Multivariate analysis to select chemical compounds and rheological parameters as predictors of bread quality: interaction of wheat genotype and particle size of fine bran.

This assay was performed to select chemical compounds and rheological parameters for the prediction of the bread volume and crumb firmness of breads made with a blend of wheat flour-fine bran, using multivariate analysis. Two main factors were used, the source of fine bran and the particle size of fine bran. The experiment consisted in a completely random design, in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, the statistical analysis shown that the particle size of fine bran influence almost all the analytical variables. In addition, discriminant analysis was performed to analyse which rheological parameters and chemical components show the greater influence on dough behaviour and bread quality. Biaxial extensional viscosity, farinograph consistency, dough development time and stability were the main rheological parameters that govern the specific volume and crumb firmness and, were both closely related to the fibre, protein and starch content in the flour-fine bran blends. Particle size-genotype interaction has a significant influence on gelatinisation enthalpy and biaxial extensional viscosity that change the bread volume and the crumb firmness. The simplicity of linear equation of five independent variables to predict bread quality with high levels of accuracy could be advantageous in both basic research and the routine quality control of wheat mills. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-021-05290-3.

Effect of Malting and Nixtamalization Processes on the Physicochemical Properties of Instant Extruded Corn Flour and Tortilla Quality.

This research aimed to prepare instant flour from malted and raw (un-malted) corn flours nixtamalized by the extrusion process and evaluate the effect on the physicochemical properties of tortillas prepared using these flours. White maize was malted for 24 h, dried at 50 ± 1 °C, and ground. Subsequently, 0.3 % lime and 25 or 30 % water were added to ground malted or un-malted corn, and the mixture was refrigerated (4 °C) for 12 h. These samples were nixtamalized by an extrusion process in a single screw extruder at two temperature profiles within four heating zones, TP1 (60, 60, 70, and 80 °C) and TP2 (60, 70, 80, and 90 °C), to obtain corn flour. Water was added to the extruded corn flours to make a dough, or masa, and the masa was then molded and baked to obtain tortillas. The corn flours were characterized according to their ability to absorb water and viscosity profile (RVA). The firmness and rollability after 2 and 24 h of storage were determined, and a sensory evaluation was conducted. The malted corn flour extruded with a 25 % moisture content and TP2 temperature profile yielded tortillas with the best firmness and rollability. In conclusion, the changes during the malting of corn grain and the nixtamalization by the extrusion process improved the water absorption capacity of flours and textural properties of the tortilla and produced a product with acceptable sensory properties.

Estimated glycemic index and dietary fiber content of cookies elaborated with extruded wheat bran.

The increasing demand for high-fiber products has favored the design of numerous bakery products rich in fiber such as bread, cookies, and cakes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dietary fiber and estimated glycemic index of cookies containing extruded wheat bran. Wheat bran was subjected to extrusion process under three temperature profiles: TP1;(60, 75, 85 and 100 °C), TP2;(60, 80, 100 and 120 °C), and TP3;(60, 80, 110 and 140 °C) and three moisture contents: (15, 23, and 31 %). Cookies were elaborated using extruded wheat bran (30 %), separated into two fractions (coarse and fine). The dietary fiber content of cookies elaborated with extruded wheat bran was higher than the controls; C0 (100 % wheat flour) and C1 (30 % of no extruded bran coarse fraction) and C2 (30 % of no extruded bran fine fraction). The higher values of dietary fiber were observed on cookies from treatments 5 (TP1, 31 % moisture content and coarse fraction) and 11 (TP2, 31 % moisture content and coarse fraction). The estimated glycemic index of cookies ranged from 68.54 to 80.16. The dietary fiber content of cookies was increased and the lowest glycemic index corresponded to the cookies elaborated with extruded wheat bran. Cookie made with the treatment 11 had a better dietary fiber content and lower estimated glycemic index.

Efectos de una mezcla de estearina de palma y aceite de canola sobre los parámetros reológicos de la masa de trigo y características del pan / Effects of a palm stearin and canola oil mixture on the rheological parameters of wheat dough and bread / Efeitos de uma mistura de estearina de palma e óleo de canola sobre os parâmetros reológicos da massa de trigo e características do pão

Se estudiaron los efectos de la sustitución de manteca comercial por una mezcla de estearina de palma:aceite:canola 50:50, sobre las características reológicas de la masa de harina de trigo y del pan elaborado con esta masa. Se calcularon las correlaciones (r= 0,82; p<0,05) entre el trabajo de deformación (W) y la absorción de agua en el farinógrafo; y la absorción de agua y el volumen específico del pan (r= -0,55), el trabajo de deformación (W) y el volumen específico del pan (r= -0,54). Los resultados mostraron que la adición de grasa, disminuyó W, la resistencia al estiramiento (P) y la absorción de agua, y aumentó la estabilidad y el tiempo de mezclado. También se realizaron correlaciones entre el volumen del pan y la fuerza de compresión (textura) en el pan (r= -0,74). La mezcla estearina:canola 50:50 mostró un nivel mayor de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, sin la presencia de ácidos grasos trans, proporcionando propiedades reológicas similares a las de una masa elaborada con manteca comercial, sin presentar diferencias del volumen y textura del pan. El estudio muestra que la grasa elaborada con mezcla de estearina de palma y aceite de canola es una alternativa viable para sustituir a las mantecas comerciales convencionales.

The effects of the substitution of the commercial shortening for palm stearin and canola oil mixture on the rheological properties of a wheat dough and bread were studied. The correlation coefficients between alveograph deformation work (W) and water absorption (WA) on the farinograph (r= 0.82; p<0.05), between WA and the specific volume (r= -0.55), and between W and specific volume (r= -0.54) were determined. The data show that the addition of fat decreases W, stretch resistance (P), and WA, while it increased the stability and mixing time. The correlation between loaf volume and compression force (texture) of bread (r= -0.74) was also determined. The palm stearin: canola oil 50:50 mixture had a greater level of polyunsaturated fatty acid than commercial shortening without the presence of trans fatty acids, while providing similar rheological properties, without differences in loaf volume and bread texture. The study shows that the fat elaborated with the palm stearin:canola oil mixture is a viable alternative to replace the conventional commercial shortening.

Estudaram-se os efeitos da substituição de banha comercial por uma mistura de estearina de palma:óleo:canola 50:50, sobre as características reológicas da massa de farinha de trigo e do pão elaborado com esta massa. Calcularam-se as correlações (r= 0,82; p<0,05) entre o trabalho de deformação (W) e a absorção de água no farinógrafo; e a absorção de água e o volume específico do pão (r= -0,55), o trabalho de deformação (W) e o volume específico do pão (r= -0,54). Os resultados mostraram que a adição de gordura, diminuiu W, a resistência ao estiramento (P) e a absorção de água, e aumentou a estabilidade e o tempo de mistura. Também se realizaram correlações entre o volume do pão e a força de compressão (textura) no pão (r= -0,74). A mistura estearina:canola 50:50 mostrou um nível maior de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados, sem a presença de ácidos graxos trans, proporcionando propriedades reológicas similares às de uma massa elaborada com banha comercial, sem apresentar diferenças no volume e textura do pão. O estudo mostra que a gordura elaborada com mistura de estearina de palma e óleo de canola é uma alternativa viável para substituir às banhas comerciais convencionais.