Carotid total plaque area as an independent predictor of short-term subclinical polyvascular atherosclerosis progression and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events.

BACKGROUND: The use of ultrasound-based methods for imaging of subclinical atherosclerosis, including measurement of carotid plaque burden (cPB), is a promising direction for further improvement of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) prediction. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to research the prognostic values' significance of cPB indicators with regard to the short-term progression of polyvascular subclinical atherosclerosis and the long-term onset of MACCE. DESIGN: Single-center prospective cohort study. METHODS: The study included patients 40-64 years of age. All patients underwent duplex scanning (DS) of the carotid and lower limb arteries. The following cPB indicators were determined: carotid plaque score (cPS), maximum carotid plaque thickness (cPTmax), and carotid total plaque area (cTPA). The combined endpoint included the following components: cardiovascular death; nonfatal myocardial infarction; nonfatal stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA); revascularization of the coronary and/or peripheral arteries. RESULTS: The study included 387 patients, among whom 142 (36.7%) patients underwent repeated DS after 12-24 months. The median follow-up time was 20.0 (13.0; 36.5) months. MACCE were recorded in 33 (8.52%) of patients. cTPA and cPTmax, but not cPS, were independently associated with the progression of subclinical polyvascular atherosclerosis over a period of 13.9 months of follow-up. cTPA, but not cPTmax and cPS, was independently associated with the development of MACCE over a period of 20.0 months of follow-up. Only a cTPA > 42.0 mm2 proved to be an independent predictor of both the progression of subclinical polyvascular atherosclerosis and MACCE. CONCLUSION: In patients from 40 to 64 years of age with various cardiovascular risks, among the indicators of the cPB, only an increase in cTPA > 42.0 mm2 was shown to be independently associated with an increase in the relative risk (RR) of progression of subclinical polyvascular atherosclerosis by 2.38 (1.08-5.25) times, as well as with the development of MACCE by 3.10 (1.54-6.26) times.

Achilles tendon thickness normalized to body surface area as a marker of asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease.

OBJECTIVES: The normalisation of Achilles tendon thickness (ATT) to anthropometric parameters may increase the diagnostic efficiency of the assessment of ATT. The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic value of AT dimensions depending on their normalization to body surface area (BSA) in patients with asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease (PAD). METHODS: All patients underwent duplex scanning of the carotid arteries and the lower limb arteries. Asymptomatic PAD was defined as the presence of ≥50% stenosis in the carotid and/or lower limb arteries. ATT was measured using a longitudinal scan, width (ATW) and cross-sectional area (AT CSA), which was determined during a cross-sectional scan. RESULTS: The study included 369 patients, among whom asymptomatic PAD was detected in 18 (4.88%) patients. Only the ATT demonstrated diagnostic value for asymptomatic PAD. After normalizing the size of the AT to the BSA, the diagnostic performance of ATT, ATW and AT CSA became statistically significant. Among the studied parameters, only an increase in ATT/BSA >0.29 cm/m2 was associated with a significant increase in the odds ratio (OR) of asymptomatic PAD by 4.11 times (95% CI 1.08-15.7; p = .038) after adjustments. CONCLUSION: An increase in ATT/BSA >0.29 cm/m2 predicted the presence of asymptomatic PAD with a sensitivity of 61.1% and a specificity of 77.9%. ATT/BSA values of less than 0.29 cm/m2 made it possible to exclude asymptomatic PAD with a probability of 97.5%. An increase in ATT/BSA >0.29 cm/m2 was associated with a 4.11-fold increase in the OR of asymptomatic PAD (95% CI 1.08-15.7).

The prognostic value of various carotid ultrasound parameters in patients at high and very high cardiovascular risk.

BACKGROUND: According to the current guidelines the visualization of atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries is the only option that carotid ultrasound provides for the assessment of cardiovascular risk (CVR). The direction devoted to the development and implementation of markers based on the quantification of atheroma, is promising. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic value of various carotid ultrasound parameters in patients at high and very high CVR. METHODS: Patients at high and very high CVR were included. All patients underwent carotid ultrasound. We evaluated carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), carotid plaque, carotid plaque score (cPS) and carotid total plaque area (cTPA). The combined endpoint was cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction or unstable angina, non-fatal stroke and coronary revascularization. RESULTS: The study included 100 patients. The duration of the follow-up period was 24.4 (14.1-34.3) months. Endpoint events occurred in 34.0% patients. cIMT and cPS were not significantly associated with the risk of cardiovascular events. The presence of carotid plaque in accordance with Cox regression after adjusting for possible confounders was associated with an increase in the relative risk of cardiovascular events by 10.5 times (95% CI 1.27-86.5; p = 0.008). CTPA ≥69 mm2 according to adjusted analysis was associated with an increase in the risk of cardiovascular events by 5.86 times (95% CI 2.09-16.4; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In patients at high and very high CVR among carotid atherosclerosis markers only carotid plaque and cTPA had an independent predictive value regarding the development of adverse cardiovascular events.

Association between Carotid Wall Shear Rate and Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Hypertension and Atherosclerosis of Peripheral Arteries.

AIM: To evaluate carotid wall shear rate (WSR) in association with local and regional vascular stiffness in patients with hypertension (HTN) and atherosclerosis of peripheral arteries and to study the pattern of change of WSR in patients with HTN with increasing severity of peripheral artery atherosclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Study involved 133 patients with HTN, 65 men and 48 women, aged in average 57.9±10.8 years. All patients were divided into four groups in accordance with ultrasound morphologic classification of vessel wall. Duplex scanning of carotid and lower limb arteries was performed. Carotid-femoral (cfPWV) and carotid-radial (crPWV) pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured. Local carotid stiffness was evaluated by carotid ultrasound. RESULTS: WSR of patients with plaques without and with hemodynamic disturbance was 416±128 s-1 and 405±117 s-1, respectively, which was significantly less than the WSR in patients with intact peripheral arteries - 546±112 s-1. Decreased carotid WSR was associated with increased crPVW, cfPWV, Peterson's elastic modulus, decreased distensibility, and distensibility coefficient. CONCLUSION: In patients with HTN and atherosclerotic lesions of peripheral arteries, it is registered that the carotid WSR decreased with increasing severity of atherosclerosis. Decreased carotid WSR is associated with increased local carotid stiffness, regional vascular stiffness of muscular, and elastic vessels.