Association of Maternal Dietary Components During Pregnancy and/or Lactation with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.

CONTEXT: Considering the increasing trend in the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), the identification of its environmental determinants, especially those related to the prenatal and lactation period, might ultimately result in primary prevention of the disease. We aimed to review the evidence of the association between mothers' dietary components during pregnancy and/or lactation with T1DM. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: An electronic and comprehensive literature search was performed until August 2019 in the international databases, including Web of Science (ISI), PubMed, and Scopus, using the following keywords: type 1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmunity, mother, maternal, diet and lactation in different combinations. Papers related to the objectives of the study were selected. RESULTS: Based on our review, the maternal consumption of meat, especially processed meat, was associated with increased risk of T1DM, whereas the maternal use of vegetables, potato, low-fat margarine, and berries showed protective effects against the development of T1DM in offspring. There was no significant association between the use of multivitamins and mineral supplements with T1DM, according to the available data. The results of the reviewed studies regarding the association between the maternal use of vitamin D, fatty acids, and coffee during pregnancy with T1DM were not consistent and conclusive. CONCLUSIONS: Findings of this review indicate that the maternal consumption of some foods is associated with increased or decreased risk of T1DM. However, for some foods or dietary components, including coffee, vitamin D, and fatty acids, the results are not conclusive. We conclude that although maternal diet could influence the development of insulin autoantibodies (IA) and T1DM in offspring, there is no sufficient evidence for most nutrients, and available data are controversial, which should be dealt with in future cohort or interventional studies.

Median and ulnar nerve injuries; what causes different repair outcomes?

BACKGROUND: Peripheral nerve injuries have significant effects on patients' life quality. To make patients' therapeutic expectations more realistic, prediction of repair outcome has significant importance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Totally, 74 patients with 94 nerve injuries (44 median and 50 ulnar nerves) were evaluated and followed up for 5 years between 2008 and 2013 in two main university hospitals of Isfahan. Patients' age was 6-64 years. 24 nerves were excluded from the study and among the remaining; 53 nerves were repaired primarily and 17 nerves secondarily. 42 nerves were injured at a low-level, 17 nerves at intermediate and 11 at a high one. Medical Research Council Scale used for sensory and motor assessment. S3+ and S4 scores for sensory recovery and M4 and M5 scores for motor recovery were considered as favorable results. The follow-up time was between 8 and 24 months. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between favorable sensory outcomes of median and ulnar nerves. The difference between favorable motor outcomes of the median nerve was higher than ulnar nerve (P = 0.03, odds ratio = 2.9). More favorable results were seen in high-level injuries repair than low ones (P = 0.035), and also cases followed more than 18 months compared to less than 12 months (P = 0.041), respectively. The favorable outcomes for patients younger than 16 were more than 40 and older, however, their difference was not significant (P = 0.059). The difference between primary and secondary repair favorable outcomes was not significant (P = 0.37). CONCLUSION: In patients older than 40 or injured at a high-level, there is a high possibility of repetitive operations and reconstructive measures. The necessity for long-term follow-up and careful attentions during a postoperative period should be pointed to all patients.

Venous insufficiency after prolonged standing: Is joint hypermobility an important risk factor?

BACKGROUND: Varicose veins are extremely common disease which is due to elevated superficial venous pressures. We aimed to know that if joint hypermobility causes the venous insufficiency following the prolonged standing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective cohort study conducted on the soldiers of training periods in a military base of Iran Army in Isfahan in 2013. The active-duty soldiers were first examined by a physician and their Beighton scores (BSs) were obtained. At the onset of the training period, the presence of chronic venous insufficiency was clinically evaluated according to the C class of clinical, etiological, anatomical, and pathological classification. After 3 months, soldiers with and without joint hypermobility were reexamined for manifestations of venous insufficiency based on clinical examination. RESULTS: Of 718 soldiers, 211 subjects were diagnosed for joint hypermobility syndrome (29.3%). The mean BS was significantly higher in hypermobility soldiers (5.5 ± 1.5) than the healthy ones (1.2 ± 1.1). Before the training period, the prevalence of spider and varicose veins in soldiers with joint hypermobility was significantly higher than healthy subjects (P > 0.001). After the training period, the prevalence of venous insufficiency significantly increased in soldiers with joint hypermobility (P > 0.001) while there was no significant difference in healthy group before and after the period of training (P = 0.25). CONCLUSION: Hypermobility could be considered as a risk factor for the development of venous insufficiency, so it seems necessary to evaluate the population who need to be standing for a long time for evidence of joint hypermobility.

Effects of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors in children with metabolic syndrome: a triple-masked controlled trial / Efeitos da suplementação de vitamina D sobre a resistência à insulina e fatores de risco cardiometabólico em crianças com síndrome metabólica: ensaio clínico triplo-cego controlado

OBJECTIVE: this triple-masked controlled trial aimed to assess the effects of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese children and adolescents. METHODS: the study comprised 50 participants, aged 10 to16 years, who were randomly assigned into two groups of equal number. In this 12-week trial, one group received oral vitamin D (300,000 IU) and the other group received placebo. Cardiometabolic risk factors, insulin resistance, and a continuous value of metabolic syndrome (cMetS) were determined. Statistical analysis was conducted after adjustment for covariate interactions. RESULTS: overall, 21 patients in the vitamin D group and 22 in the placebo group completed the trial. No significant difference was observed in the baseline characteristics of the two groups. After the trial, in the vitamin D group, serum insulin and triglyceride concentrations, as well as HOM -IR and C-MetS decreased significantly, both when compared with the baseline and with the placebo group. No significant difference was observed when comparing total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, fasting blood glucose, and blood pressure. CONCLUSION: the present findings support the favorable effects of vitamin D supplementation on reducing insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese children. .

Este ensaio clínico triplo-cego controlado visa investigar os efeitos da suplementação de vitamina D sobre a resistência à insulina e os fatores de risco cardiometabólico em crianças e adolescentes obesos. O estudo contou com 50 participantes com idade entre 10 e 16 anos, aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos de igual número de participantes. Neste ensaio clínico de 12 semanas, um grupo recebeu vitamina D via oral (300000 IU) e o outro grupo recebeu placebo. Foram determinados fatores de risco cardiometabólico, resistência à insulina e valor contínuo da síndrome metabólica (cMetS). A análise estatística foi conduzida após o ajuste das interações covariáveis. No todo, 21 pacientes no grupo vitamina D e 22 no grupo placebo concluíram o ensaio clínico. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada nas características de base dos dois grupos estudados. Após o ensaio clinico, no grupo vitamina D, as concentrações séricas de insulina e triglicerídeos, bem como HOMA-RI e cMetS caíram significativamente em comparação ao início do estudo; e também em comparação ao grupo placebo. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi vista ao comparar o colesterol total, LDL-C, HDL-C, glicemia de jejum e pressão sanguínea. Nossas conclusões indicam efeitos favoráveis da suplementação de vitamina D sobre a redução da resistência à insulina e de fatores de risco cardiometabólico em crianças obesas.

Effects of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors in children with metabolic syndrome: a triple-masked controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: This triple-masked controlled trial aimed to assess the effects of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese children and adolescents. METHODS: The study comprised 50 participants, aged 10 to 16 years, who were randomly assigned into two groups of equal number. In this 12-week trial, one group received oral vitamin D (300,000 IU) and the other group received placebo. Cardiometabolic risk factors, insulin resistance, and a continuous value of metabolic syndrome (cMetS) were determined. Statistical analysis was conducted after adjustment for covariate interactions. RESULTS: Overall, 21 patients in the vitamin D group and 22 in the placebo group completed the trial. No significant difference was observed in the baseline characteristics of the two groups. After the trial, in the vitamin D group, serum insulin and triglyceride concentrations, as well as HOM -IR and C-MetS decreased significantly, both when compared with the baseline and with the placebo group. No significant difference was observed when comparing total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, fasting blood glucose, and blood pressure. CONCLUSION: The present findings support the favorable effects of vitamin D supplementation on reducing insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors in obese children.