultados en salud y las experiencias referidas porlos pacientes (PROMs y PREMs, por sus siglas en inglésPatient Reported Outcomes and Experience Measures, respectivamente) quetuvieron contacto con los Centros de Atención Primaria (CAP), con la finalidad de establecer un conjunto de indicadores confiables,válidos e internacionalmente comparables. Métodos: Se realizará un estudio transversal, con dos cuestionarios: online para profesionales de los Centros de Atención Primaria y telefónico u online para los pacientes de cuarenta y cinco años y más, que acudieron a los CAP. Los dominios abarcados son: características del Centro de Atención Primaria y de los profesionales; características sociodemográficas de los pacientes; estilos devida; capacidades; PROMs y PREMs. Conclusiones: PaRIS ofrece una oportunidad para medir resultados de salud y las experiencias en Atención Primaria desde laperspectiva del paciente. Esta información es fundamental para ayudar a los gestores a comprender mejor el desempeño del sistemade salud y detectar posibilidades de mejora, particularmente en relación con la atención crónica.(AU)

Background: The PaRIS Survey is an initiative led by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in twenty-onecountries, including Spain, to promote people-centred health care. The objective of the study aimed to describe PROMS and PREMS(Patient Reported Outcomes and Experience Measures, respectively) from patients who were in contact with Primary Care Centres, inorder to establish a set of reliable, valid and internationally comparable indicators. Methods: A cross-sectional study with two questionnaires will be carried out: one applied online for professionals from Primary CareCentres and another by telephone or online for patients aged forty-five and older of the same Health Care Centres. The domains coveredare: characteristics of the Health Centre and of the professionals; sociodemographic characteristics of the patients; lifestyles; health carecapacities; PROMs and PREMs. Conclusions: The study offers a unique opportunity to evaluate the health outcomes and experiences of the care received inPrimary Care from patient’s perspective. This information is essential to help policymakers better understand the performance oftheir health system and how it could be improved, particularly in relation to chronic care in Primary Care.(AU)

The promotion of critical reading through the digital environment: A study on the virtual epitexts used to promote children's picturebooks.

The most recent research studies in the field of reading describe a new cultural ecosystem in which analog and digital reading coexist and contribute to transform what is read, either through the way reading is performed or by promoting reading. In this context, the training of critical readers is particularly important, an aspect emphasized by UNESCO and the curriculum frameworks based on its premises. In order to provide data for reflection on this question, this paper presents an essentially qualitative and interpretive documentary study of a sample of 836 virtual epitexts that promote children's picturebooks. The selected documents consist of the postings by 45 publishing houses between 2020 and 2022 on their YouTube and Vimeo channels. The results of the content analysis present the current tendencies in digital promotion of children's books and the strategies most likely to encourage critical reading. The insistence on the author's presence, the emphasis on the materiality of the book as an object, the strengthening of artistic discourse and the hybridization of reality and fiction, among other aspects, all propose a type of reading that favors the development of critical thinking. The results are complemented by a selection of virtual epitexts suggested to mediators and readers as resources of interest in promoting critical reading in socio-educational contexts.

Data set on the effectiveness of flip teaching on engineering students' performance in the physics lab compared to Traditional Methodology.

This paper shows the data of the Flip Teaching and Traditional Methodology on the laboratory practice in two subjects, Physics and Electricity, of a technical degree. The laboratory and final grades of these subjects were shown in four consecutive years. The characteristics of all four years were quite similar, except that the Traditional teaching Methodology (TM) was used in two, while Flip Teaching methodology (FT) was applied in the other two. For further discussion, please refer to the scientific article entitled "Effectiveness of flip teaching on engineering students' performance in the physics lab" [1]. Additional segmentation data in three levels are presented in this data in brief paper.

A regional Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium outbreak associated with raw beef products, The Netherlands, 2010.

Between April and May 2010, several medical microbiological laboratories in the Netherlands notified a total of 90 cases of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with the same antibiogram type (resistant for ampicillin, tetracycline, and co-trimoxazol) and the same multiple locus variable number tandem repeats analysis pattern (03-16-09-NA-311) or single locus variants. Date of illness onset ranged from end of March to mid-May with a peak in the second week of April. Almost half of the cases were hospitalized. Cases completed a questionnaire about food items and other risk factors in the 7 days before illness onset. A matched case-control study was performed. Consumption of "ossenworst" (matched odds ratio 48.2 [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.9-595.9]) and filet américain (8.5 [95% CI: 1.0-73.6]) were found to be significant risk factors for illness. Eighty percent of the cases had eaten at least one or both raw meat products. The producer of the ground beef that was used to produce the "ossenworst" was identified, but no microbiological evidence was found. Consumers should be made more aware of the presence of raw meat in ready-to-eat products and of the potential risk in eating these products. Vulnerable persons such as young children, elderly, and persons with poor health should be discouraged from eating these products. Detection of this outbreak was mainly based on the antibiogram pattern that had identified possible cases 10 days before detailed typing results from the reference laboratory became available, thus facilitating early case findings.

Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A virus infections in Catalonia, Spain, 2005-2009: circulation of newly emerging strains.

BACKGROUND: In spite of annual vaccination campaigns, hepatitis A cases increased in Catalonia (North-East Spain) in the period 2002-2005 calling for the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms associated to the epidemiological shifts. OBJECTIVE: The molecular characterization of the circulating strains to trace their origin and the study of the effects of vaccination on the incidence of sporadic and outbreak-associated cases. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-eight different hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains isolated from sporadic and outbreaks cases during 2005-2009 in Catalonia were molecularly characterized. RESULTS: Seventeen out of 48 strains were imported from endemic areas through traveling, immigration and food trade, 12 were endemic strains circulating in the men having sex with men (MSM) group and 1 was from a Roman child. The remaining 18 could not be associated to any specific origin and thus were considered autochthonous. Forty-eight percent of the strains belonged to subgenotype IA, 40% to subgenotype IB and 2% to subgenotype IIIA. The remaining 10% belonged to an undetermined subgenotype equidistant from IA and IB. CONCLUSIONS: During the period 2005-2009, the annual attack rates remained around 3.5 and even increased up to 6.5 in the first half of 2009. This increase with respect to the period 1999-2001, in which vaccination campaigns started to be implemented, is explained by an increase in the number of outbreaks. The predominant subgenotypes were IA and IB. However a considerable amount of strains imported from Peru through consumption of contaminated shellfish belonged to an undeterminded subgenotype that may constitute a new candidate subgenotype IC.

Hepatitis A outbreaks in the vaccination era in Catalonia, Spain.

Hepatitis A outbreaks have a major impact on public health services and involve case investigation and intervention measures to susceptible contacts. At the end of 1998 a universal vaccination program with a combined hepatitis A+B vaccine was started in Catalonia (Spain) in 12-years-old preadolescents. The objective of this study was to compare the characteristics of hepatitis A outbreaks in the periods before and after the introduction of the preadolescent vaccination program and to estimate the preventable fraction of cases associated to outbreaks. The incidence rates of outbreaks, cases and hospitalization associated with each outbreak were calculated. Two periods were considered: before (1991-1998) and after (2000-2007) the introduction of mass vaccination. The preventable fraction and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of cases associated with outbreaks was calculated. The rate of associated cases with outbreaks was higher in the period before the vaccination program than in the post vaccination period (1.53 per 100,000 person-year vs 1.12 ; p< 0.001), but the rate of hospitalization was greater in the period after the introduction of vaccination program than in the period previous to vaccination (0.70 per million persons-year vs 0.08; p< 0.001). The preventable fraction of cases associated to outbreaks was 19.6%(95%CI 6.7-32.5) in the 0-4 years group and 16.7% (95% CI 6.0-27.5) in the 5-14 years group, but the highest figure (38.6%; 95%CI 21.3-55.9) was observed in the 15-24 years age group. The estimated proportion of cases associated with outbreaks that would theoretically have been prevented with the vaccination program suggests that substantial benefits have been obtained in Catalonia in people aged less than 25 years.

[Descriptive study of hepatitis outbreaks occurring in Catalonia (1999-2003)]. / Estudio descriptivo de los brotes de hepatitis A investigados en Cataluña (1999-2003).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The currently low endemic level of hepatitis A in Spain favors manifestation of the disease as outbreaks among specific risk groups. The aim of this study is to analyze the hepatitis A outbreaks investigated in Catalonia (Spain) during the period of 1999 to 2003. METHODS: The criteria for including an outbreak were defined and outbreaks were classified according to the type of transmission. The variables analyzed were space, time, socio-demographic parameters, setting, risk factors, and preventive measures adopted. The incidence rate and rate ratio were calculated according to age and sex. RESULTS: Among 74 outbreaks, 73 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Most outbreaks involved person-to-person transmission (83.8%) and the rest had a common source of infection (14.9%). In total, 334 cases were included (cumulative incidence 1999-2003: 5.27 per 100,000 inhabitants), with an average age of 24.5 years. The settings yielding the most cases were family (143), community (97) and schools/preschools (87). The number of cases per outbreak ranged from 2 to 11, except one outbreak that occurred in 83 young homosexual men with high-risk sexual practices. The main factors related to the case index or to coprimary cases included belonging to age groups with low immunity (children and young adults) and travelling to or from endemic areas. CONCLUSION: Hepatitis A outbreaks in Catalonia are still frequent. They mainly occur in the family environment, by person-to-person transmission and in the most vulnerable groups (preschool or school employees, travelers, and men who perform high-risk sexual practices with other men).

Estudio descriptivo de los brotes de hepatitis A investigados en Cataluña (1999-2003) / Descriptive study of hepatitis outbreaks occurring in Catalonia (1999-2003)

Antecedentes y objetivo. Actualmente España presenta un patrón de baja endemicidad de hepatitis A que favorece que la enfermedad se manifieste en forma de brotes en colectivos susceptibles. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los brotes de hepatitis A investigados en Cataluña durante el período 1999-2003. Métodos. Se definieron criterios para la inclusión de los brotes y posteriormente se clasificaron según el mecanismo de transmisión. Se analizaron variables de espacio, tiempo, sociodemográficas, ámbito, factores de riesgo y medidas preventivas. Se calcularon las tasas de incidencia y la razón de tasas según edad y sexo. Resultados. De 74 brotes, 73 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión: la mayoría con transmisión persona-persona (83,8%) y el resto con fuente de infección común (14,9%). En total, se incluyeron 334 casos (incidencia acumulada 1999-2003:5,27 por 100.000 habitantes), con una mediana de edad de 24,5 años. Los ámbitos con más casos fueron el familiar (143), el comunitario (97) y el escolar/guardería (87). El número de casos por brote osciló entre 2 y 11, excepto un brote que afectó a 83 varones con prácticas homosexuales de riesgo. Pertenecer a los grupos de edad de baja inmunidad (niños y adultos jóvenes) y viajar o proceder de zonas endémicas fueron las características más importantes relacionadas con el caso índice y/o con los casos coprimarios. Conclusión. Los brotes de hepatitis A en Cataluña todavía son frecuentes. La mayoría se producen en el ámbito familiar, por transmisión persona-persona, y en los subgrupos de población más susceptibles a la infección (trabajadores de guarderías o escuelas, viajeros y varones con prácticas homosexuales de riesgo) (AU)

Background and objective. The currently low endemic level of hepatitis A in Spain favors manifestation of the disease as outbreaks among specific risk groups. The aim of this study is to analyze the hepatitis A outbreaks investigated in Catalonia (Spain) during the period of 1999 to 2003. Methods. The criteria for including an outbreak were defined and outbreaks were classified according to the type of transmission. The variables analyzed were space, time, socio-demographic parameters, setting, risk factors, and preventive measures adopted. The incidence rate and rate ratio were calculated according to age and sex. Results. Among 74 outbreaks, 73 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Most outbreaks involved person-to-person transmission (83.8%) and the rest had a common source of infection (14.9%). In total, 334 cases were included (cumulative incidence 1999-2003: 5.27 per 100,000 inhabitants), with an average age of 24.5 years. The settings yielding the most cases were family (143), community (97) and schools/preschools (87). The number of cases per outbreak ranged from 2 to 11, except one outbreak that occurred in 83 young homosexual men with high-risk sexual practices. The main factors related to the case index or to coprimary cases included belonging to age groups with low immunity (children and young adults) and travelling to or from endemic areas. Conclusion. Hepatitis A outbreaks in Catalonia are still frequent. They mainly occur in the family environment, by person-to-person transmission and in the most vulnerable groups (preschool or school employees, travelers, and men who perform high-risk sexual practices with other men) (AU)

[Clinical error and adverse events: Primary care doctors perception]. / Errores clínicos y eventos adversos: percepción de los médicos de atención primaria.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how primary care physicians perceive and face clinical errors (CE) and/or adverse events (AE). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study (personal mail survey). SETTING. Primary care physicians from "Ambit Costa de Ponent." PARTICIPANTS: All doctors with tenure from this area (717). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Standardized questionnaire with error and adverse event frequencies. We compared answers considering age, gender, family medicine residency, "deniers" (never make a mistake), "perceptive" (admitting a mistake in the last year), "hyper-perceptive" (28 or more errors/adverse events a year), "internal locus of control" (admitting personal reasons in errors), and "hypersecure" (>7 points out of 10 in clinical security on Likert scale). RESULTS: Two hundred thirty eight physicians (33.2%) with an average age of 42.6 (95% CI, 41.6-43.6) replied. The 28% were "deniers" (95% CI, 22.34-34.26), 67% "perceptive" (95% CI, 60.79-73.23), 7.4% "hyperperceptive" (95% CI, 4.41-11.44), 6% had "internal locus of control" (95% CI, 3.34-9.91), and 23.4% were "hypersecure" (95% CI, 18.14-29.22). Every doctor had on average 10.6 adverse events yearly, mainly drug side-effects (37%) (95% CI, 35.36-39.15), and diagnostic delay in oncology scenarios (33%) (95% CI, 31.16-34.85). The most common reaction to an error was to try and contact the patient (80%) (95% CI, 73.24-85.73) and to communicate the case to the team (41.4%) (95% CI, 33.97-49.22). CONCLUSIONS: AE and CE were recognized as frequent, but a third of doctors affirmed they never made a mistake. Young male physicians, unlike senior ones, communicate mistakes to the team. "Internal locus of control" and "hyperperceptive" professionals tended to have stronger emotional reactions after committing errors. Physicians felt less secure with ophthalmology and ENT problems; and older doctors added to these dermatology and palliative care.

Errores clínicos y eventos adversos: percepción de los médicos de atención primaria / Clinical error and adverse events: primary care doctors’ perception

Objetivo. Mostrar cómo el médico percibe y afronta los errores clínicos y/o acontecimientos adversos (Ec-Ea). Diseño. Estudio transversal (encuesta postal personalizada). Emplazamiento. Atención primaria del «Ámbito territorial Costa de Ponent». Participantes. Todos los médicos con plaza en propiedad en atención primaria (n = 717). Mediciones principales. Cuestionario estandarizado: frecuencia de errores y eventos adversos; comparación de las respuestas en función de la edad, el sexo, la formación MIR en medicina de familia, en los «negadores» (jamás se han equivocado de manera importante), los «perceptivos» (admiten errores en el último año), los «hiperperceptivos» (admiten 28 o más errores-acontecimientos adversos/año), los «loci internos» (admiten causas personales en los errores) y los hiperseguros (> 7 puntos sobre 10 en seguridad clínica escala de Likert). Resultados. Contestaron 238 médicos (33,2%), con una edad media de 42,6 años (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 41,6-43,6). El 28% eran «negadores» (IC del 95%, 22,34-34,26); el 67% «perceptivos» (IC del 95%, 60,79-73,23); el 7,4% «hiperperceptivos» (IC del 95%, 4,41-11,44); el 6%, «loci interno» (IC del 95%, 3,34-9,91), y el 23,4% hiperseguros (IC del 95%, 18,14-29,22). Se informó sobre 10,6 acontecimientos adversos/año/profesional, sobre todo eventos adversos de fármacos (37%) (IC del 95%, 35,36-39,15) y retraso diagnóstico en una enfermedad neoplásica (33%) (IC del 95%, 31,16-34,85). La reacción más frecuente era intentar contactar con el paciente (80%; IC del 95%, 73,24-85,73) y comentar el caso con el equipo (el 41,4%; IC del 95%, 33,97-49,22). Conclusiones. Los Ec-Ea se reconocen como frecuentes, pero un tercio de los médicos afirma no haberse equivocado nunca de manera importante. El médico varón joven, a diferencia del experimentado, socializa sus errores con el equipo. Los profesionales de «locus interno» e «hiperperceptivos» son proclives a reacciones emocionales más acusadas ante la comisión de errores clínicos. Los médicos reconocen menos seguridad en ORL y oftalmología y, además de éstos, los médicos experimentados también declaraban inseguridad en dermatología y cuidados paliativos

Objective. To evaluate how primary care physicians perceive and face clinical errors (CE) and/or adverse events (AE). Design. Cross-sectional study (personal mail survey). Setting. Primary care physicians from "Ambit Costa de Ponent." Participants. All doctors with tenure from this area (717). Main measurements. Standardized questionnaire with error and adverse event frequencies. We compared answers considering age, gender, family medicine residency, "deniers" (never make a mistake), "perceptive" (admitting a mistake in the last year), "hyper-perceptive" (28 or more errors/adverse events a year), "internal locus of control" (admitting personal reasons in errors), and "hypersecure" (>7 points out of 10 in clinical security on Likert scale). Results. Two hundred thirty eight physicians (33.2%) with an average age of 42.6 (95% CI, 41.6-43.6) replied. The 28% were "deniers" (95% CI, 22.34-34.26), 67% "perceptive" (95% CI, 60.79-73.23), 7.4% "hyperperceptive" (95% CI, 4.41-11.44), 6% had "internal locus of control" (95% CI, 3.34-9.91), and 23.4% were "hypersecure" (95% CI, 18.14-29.22). Every doctor had on average 10.6 adverse events yearly, mainly drug side-effects (37%) (95% CI, 35.36-39.15), and diagnostic delay in oncology scenarios (33%) (95% CI, 31.16-34.85). The most common reaction to an error was to try and contact the patient (80%) (95% CI, 73.24-85.73) and to communicate the case to the team (41.4%) (95% CI, 33.97-49.22). Conclusions. AE and CE were recognized as frequent, but a third of doctors affirmed they never made a mistake. Young male physicians, unlike senior ones, communicate mistakes to the team. "Internal locus of control" and "hyperperceptive" professionals tended to have stronger emotional reactions after committing errors. Physicians felt less secure with ophthalmology and ENT problems; and older doctors added to these dermatology and palliative care

An outbreak of norovirus infection in a long-term-care unit in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Norovirus belongs to the Caliciviridae family and causes outbreaks of infectious enteritis by fecal-oral transmission. In Spain, there have been few outbreaks reported due to this virus. We describe an outbreak on a long-term-care hospital ward. METHODS: Cases were classified as probable, confirmed, and secondary. Stool cultures were performed. Polymerase chain reaction detection of norovirus was also performed. RESULTS: The outbreak occurred from December 7 to 28, 2001, involving 60 cases (32 patients, 19 staff members, 8 patients' relatives, and 1 relative of a staff member). Most (82%) of the cases were female. The most frequently involved ages were 20 to 39 years for staff members and 70 to 89 years for patients. The incubation period of secondary cases in patients' families had a median of 48 hours (range, 1 to 7 days). Clinical symptoms included diarrhea (85%), vomiting (75%), fever (37%), nausea (23%), and abdominal pain (12%). Median duration of the disease was 48 hours (range, 1 to 7 days). All cases resolved and the outbreak halted with additional hygienic measures. Stool cultures were all negative for enteropathogenic bacteria and rotaviruses. In 16 of 23 cases, the norovirus genotype 2 antigen was detected. CONCLUSION: This outbreak of gastroenteritis due to norovirus genotype 2 affected patients, staff members, and their relatives in a long-term-care facility and was controlled in 21 days.