ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Acute respiratory illnesses and influenza-like illnesses (ILI) are a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the public health importance, little is known about the etiology of these acute respiratory illnesses in many regions of South America. In 2006, the Peruvian Ministry of Health (MoH) and the US Naval Medical Research Center Detachment (NMRCD) initiated a collaboration to characterize the viral agents associated with ILI and to describe the clinical and epidemiological presentation of the affected population. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Patients with ILI (fever > or =38 degrees C and cough or sore throat) were evaluated in clinics and hospitals in 13 Peruvian cities representative of the four main regions of the country. Nasal and oropharyngeal swabs, as well as epidemiological and demographic data, were collected from each patient. During the two years of this study (June 2006 through May 2008), a total of 6,835 patients, with a median age of 13 years, were recruited from 31 clinics and hospitals; 6,308 were enrolled by regular passive surveillance and 527 were enrolled as part of outbreak investigations. At least one respiratory virus was isolated from the specimens of 2,688 (42.6%) patients, with etiologies varying by age and geographical region. Overall the most common viral agents isolated were influenza A virus (25.1%), influenza B virus (9.7%), parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3, (HPIV-1,-2,-3; 3.2%), herpes simplex virus (HSV; 2.6%), and adenoviruses (1.8%). Genetic analyses of influenza virus isolates demonstrated that three lineages of influenza A H1N1, one lineage of influenza A H3N2, and two lineages of influenza B were circulating in Peru during the course of this study. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the most comprehensive study to date of the etiologic agents associated with ILI in Peru. These results demonstrate that a wide range of respiratory pathogens are circulating in Peru and this fact needs to be considered by clinicians when treating patients reporting with ILI. Furthermore, these data have implications for influenza vaccine design and implementation in South America.
Subject(s)
Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Sentinel Surveillance , Animals , Base Sequence , Cell Line , DNA Primers , Disease Outbreaks , Humans , Influenza, Human/virology , Military Personnel , Orthomyxoviridae/classification , Orthomyxoviridae/genetics , Orthomyxoviridae/isolation & purification , Peru/epidemiology , Phylogeny , RNA, Viral/isolation & purification , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Objetivo. Describir un brote de Influenza en dos bases militares en Tumbes, Perú. Material y métodos. Se utilizó la definición de caso de síndrome gripal del Ministerio de Salud en casos con menos de cinco días de inicio de síntomas. Se tomó hisopado nasal para la prueba rápida de Influenza (PRI) e hisopado faríngeo para aislamiento viral en tres líneas celulares (MDCK, VERO, LLCMK2). Para la genotipificación de Influenza B se usó un secuenciamiento parcial de la región de hemaglutinina de 898 pares de bases teniendo como base la cepa de la vacuna del 2007 (B/Florida/4/2006) y para el tipo A se analizó 958 pares de bases teniendo como referencia la cepa vacunal del 2007 (A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2). Resultados. Se tomó 124 hisopados, 20 de la base militar (BM) número 1 y 104 de la BM número 2. La PRI identificó a 41 casos positivos: Flu B: 27, Flu A: 02, Flu: 12, con 62% de sensibilidad y 100% de especificidad. Finalmente, 66 casos fueron confirmados por cultivo celular, 54 Flu B y 12 Flu A. Los aislamientos de Tumbes fueron genéticamente similares con la cepa B/Texas/4/ 2006 (n=34) y A/Texas/91/2007 (H3N2)/ (n=7). Los síntomas más comunes fueron fiebre, cefalea, malestar general, tos, dolor de garganta, mialgias y rinorrea. Las medidas de control consistieron en el aislamiento de los casos identificados y el uso de mascarillas. Conclusiones. Se confirmó 66 casos de Influenza por cultivo celular. Los aislamientos tuvieron la mayor similitud genética con las cepas denominadas B/Texas/4/2006 y A/Texas/91/2007(H3N2).
Objective. To describe an Influenza outbreak in two military bases in Tumbes, department located in northern Peru. Material and methods. In patients within 5 days of symptoms the Ministry of Health case definition of Influenza-likeillness was used. Nasal swabs were taken for Rapid Influenza Test (RIT) and throat swab for viral isolation, three cell lines (MDCK, VERO, LLCMK2) were used. For Influenza B genotypification we made a partial sequencing of hemaglutinine region of 898 pair bases, having 2007 vaccine strain B/Florida/4/2006 as a model. For Influenza A genotypification we analysed 958 pair bases, having 2007 vaccine strain A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2) as a model. Results. We took 124 samples, 20 from military base (MB) número 1 and 104 from MB número 2. RIT promptly identified 41 positive cases: Flu B: 27, Flu A: 02, Flu: 12, with 62% of sensibility and specificity 100%. Finally, 66 cases were confirmed by virus isolation, 54 Flu B and 12 Flu A. Genotypification showed that isolates were genetically similar to Influenza B/Texas/4/2006 (n=34) and A/Texas/91/2007 (H3N2) (n=7). Most common symptoms found were fever, headache, malaise, cough, sore throat, myalgias and rinorrheae. Control strategies consisted to identify probable cases and to isolate them in a special room and to wear facemasks. Conclusions. We confirmed 66 cases by cellular culture. Isolates were genetically similar to Influenza B/Texas/4/2006 and A/Texas/91/2007 (H3N2).
Subject(s)
Humans , Disease Outbreaks , Influenza, Human , Military Personnel , PeruABSTRACT
El presente reporte tiene la finalidad de describir un caso de neumotórax bilateral, secundario a barotrauma, en una paciente asmática asistida con ventilación mecánica a presión positiva. Se analiza el caso señalando el cuadro clínico, patrones radiográficos característicos, factores asociados, fisiopatoloía, tratamiento y prevención. Se concluye que en pacientes asmáticos asistidos con ventilación mecánica a presión positiva y con una presión pico mayor de 40 cm. H2O, debe realizarse un seguimiento radiográfico temprano debido a la alta probabilidad de producirse barotrauma en estos pacientes, asi mismo disminuir la frecuencia respiratoria, minimizar la presión pico, disminuir el número de respiraciones por minuto e incrementar el volumen tidal de las respiraciones restantes.
