Green-Mediated Synthesis of NiCo2O4 Nanostructures Using Radish White Peel Extract for the Sensitive and Selective Enzyme-Free Detection of Uric Acid.

The ability to measure uric acid (UA) non-enzymatically in human blood has been demonstrated through the use of a simple and efficient electrochemical method. A phytochemical extract from radish white peel extract improved the electrocatalytic performance of nickel-cobalt bimetallic oxide (NiCo2O4) during a hydrothermal process through abundant surface holes of oxides, an alteration of morphology, an excellent crystal quality, and increased Co(III) and Ni(II) chemical states. The surface structure, morphology, crystalline quality, and chemical composition were determined using a variety of analytical techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical characterization by CV revealed a linear range of UA from 0.1 mM to 8 mM, with a detection limit of 0.005 mM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.008 mM. A study of the sensitivity of NiCo2O4 nanostructures modified on the surface to UA detection with amperometry has revealed a linear range from 0.1 mM to 4 mM for detection. High stability, repeatability, and selectivity were associated with the enhanced electrochemical performance of non-enzymatic UA sensing. A significant contribution to the full outperforming sensing characterization can be attributed to the tailoring of surface properties of NiCo2O4 nanostructures. EIS analysis revealed a low charge-transfer resistance of 114,970 Ohms that offered NiCo2O4 nanostructures prepared with 5 mL of radish white peel extract, confirming an enhanced performance of the presented non-enzymatic UA sensor. As well as testing the practicality of the UA sensor, blood samples from human beings were also tested for UA. Due to its high sensitivity, stability, selectivity, repeatability, and simplicity, the developed non-enzymatic UA sensor is ideal for monitoring UA for a wide range of concentrations in biological matrixes.

Advanced Urea Precursors Driven NiCo2O4 Nanostructures Based Non-Enzymatic Urea Sensor for Milk and Urine Real Sample Applications.

The electrochemical performance of NiCo2O4 with urea precursors was evaluated in order to develop a non-enzymatic urea sensor. In this study, NiCo2O4 nanostructures were synthesized hydrothermally at different concentrations of urea and characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Nanostructures of NiCo2O4 exhibit a nanorod-like morphology and a cubic phase crystal structure. Urea can be detected with high sensitivity through NiCo2O4 nanostructures driven by urea precursors under alkaline conditions. A low limit of detection of 0.05 and an analytical range of 0.1 mM to 10 mM urea are provided. The concentration of 006 mM was determined by cyclic voltammetry. Chronoamperometry was used to determine the linear range in the range of 0.1 mM to 8 mM. Several analytical parameters were assessed, including selectivity, stability, and repeatability. NiCo2O4 nanostructures can also be used to detect urea in various biological samples in a practical manner.

Biogenic Preparation of ZnO Nanostructures Using Leafy Spinach Extract for High-Performance Photodegradation of Methylene Blue under the Illumination of Natural Sunlight.

To cope with environmental pollution caused by toxic emissions into water streams, high-performance photocatalysts based on ZnO semiconductor materials are urgently needed. In this study, ZnO nanostructures are synthesized using leafy spinach extract using a biogenic approach. By using phytochemicals contained in spinach, ZnO nanorods are transformed into large clusters assembled with nanosheets with visible porous structures. Through X-ray diffraction, it has been demonstrated that leafy spinach extract prepared with ZnO is hexagonal in structure. Surface properties of ZnO were altered by using 10 mL, 20 mL, 30 mL, and 40 mL quantities of leafy spinach extract. The size of ZnO crystallites is typically 14 nanometers. In the presence of sunlight, ZnO nanostructures mineralized methylene blue. Studies investigated photocatalyst doses, dye concentrations, pH effects on dye solutions, and scavengers. The ZnO nanostructures prepared with 40 mL of leafy spinach extract outperformed the degradation efficiency of 99.9% for the MB since hydroxyl radicals were primarily responsible for degradation. During degradation, first-order kinetics were observed. Leafy spinach extract could be used to develop novel photocatalysts for the production of solar hydrogen and environmental hydrogen.

Green Synthesis of NiO Nanoflakes Using Bitter Gourd Peel, and Their Electrochemical Urea Sensing Application.

To determine urea accurately in clinical samples, food samples, dairy products, and agricultural samples, a new analytical method is required, and non-enzymatic methods are preferred due to their low cost and ease of use. In this study, bitter gourd peel biomass waste is utilized to modify and structurally transform nickel oxide (NiO) nanostructures during the low-temperature aqueous chemical growth method. As a result of the high concentration of phytochemicals, the surface was highly sensitive to urea oxidation under alkaline conditions of 0.1 M NaOH. We investigated the structure and shape of NiO nanostructures using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In spite of their flake-like morphology and excellent crystal quality, NiO nanostructures exhibited cubic phases. An investigation of the effects of bitter gourd juice demonstrated that a large volume of juice produced thin flakes measuring 100 to 200 nanometers in diameter. We are able to detect urea concentrations between 1-9 mM with a detection limit of 0.02 mM using our urea sensor. Additionally, the stability, reproducibility, repeatability, and selectivity of the sensor were examined. A variety of real samples, including milk, blood, urine, wheat flour, and curd, were used to test the non-enzymatic urea sensors. These real samples demonstrated the potential of the electrode device for measuring urea in a routine manner. It is noteworthy that bitter gourd contains phytochemicals that are capable of altering surfaces and activating catalytic reactions. In this way, new materials can be developed for a wide range of applications, including biomedicine, energy production, and environmental protection.