Effect of Water and Chlorhexidine with Different Pressures of Oral Irrigation Device on the Surface Roughness and Topography of Giomer

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of different pressures of an oral irrigation device (OID) and the irrigation solution type on the surface roughness of the giomer restorative material. Material and Methods: In this in vitro study, disk-shaped giomer samples were fabricated and assigned to 5 groups (n=23): Group 1, storage in distilled water (control); Group 2, OID #7 pressure/ water; Group 3, OID #10 pressure/ water; Group 4, OID #7 pressure/ 0.05% CHX; Group 5, OID #10 pressure/ 0.05% CHX. The samples' treatment simulated a one-year application of OID. Surface roughness (Ra) and topography of the giomer were evaluated using profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. The data were analyzed with Paired t-test, Tukey, and ANOVA tests (α=0.05). Results: The Ra of the samples increased significantly after treatment with OID (p<0.001). The roughness increase in groups with a pressure of 10 was higher than those with a pressure of 7 (p<0.001). The effect of pressure on surface changes was significant (p<0.001). However, the solution type and the cumulative effect of these two factors were insignificant (p=0.08 and p=0.43, respectively). Conclusion: Oral irrigation device with both solutions significantly increased the surface roughness and topographic changes of the giomer. The severity of these changes was related to the device's pressure.

Comparative evaluation of mouthwashes containing propolis and chlorhexidine for controlling inflammation resulting from plaque accumulation in patients with chronic gingivitis.

Background: Limited data are available on the effect of mouthwashes containing Iranian propolis on plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) in patients with chronic gingivitis. The present study compared the effects of propolis and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwashes in patients with chronic gingivitis due to plaque accumulation. Methods: In the present interventional study, 28 patients 18‒50 years of age with generalized chronic gingivitis were assigned to two groups (n=14). Periodontal parameters, including PI and GI, were determined in all the subjects at baseline. Groups A and B received CHX and propolis mouthwashes, respectively. All the subjects used the mouthwashes for two weeks. Then all the parameters were evaluated gain. Independent t-test was used to compare the periodontal parameters between the two groups. Paired t-test was used for intra-group comparisons. Statistical significance was defined at P<0.05. Results: Two weeks after using the mouthwashes, the mean PI in the CHX group (21.71±1.63) was significantly lower than that in the propolis group (33.91±5.96). However, the mean PI and GI in the propolis group decreased significantly compared to the baseline (P=0.00). Conclusion: Propolis significantly decreased the mean plaque and gingival inflammation in patients with chronic gingivitis. Although the reduction in PI in the propolis group was a little less than in the CHX group, the efficacy of propolis in reducing GI was comparable to CHX.

Effect of oral irrigation device and its solution type on the surface roughness and topography of Bulk-fill composite resins.

BACKGROUND: Surface roughness and topography of composite resin materials have a significant role in biofilm aggregation, periodontitis, and recurrent caries. The present study evaluated the effect of the Waterpik oral irrigation device (OID) with different solution [water/ chlorhexidine (CHX)] on the surface roughness and topography of microhybrid (x-tra fil) and nanohybrid (Tetric N-Ceram Bulk) bulk-fill composite resins. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Disk-shaped samples were prepared from each composite resin, measuring 5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in height, and assigned to three groups in terms of treatment (n=19): group A, control (storage in distilled water); group B, OID with water; group C, OID with 0.5% CHX. The samples were treated for eight weeks, simulating one-year use of OID. Profilometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate and compare quantitatively surface roughness (Ra) and qualitative topography of composite resin surfaces before and after treatment. The data were analyzed with paired-samples, Wilcoxon, and generalized estimating equations tests (α=0.05). RESULTS: The application of OID increased the Ra of composite resin compared to the control group (P<0.001). No significant difference was detected between the two solutions (water and CHX) (P=0.615). The effect of composite resin type and the cumulative effect of composite resin type and OID solution were not significant on the surface roughness changes of the samples (P=0.243 and P=0.464, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: OID with water and CHX solutions increased the surface roughness and topographic changes of microhybrid and nanohybrid bulk-fill composite resins. Key words:Composite resins, irrigation, mouthrinse, surface roughness, topography.

Effect of milk as a mouthwash on dentin hypersensitivity after non-surgical periodontal treatment.

Background. Limited evidence is available on the effect of milk as a mouthwash on treating dentin hypersensitivity. The present study aimed to compare the effect of milk as a mouthwash with one anti-hypersensitivity mouthwash in decreasing dentin hypersensitivity after non-surgical periodontal treatment. Methods. Patients with generalized moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis were selected randomly in the present study and underwent scaling and root planing (SRP). Seventy patients with severe dentin hypersensitivity after two days were assigned to two groups. In group A, the patients were asked to use milk as a mouthwash, and in group B, the patients were asked to use anti-hypersensitiv-ity Misswake mouthwash. The patients' hypersensitivity was measured during follow-up visits. The independent t-test was used to compare denim hypersensitivity between the two groups. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results. The results showed a significant decrease in dentin hypersensitivity in both groups on days 15 and 30. In the milk group, 11 and 29 patients fully recovered from dentin hypersensitivity on days 15 and 30, respectively. However, in the anti-hypersensitivity mouthwash group, 8 and 27 patients fully recovered from dentin hypersensitivity on days 15 and 30, respectively. Therefore, more patients benefited from the anti-hypersensitivity effects of milk as a mouthwash. However, the differences were not significant during the whole treatment sessions. Conclusion. Using milk as an inexpensive and available mouthwash can decrease dentin hypersensi-tivity after SRP.

Effect of Light-Curing Unit Type and Bulk-Fill Composite Resins with Different Photoinitiators on Marginal Gaps of Class II Restorations

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the effect of two types of light-curing units (second and third generations) and two types of bulk-fill composite resins with different photoinitiators - Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TNCB) and Xtra Fil (XTF) on gap formation at the gingival margins of Cl II restorations. Material and Methods: Fifty-six standard Cl II cavities were prepared on the mesial and distal surfaces of premolar teeth, with the gingival margin of the cavities 1 mm apical to the CEJ. The samples were randomly assigned to two groups based on the composite resin type and two subgroups based on the light-curing unit type and restored. After 5000 rounds of thermocycling, gingival margin gap in each sample was measured in µm under an electron microscope at ×2000 magnification. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (α=0.05). Results: Marginal gaps of TNCB composite resin were significantly smaller than those of XTF composite resin (p<0.001). There were no significant differences between the two light-curing units in each group (p=0.887 with XTF and p=0.999 with TNCB). Conclusion: The gaps at gingival margins of Cl II cavities with TNCB bulk-fill composite were smaller than XTF composite resin. Both composite resins can be cured with both the second- and third-generation LEDs (AU).

Effect of Severity of Chronic Periodontitis on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life.

Objective:There is a paucity of studies on the relationship between the severity and type of periodontal disease and oral health related-quality of life (OHRQoL). The present study aimed to evaluate OHRQoL in patients with chronic periodontitis of different severity levels. Material and methods:In the present cross-sectional/analytical study, 200 patients with chronic periodontitis completed the OHIP-14 questionnaire. Factors such as age, gender, and chronic periodontitis severity (mild, moderate, severe) were evaluated. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the relationship between chronic periodontitis severity and OHRQoL using SPSS 20. Results:There were significant differences in questions regarding the practical and functional domains between the two groups with mild and moderate-severe chronic periodontitis. The severity of chronic periodontitis was not significantly related to OHRQoL considering the scores of the 14 questions of the questionnaire. Variables such as gender and age did not significantly affect the OHRQoL under the effect of chronic periodontitis severity. Conclusion:Overall, the severity of chronic periodontitis did not significantly affect the OHRQoL in the present study.

The frequency of maxillary sinus pathologic findings in cone-beam computed tomography images of patients candidate for dental implant treatment.

Background: Maxillary sinus pathologic conditions increase the risk of complications during sinus augmentation surgeries in the posterior maxilla. The present study aimed to determine the frequencies of maxillary sinus pathologic findings on patients' cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images to receive dental implants. Methods: In this descriptive/cross-sectional study, 140 CBCT images of patients who were candidates to receive dental implants were evaluated for the presence of maxillary sinus pathologic entities during 6 months, were divided into five categories: mucosal thickening of >5 mm, retention cyst, partial or complete opacification of the sinus, polypoidal mucosal thickening, and healthy patients. Age, gender, and dental status were evaluated in terms of relationship with the sinus pathologic findings. Absolute and relative frequencies were used to describe data. The chi-squared test was used to analyze the variables. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results: The frequency of maxillary sinus pathologic entities on CBCT images was 63.5%. The pathologic conditions in descending frequency were as follows: mucosal thickening (31.4%), retention cyst (17.1%), partial or complete opacification of the sinus (9.3%), and polypoidal mucosal thickening (5.7%). The frequency of pathologic findings in the maxillary sinus was higher in the <46-year age group and subjects with partial edentulism; however, the differences were not significant. Conclusion: In the present study, the most frequent maxillary sinus pathologic entity was mucosal thickening. There was no relationship between age, sex, and dentition status and maxillary sinus pathologic findings.

Effect of Bleaching Method and Curing Time on the Surface Microhardness of Microhybrid Composite Resin.

Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of curing time and bleaching agents on microhybrid composite resin surface microhardness. Material and method: A total of 180 microhybrid composite resin disks were divided into two groups in terms of curing time: 40 s, 60 s. Then, each group was divided into three subgroups: control (distilled water), home bleaching (15% carbamide peroxide) and office bleaching (40% hydrogen peroxide). Surface microhardness of the samples was determined by using Vickers hardness test both at baseline and after the completion of the tests. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests were used to analyze and compare microhardness changes between groups. Statistical significance was defined at P<0.05. Results: Based on the two-way ANOVA, curing time, bleaching method, and cumulative effect of these two variables significantly affected composite resin microhardness (P<0.001). Tukey HSD tests showed that microhardness had significantly decreased in the bleaching groups, with the highest decrease when the office bleaching method was used (P<0.001). The samples cured for 40 s exhibited lower microhardness than those cured for 60 s and had an increased reduction in microhardness after bleaching (P<0.001). Conclusions: Application of both bleaching methods decreased the surface hardness of microhybrid composite resin. An increase in the curing time was associated with a decrease in adverse effects of bleaching agents on microhardness.

Effect of Listerine Mouthwash with Green Tea on the Inhibition of Streptococcus Mutans: A Microbiologic Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate in vitro the antimicrobial effect of Listerine-green tea mouthwash on Streptococcus mutans (SM) in comparison with 0.12% Chlorhexidine (CHX) and Listerine-Zero. Material and Methods: The sensitivity and growth inhibition of SM bacterial species were evaluated and compared between Listerine-green tea, 0.12% CHX and Listerine-Zero mouthwashes. Sixty plates containing SM colonies were prepared in three groups (n=20), and growth inhibition zones were measured using the disk diffusion agar test in mm. Data were analyzed with SPSS 21. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the efficacy of the three mouthwashes tested. Post hoc Tukey tests were used for two-by-two comparisons. Statistical significance was defined at P<0.05. Results: Analysis of data showed significant differences between the three groups (p<0.001); 0.12% CHX was the most effective mouthwash, and Listerine-Zero exhibited the least effect on the growth inhibition of SM (p<0.004). Conclusion: All three mouthwashes were significantly effective in inhibiting the growth of SM. The effect of Listerine-green tea mouthwash was higher than that of Listerine-Zero and less than that of 0.12% CHX.

Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on HbA1c levels in non-diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis in an Iranian population.

Background: Evidence is limited on the effect of periodontal treatment on improving HbA1c levels in non-diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis. This study aimed to compare HbA1c levels in non-diabetic patients without periodontitis and nondiabetic patients with chronic periodontitis at baseline and to evaluate the effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on glycemic control in non-diabetic chronic periodontitis patients. Methods: In this interventional study, 30 non-diabetics, aged 35‒65 years, were selected and divided into two groups (n=15). Group A consisted of non-diabetics without periodontitis, and group B consisted of non-diabetics with mild to moderate chronic periodontitis. For all the subjects, periodontal parameters, including plaque index, gingival index, periodontal pocket depth, and clinical attachment loss, and laboratory parameters of FBS and HbA1c were measured and recorded. Independentsamples t-test was used to compare periodontal and laboratory parameters between the two groups; paired-samples t-test was used for intra-group comparisons. Results: HbA1c level in group B (5.4±0.42%) was significantly higher than that in group A (5.04±0.43%) (P=0.03) at baseline. Three months after treatment, improvements were achieved in all the periodontal parameters in group B, with a significant decrease in HbA1c levels (P=0.006). Conclusion: Non-surgical periodontal treatment resulted in a significant decrease in HbA1c levels in non-diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis. Although these levels did not reach the level of non-diabetic patients without periodontitis, it could be concluded that an improvement in the periodontal condition might lead to near-normal glycemic levels.

Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on serum albumin levels in patients with chronic periodontitis.

Background: Albumin is a protein whose serum levels decrease in inflammatory conditions such as periodontal diseases. This study was undertaken to evaluate changes in serum albumin levels in patients with and without periodontal diseases prior and subsequent to non-surgical periodontal treatment and its relationship with clinical parameters of periodontal disease. Methods: Twenty patients diagnosed as having chronic periodontitis and 20 periodontally healthy subjects, referring to Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry, were selected. Serum albumin levels and clinical variables of periodontal disease (probing pocket depth, gingival index, bleeding index, clinical attachment level and plaque index) were determined before treatment and three months subsequent to non-surgical periodontal treatment. Data were subjected to descriptive statistical analyses (mean ± SD). Serum levels of albumin and clinical parameters were compared between the two groups with independent-samples t-test. Paired-samples t-test was applied to compare the variables before and after treatment in the case group. Statistical significance was defined at P<0.05. Results: The mean serum albumin level of chronic periodontitis patients (3.62±0.11 mg/dL) exhibited a significantly lower value compared to subjects who were periodontally healthy (4.17±0.29 mg/dL), with the serum albumin levels increasing significantly three months postoperatively (3.78±0.33 mg/dL), approaching the level in subjects who were periodontally healthy (P<0.05). Conclusion: Decreases and increases in serum albumin levels under the effect of periodontal disease and its treatment indicated an inverse relationship between the albumin levels of serum and chronic periodontitis.

The effect of repeated preheating of dimethacrylate and silorane-based composite resins on marginal gap of class V restorations.

Background. One of the problems with composite resin restorations is gap formation at resin‒tooth interface. The present study evaluated the effect of preheating cycles of silorane- and dimethacrylate-based composite resins on gap formation at the gingival margins of Class V restorations. Methods. In this in vitro study, standard Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 48 bovine incisors. For restorative procedure, the samples were randomly divided into 2 groups based on the type of composite resin (group 1: di-methacrylate composite [Filtek Z250]; group 2: silorane composite [Filtek P90]) and each group was randomly divided into 2 subgroups based on the composite temperature (A: room temperature; B: after 40 preheating cycles up to 55°C). Marginal gaps were measured using a stereomicroscope at ×40 and analyzed with two-way ANOVA. Inter- and intra-group comparisons were analyzed with post-hoc Tukey tests. Significance level was defined at P < 0.05. Results. The maximum and minimum gaps were detected in groups 1-A and 2-B, respectively. The effects of composite resin type, preheating and interactive effect of these variables on gap formation were significant (P<0.001). Post-hoc Tukey tests showed greater gap in dimethacrylate compared to silorane composite resins (P< 0.001). In each group, gap values were greater in composite resins at room temperature compared to composite resins after 40 preheating cycles (P<0.001). Conclusion. Gap formation at the gingival margins of Class V cavities decreased due to preheating of both composite re-sins. Preheating of silorane-based composites can result in the best marginal adaptation.

Effect of disinfecting the cavity with chlorhexidine on the marginal gaps of Cl V giomer restorations.

BACKGROUND: Considering the effect of cavity disinfecting agents on the bonding and sealing ability of restorations bonded to dentin, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) disinfecting agent on the marginal gaps of Cl V giomer restorations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cl V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 60 sound bovine permanent incisors in this in vitro study, with the occlusal and gingival margins in enamel and dentin, respectively. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups (n=30). The teeth in groups 1 and 2 were restored without and with the use of the disinfecting agent in the cavity, respectively, before applying the adhesive. BeautiBond one-step self-etch adhesive and Beautifil II giomer were used to restore the cavities in both groups. After thermocycling and sectioning of the samples, the sizes of marginal gaps at gingival margins were measured in µm under a stereomicroscope. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare marginal gaps at P<0.05 level of significance. RESULTS: The means of marginal gaps were significantly different between the two study groups (U=180, P<0.001), with higher means of marginal gaps in group 2 (with CHX disinfection) compared to group 1 (without CHX disinfection) (P<0.0005). CONCLUSIONS: Application of CHX for the disinfection of cavities in giomer restorations resulted in an increase in gingival margin gaps. Key words:Chlorhexidine, dental marginal adaptation, dental restorations.

Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on transferrin serum levels in patients with chronic periodontitis.

Background. Transferrin is a negative acute phase protein, which decreases during inflammation and infection. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate changes in the transferrin serum levels subsequent to non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontal disease. Methods. Twenty patients with chronic periodontitis and 20 systemically healthy subjects without periodontal disease, who had referred to Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry, were selected. Transferrin serum levels and clinical periodontal parameters (pocket depth, clinical attachment level, gingival index, bleeding index and plaque index) were measured at baseline and 3 months after non-surgical periodontal treatment. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistical methods (means ± standard deviations). Independent samples t-test was used to compare transferrin serum levels and clinical variables between the test and control groups. Paired samples t-test was used in the test group for comparisons before and after treatment. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results. The mean transferrin serum level in patients with chronic periodontitis (213.1 ± 9.2 mg/dL) was significantly less than that in periodontally healthy subjects (307.8 ± 11.7 mg/dL). Three months after periodontal treatment, the transferrin serum level increased significantly (298.3 ± 7.6 mg/dL) and approached the levels in periodontally healthy subjects (P < 0.05). Conclusion. The decrease and increase in transferrin serum levels with periodontal disease and periodontal treatment, respectively, indicated an inverse relationship between transferrin serum levels and chronic periodontitis.

Erratum to: Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on transferrin serum levels in patients with chronic periodontitis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.15171/joddd.2016.027.].