Discordance among Belief, Practice, and the Literature in Infection Prevention in the NICU.

This study evaluates practices of infection control in the NICU as compared with the available literature. We aimed to assess providers' awareness of their institutional policies, how strongly they believed in those policies, the correlation between institution size and policies adopted, years of experience and belief in a policy's efficacy, and methods employed in the existing literature. An IRB-approved survey was distributed to members of the AAP Neonatal Section. A systematic review of the literature provided the domains of the survey questions. Data was analyzed as appropriate. A total of 364 providers responded. While larger NICUs were more likely to have policies, their providers are less likely to know them. When a policy is in place and it is known, providers believe in the effectiveness of that policy suggesting consensus or, at its worst, groupthink. Ultimately, practice across the US is non-uniform and policies are not always consistent with best available literature. The strength of available literature is adequate enough to provide grade B recommendations in many aspects of infection prevention. A more standardized approach to infection prevention in the NICU would be beneficial and is needed.

Placental DNA methylation profiles in opioid-exposed pregnancies and associations with the neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome.

Opioid abuse during pregnancy can result in Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS). We investigated genome-wide methylation analyses of 96 placental tissue samples, including 32 prenatally opioid-exposed infants with NOWS who needed therapy (+Opioids/+NOWS), 32 prenatally opioid-exposed infants with NOWS who did not require treatment (+Opioids/-NOWS), and 32 prenatally unexposed controls (-Opioids/-NOWS, control). Statistics, bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence (AI), including Deep Learning (DL), and Ingenuity Pathway Analyses (IPA) were performed. We identified 17 dysregulated pathways thought to be important in the pathophysiology of NOWS and reported accurate AI prediction of NOWS diagnoses. The DL had an AUC (95% CI) =0.98 (0.95-1.0) with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% for distinguishing NOWS from the +Opioids/-NOWS group and AUCs (95% CI) =1.00 (1.0-1.0) with a sensitivity and specificity of 100% for distinguishing NOWS versus control and + Opioids/-NOWS group versus controls. This study provides strong evidence of methylation dysregulation of placental tissue in NOWS development.