Properties, quantile regression, and application of bounded exponentiated Weibull distribution to COVID-19 data of mortality and survival rates.

Well-known continuous distributions such as Beta and Kumaraswamy distribution are useful for modeling the datasets which are based on unit interval [0,1]. But every distribution is not always useful for all types of data sets, rather it depends on the shapes of data as well. In this research, a three-parameter new distribution named bounded exponentiated Weibull (BEW) distribution is defined to model the data set with the support of unit interval [0,1]. Some fundamental distributional properties for the BEW distribution have been investigated. For modeling dependence between measures in a dataset, a bivariate extension of the BEW distribution is developed, and graphical shapes for the bivariate BEW distribution have been shown. Several estimation methods have been discussed to estimate the parameters of the BEW distribution and to check the performance of the estimator, a Monte Carlo simulation study has been done. Afterward, the applications of the BEW distribution are illustrated using COVID-19 data sets. The proposed distribution shows a better fit than many well-known distributions. Lastly, a quantile regression model from bounded exponentiated Weibull distribution is developed, and its graphical shapes for the probability density function (PDF) and hazard function have been shown.

Efficient estimation of population variance of a sensitive variable using a new scrambling response model.

This study introduces a pioneering scrambling response model tailored for handling sensitive variables. Subsequently, a generalized estimator for variance estimation, relying on two auxiliary information sources, is developed following this novel model. Analytical expressions for bias, mean square error, and minimum mean square error are meticulously derived up to the first order of approximation, shedding light on the estimator's statistical performance. Comprehensive simulation experiments and empirical analysis unveil compelling results. The proposed generalized estimator, operating under both scrambling response models, consistently exhibits minimal mean square error, surpassing existing estimation techniques. Furthermore, this study evaluates the level of privacy protection afforded to respondents using this model, employing a robust framework of simulations and empirical studies.

Evaluating COVID-19 risk under the estimation of population mean using two attributes.

The virus of COVID-19 has affected humans physically, mentally, and economically all over the world. Each country's development level, resources, and immunization to have coping capacity against this covid19 differ country-wise. Thus, understanding socioeconomic vulnerability and coping capacity among countries under different health systems can be crucial. Contrasting most articles on COVID-19, this article focuses on evaluating and estimating the COVID-19 risk and lack of coping capacity in 190 countries. This present study suggests an exponential estimator using two auxiliary attributes. Theoretically, the mean square error expressions are derived and compared with some existing estimators. These findings were supported by using the real data of INFORM COVID-19 risk.

Growth Pattern of Magnetic Field-Treated Bacteria.

A study of the induced effect of different types of weak magnetic field exposure on bacterial growth is performed, comparing the relative changes after removal from the magnetic fields. This investigation is relevant to understand the effect of magnetic field exposure on human beings due to electronic devices. For this purpose, we use four species of common bacteria in reference to human health and safety including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The choice of these four bacteria also allows us to check for effects which rely upon the Gram-staining properties or shapes of bacterial species. These species were initially exposed to static, non-homogeneous, and alternating weak magnetic fields, and then they were grown in incubators in the same environment at 37 °C simultaneously. Comparative measurements of optical density are then used to track the sustained impact on bacterial growth in the experimental samples. Bacteria were first grown in different weak magnetic fields on a plain glass surface both in liquid and solid media. Magnetic field-treated bacteria were then transferred into similar test tubes to grow in an incubator concurrently. Bacterial cultures in liquid nutrient broth on plain glass proliferated faster in most species. Different magnetic fields affect the growth pattern of bacteria differently, depending on the bacterial strain. The weak magnetic field seems to decelerate the growth rate, even after the magnetic field is removed. With application of this study, we can potentially investigate the effect of weak field exposures on Eukaryotic cells and gene dynamics.

Adhesion of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria on 1D nano-ripple glass pattern in weak magnetic fields.

This research project has major applications in the healthcare and biomedical industries. Bacteria reside in human bodies and play an integral role in the mechanism of life. However, their excessive growth or the invasion of similar agents can be dangerous and may cause fatal or incurable diseases. On the other hand, increased exposure to electromagnetic radiation and its impact on health and safety is a common concern to medical science. Some nanostructure materials have interesting properties regarding facilitating or impeding cell growth. An understanding of these phenomena can be utilized to establish the optimum benefit of these structures in healthcare and medical research. We focus on the commonly found rod-shaped, gram-negative bacteria and their orientation and community development on the cellular level in the presence of weak magnetic fields on one dimensional nano-ripple glass patterns to investigate the impact of nanostructures on the growth pattern of bacteria. The change in bacterial behavior on nanostructures and the impact of magnetic fields will open up new venues in the utilization of nanostructures. It is noticed that bacterial entrapment in nano-grooves leads to the growth of larger colonies on the nanostructures, whereas magnetic fields reduce the size of colonies and suppress their growth.

catena-Poly[(diaqua-strontium)-bis-(µ-2-methyl-3,5-dinitro-benzoato)].

The title compound, [Sr(C(8)H(5)N(2)O(6))(2)(H(2)O)(2)](n), essentially consists of a one-dimensional polymeric network with Sr(2)O(2) rings extending along the [100] direction. The range of Sr-O bond lengths is 2.4822 (13)-2.8113 (13) Å. C-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions stabilize the mol-ecules in the form of a two-dimensional polymeric network parallel to (001). One of the nitro groups is disordered over three sets of sites with the occupancy ratio of 0.46:0.32:0.22.

Tetra-kis(µ-2-methyl-benzoato-κO:O')bis-[(methanol-κO)copper(II)].

In the title compound, [Cu(2)(C(8)H(7)O(2))(4)(CH(3)OH)(2)], the Cu-O bond distances are in the range 1.943 (2)-2.149 (2) Šwithin a sligthly distorted square-pyramidal coordination. The Cu⋯Cu separation is 2.5912 (4) Å. In the crystal, the mol-ecules are linked into polymeric chains propagating in [001] by inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯π inter-actions.

Poly[(µ(6)-2-methyl-3,5-dinitro-benzoato)potassium].

In the structure of the title coordination polymer, [K(C(8)H(5)N(2)O(6))](n), each ligand bridges six K(+) cations. The carboxyl-ate group coordinates both bidentately to one K(+) ion and monodentately to two K(+) ions, while one nitro group coordinates bidentately to a fourth K(+) ion. The last two K(+) ions are coordinated by the remaining nitro group, one in a bidentate fashion, the other monodentately through one O atom. This bridging mode results in a three-dimensional network. The coordination geometry of the K(+) ion is represented by an irregular KO(9) polyhedron. Very weak C-H⋯O inter-actions are observed in the crystal structure.

Poly[(µ(5)-2-methyl-3,5-dinitro-benzoato)sodium].

In the crystal of the title coordination polymer, [Na(C(8)H(5)N(2)O(6))](n), the Na(I) ion is linked to five nearby anions. Their bonding modes are three monodentate carboxyl-ate O atoms, one O,O'-bidentate carboxyl-ate group and one O,O'-bidentate nitro group. This results in an irregular NaO(7) coordination geometry for the metal ion. This connectivity leads to a layered network propagating in (100).

catena-Poly[[(2-methyl-benzoato-κO,O')sodium]-di-µ-aqua-κO:O'].

In the title coordination polymer, [Na(C(8)H(7)O(2))(H(2)O)(2)](n), the cation is chelated by the carboxyl-ate O atoms of the anion in a bidentate mode and is surrounded by the O atoms of four water mol-ecules. The coordination of the Na(+) cation is distorted octa-hedral. The water mol-ecules bridge adjacent metal cations, forming polymeric layers parallel to (100). The structure is stabilized by an extensive network of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

2-Methyl-3,5-dinitro-benzoic acid.

In the title compound, C(8)H(6)N(2)O(6), the O atoms of the nitro groups, the methyl H atoms and the carboxyl C=O and C-OH groups are disordered over two sets of sites with an occupancy ratio of 0.595 (16):0.405 (16). In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds arise for both carboxyl disorder components and C-H⋯O bonds and weak C-H⋯π inter-actions consolidate the packing.

catena-Poly[[trimethyltin(IV)]-µ-2-methylbenzoato-κO:O'].

The polymeric structure of the title compound, [Sn(CH(3))(3)(C(8)H(7)O(2))](n), is composed of zigzag chains in which the tin(IV) atoms, coordinated by three methyl groups, are bridged by toluene-2-carboxyl-ate ligands via their O atoms. A slightly distorted trigonal-bipyramidal SnC(3)O(2) coordination geometry arises for the metal, with the O atoms in the axial sites. Weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds help to stabilize the packing.

Non PC liposome entrapped promastigote antigens elicit parasite specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell immune response and protect hamsters against visceral leishmaniasis.

Leishmania donovani promastigote soluble antigens (sLAg) were encapsulated in non-phosphatidylcholine (non-PC) liposomes (escheriosomes) prepared from E. coli lipids. The escheriosome-based vaccine was investigated for its potential to elicit a protective immune response against experimental visceral leishmaniasis. The vaccine administration induced strong humoral as well as cell mediated immune responses both in hamsters and BALB/c mice. Immunization of BALB/c mice with escheriosome entrapped sLAg (EL-sLAg) elicited stronger CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response as compared to sLAg entrapped in egg PC/chol liposome (EPC-sLAg) or sLAg administered with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA-sLAg). EL-sLAg also induced the release of mixed (Th1 and Th2) types of cytokines in the immunized BALB/c mice. In addition, the delivery of sLAg via escheriosomes enhanced the expression of costimulatory signals (CD80 and CD86) as determined in peritoneal macrophages obtained from BALB/c mice. In another set of experiments, the EL-sLAg immunized hamsters were found to be better protected than those immunized with EPC-sLAg. The prophylaxis coincided with increased lymphocyte proliferation as well as high nitric oxide (NO) production by peritoneal macrophages among EL-sLAg immunized hamsters. Escheriosomes thus seem to have potential in delivering the antigen to cytosol of the antigen presenting cells (APCs) and in the development of liposome-based vaccine against leishmaniasis as well as other intracellular infections.