The effect of 4-week endurance training on serum levels of irisin and betatrophin in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats.

Betatrophin known as pancreatic ß-cell proliferation marker is secreted as a result of the muscle irisin's expression induced by exercise. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of endurance training on serum levels of irisin and betatrophin in diabetic rats. Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups of (1) healthy control group (H-CG), (2) diabetic control group (D-CG), and diabetic group submitted to endurance training (D-ETG). The D-ETG performed endurance exercise (4 week/5 days) on the rodent treadmill. For data analysis we used one-way ANOVA, Scheffe test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Irisin (p = .04) and betatrophin (p = .005) levels were significantly decreased in the D-CG. Endurance exercise only increased serum levels of irisin significantly (p = .03). There was a significant correlation was shown between serum betatrophin and beta-cell function (p = .03). It appears that a specific exercise training can increase irisin hormone, with possible impact on betatrophin expression in diabetic individuals.

Interactive Effects of Swimming High-Intensity Interval Training and Resveratrol Supplementation Improve Mitochondrial Protein Levels in the Hippocampus of Aged Rats.

Mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress cause damage to cells which can lead to the aging process and age-related diseases. Antioxidants such as resveratrol and high-intensity exercise can benefit oxidative damage prevention. This study is aimed at evaluating the effects of swimming high-intensity interval training and resveratrol on mitochondrial metabolism key proteins, SIRT5, SOD1, and PDH-E1α, and the level of NAD+ as a cofactor in the deacetylation process in aged rat hippocampus. Forty-five male Wistar rats, aged 20 months, were randomly divided into five groups: control (C), Swimming High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) (S-HIIT), Swimming HIIT with resveratrol supplementation (S-HIIT-R), resveratrol supplementation (R), and solvent of resveratrol supplementation (SR). S-HIIT and resveratrol groups performed the exercise and received resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day, gavage) for six weeks. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the protein level in the hippocampus. The amount of SIRT5 and SOD1 proteins in the hippocampus increased. S-HIIT with resveratrol or resveratrol alone increased the PDH-E1α level significantly. The amount of NAD+ was analyzed by assay kit that was reduced in S-HIIT, S-HIIT-R, and SR groups compared to controls. The results showed that resveratrol and S-HIIT attenuated the age-related brain changes by increasing the expression of SOD1 and SIRT5 and reducing the level of NAD+ in the hippocampus. Considering these findings, S-HIIT and resveratrol supplementation could be proposed as strategies to attenuate age-related brain changes. Resveratrol alone and exercise through the regulation of crucial proteins and cofactors can influence mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative stress in the hippocampus of aged rats.

The effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on protein expression in Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL) and soleus (SOL) in rats with type 2 diabetes.

Purpose: In people with diabetes, one of the problems for patients is muscle wasting and inhibition of the protein synthesis pathway. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of HIIT on protein expression in two skeletal muscles, flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and soleus (SOL) in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and methods: Diabetes initially was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide. Rats with type 2 diabetes were randomly and equally divided into control (n = 6) and HIIT groups (n = 6). After 8 weeks of training, the content of total and phosphorylated proteins of serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), P70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (P70S6K1), and 4E (eIF4E)-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) in FHL and SOL muscles were measured by Western blotting. While body weight and blood glucose were also controlled. Results: In the HIIT training group, compared to the control group, a significant increase in the content of AKT1 (0.003) and mTOR (0.001) proteins was observed in the FHL muscle. Also, after 8 weeks of HIIT training, protein 4E-BP1 (0.001) was increased in SOL muscle. However, there was no significant change in other proteins in FHL and SOL muscle. Conclusions: In rats with type 2 diabetes appear to HIIT leading to more protein expression of fast-twitch muscles than slow-twitch muscles. thus likely HIIT exercises can be an important approach to increase protein synthesis and prevent muscle atrophy in people with type 2 diabetes.

The impact of concurrent training and antioxidant supplementation on the factors associated with the ocular lens opacity in diabetic rats.

The current study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of vitamins C and E (VCE) supplementation, exercise, and their concurrent application against cataract incidence in the diabetic rats. The obtained results indicated that different supplementation and training treatments were capable to preserve the lens transparency in the diabetic rats. Also, upon applying different supplementation and training treatments, the level of glutathione (GSH) and activity of antioxidant enzymes in the diabetic rats was preserved approximately close to their control levels. In addition, different treatments were capable to maintain the structural integrity of the lens proteins in diabetic rats. Moreover, VCE supplementation, exercise and their simultaneous application prevented lens crystallins of diabetic rats against fibrillation and formation of the increased oligomeric sizes. The results of this study signify the importance of antioxidant supplementation and exercise in reducing the detrimental effects of hyperglycemia on the eye lenses.

Effects of exercise training on immunological factors in kidney transplant recipients; a randomized controlled trial.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 12 week exercise training on the immune system of kidney transplant recipients. 23 kidney transplant recipients were randomly divided into two groups including control (n = 10) and training (n =13) groups. The training groups participated in the training for 10 weeks (three days a week; each day 60-90 minutes). The control group performed no regular exercise during this time. The blood samples were taken before and after 12 weeks. ELISA and Real-time PCR were used to evaluate cytokine profiles, including TNF-a, IL-6, IL-4, IL-31 and IL-35 as well as T-bet, GATA-3, RORYt and FOXP3, respectively. Finally, the data were analyzed, using paired T-test. ELISA results showed decreased levels of TNF- α, increased levels of IL-6 and no significant differences in the IL-35, IL-31 and IL-4 levels in the training group in comparison to the control group. Gene expression profiles showed significantly increased expression of T-bet and no changes in the GATA-3, RORYt and FOXP3 levels. According to these results, a moderate exercise including aerobic and resistance training could inhibit inflammatory cytokines and have beneficial effects on the immune system, but this issue needs further research.

Swimming modifies the effect of noise stress on the HPG axis of male rats.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the effect of noise pollution on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. In this study, the effects of noise pollution and swimming on the HPG hormone axis of male rats were investigated. METHODS: Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to four groups of equal size, including control (C), swimming (S), noise (N), and noise with swimming (NS). Serum levels of GnRH, LH, FSH, and testosterone were measured through blood samples taken 48 h following the last session of treatment. The main treatment programs of voluntary swimming and noise stress were performed 5 days per week over 7 weeks. RESULTS: Serum levels of GnRH, LH, FSH, and testosterone decreased after exposure to the noise compared with the S and C groups, while in the S group, all hormone levels were higher than those in the C and N groups. Hormone levels of the SN group were higher than those in the N group but lower than those in the C group. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to noise is known to have a negative impact on male sex hormones, while submaximal swimming exercise is likely to reduce these effects and improve HPG axis hormones.

The effect of exercise on interferon gamma, body fat and bmi of kidney transplant patients / Efeito do exercício sobre interferon gama, gordura corporal e imc em pacientes com transplante renal / Efecto del ejercicio sobre el interferón gamma y el imc de los pacientes con trasplante de riñón

INTRODUCTION: Poor physical function and obesity are well documented in kidney transplant patients. Significant health benefits result from regular physical activity, many of which are important for kidney transplant patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 10-week combined exercises on Interferon Gamma (IFNγ), body fat percentage (BF%) and body mass index (BMI) in kidney transplant patients. METHOD: In a randomized controlled experimental design, 44 kidney transplant patients aged 20-50 years were randomly divided into two groups of exercise (n=23) and control (n=21). The exercise group participated in a cumulative training program for 10 weeks, three days a week, 60­90 minutes per day at 40-65% of predicted maximal heart rate reserve. A 5 ml venous blood sample and anthropometric parameters were taken from the subjects at baseline and after 10 weeks. RESULTS: The exercise group showed an improvement in BF% (from 31.80±5.64 to 28.86 ± 5.82, p =0.001) and BMI (from 26.23 ± 1.81 to 25.45 ± 2.11, p = 0.001), but there was no significant change in the IFNγ level (from 0.06 ± 0.02 to 0.06 ± 0.02, p = 0.829). There was a significant difference between the control and exercise groups for BF% (p = 0.001) and BMI (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: As a take-home message, it should be mentioned that combined exercise intervention is inexpensive and portable and can be performed at home or health centers for kidney transplant patients to reduce their weight and BF%. Evidence Level I; High quality randomized trial with or without statistically significant difference, but with narrow confidence intervals.

INTRODUÇÃO: A função física deficiente e a obesidade são bem documentadas em pacientes com transplante renal. A atividade física regular resulta em benefícios significativos para a saúde, muitos dos quais são importantes para os pacientes com transplante de rim. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos de 10 semanas de exercícios combinados sobre interferon gama (IFN-γ), percentual de gordura corporal (GC) e índice de massa corporal (IMC) nesses pacientes. MÉTODOS: Em um estudo randomizado experimental controlado, 44 pacientes com transplante renal com idade entre 20 e 50 anos foram divididos em um grupo exercício (n = 23) e um grupo controle (n = 21). O grupo exercício participou em um programa de treinamento cumulativo por 10 semanas, três dias por semana, 60 a 90 minutos por dia, com 40% a 65% da frequência cardíaca de reserva prevista. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso de 5 ml, assim como os parâmetros antropométricos dos indivíduos no início do programa e depois de 10 semanas. RESULTADOS: O grupo exercício apresentou melhora do percentual de GC (31,80 ± 5,64 para 28,86 ± 5,82, p = 0,001) e do IMC (26,23 ± 1,81 para 25,45 ± 2,11, p = 0,001), mas não houve mudança significativa no nível de IFN-γ (0,06 ± 0,02 para 0,06 ± 0,02, p = 0,829). Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos controle e exercício no percentual de GC (p = 0,001) e no IMC (p = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A mensagem a ser lembrada é que a intervenção com exercícios combinados é de baixo custo e os aparelhos necessários são portáteis, e pode ser realizada em casa ou em centros de saúde pelos pacientes de transplante renal, visando reduzir o peso e o percentual de GC. Nível de Evidência I; Estudo clínico randomizado de alta qualidade com ou sem diferença estatisticamente significante, mas com intervalos de confiança estreitos.

INTRODUCCIÓN: el bajo funcionamiento físico y la obesidad están bien documentados en pacientes con trasplante de riñón. Los beneficios significativos para la salud son el resultado de la actividad física regular, muchos de los cuales son importantes para los pacientes con trasplante de riñón. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los efectos de los ejercicios combinados de 10 semanas sobre Interferón-Gamma (IFNγ), porcentaje de grasa corporal (% BF) e índice de masa corporal (IMC) en pacientes con trasplante renal. MÉTODO: en un diseño experimental controlado aleatorio, 44 pacientes con trasplante renal, de 20-50 años, se dividieron aleatoriamente en dos grupos de ejercicio (n = 23) y control (n = 21). El grupo de ejercicio participó en un programa de entrenamiento acumulativo durante 10 semanas, tres días a la semana, 60 a 90 minutos por dia, com 40 a 65% de la reserva máxima prevista para frecuencia cardiaca. Se tomaron 5 ml de muestra de sangre de Venus y parámetros antropométricos de los sujetos en la línea de base al inicio y luego de 10 semanas. RESULTADOS: El grupo de ejercicio mostró una mejora en el porcentaje de BF (de 31,80 ± 5,64 a 28,86 ± 5,82, p = 0,001) y el IMC (de 26,23 ± 1,81 a 25,45 ± 2,11, p = 0,001), pero no hubo un cambio significativo en el nivel de IFNγ (de 0.06 ± 0.02 a 0.06 ± 0.02, p = 0.829). Hubo una diferencia significativa entre el control y los grupos de ejercicio para BF% (p = 0.001) e IMC (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIÓN: como mensaje de inicio se debe mencionar que la intervención combinada con ejercicios es económica y portátil, y puede realizarse en el hogar o en centros de salud para que los pacientes con trasplante de riñón disminuyan su peso y BF%. Nivel de Evidencia I; Estudio clínico aleatorio de alta calidad, con o sin diferencia estadísticamente significativa, pero con intervalos de confianza estrechos.

Cytokine Pattern is Affected by Training Intensity in Women Futsal Players.

To find the relation between exercise and cytokines, we examined the effect of the training intensity on the levels of cytokines, including interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interlukine-4 (IL-4) and interlukine-4/interferon-gamma ratio (IL-4/IFN-γ ratio) in female Futsal players. Twelve well-trained female college Futsal players aged 19~22 participated in this study. The athletes completed 30-min of running at 60~65% maximal heart rate [moderate-intensity exercise], and 30-min of running at 75~80% maximal heart rate [high-intensity exercise]. peripheral blood samples were collected 24 h before and 24 h and 48 h after each of the exercise bouts. finding showed that The 30-min bout of moderate-intensity exercise induced a significant increase in IFN-γ (p=0.01) and significant decreases in IL-4 (p=0.001) and IL-4/IFN-γ ratio (p=0.003). And also, 30-min of running at 75~80% maximal heart rate induced increase in IFN-γ (p=0.07) and decreased in IL-4 (p=0.01) and IL-4/IFN-γ ratio (p=0.06) that these changes not significantly. In summary, exercise intensity can effect on the magnitude of changes in cytokines. It seems that moderate intensity exercise enhances cytokine pattern in female college Futsal players.

The Prevalence of Headache Among Athletic University Students.

BACKGROUND: Headache is certainly one of the most common medical complaints of general population and one of the important causes of consumption of drugs. Despite its high overall prevalence, the epidemiology of exertional headache is not clear enough. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of headache in athletic and non-athletic university students and also estimating its variation between different sports fields including concussion prone sports. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study comprised 739 subjects (367 athletes and 372 non-athletes). The present study was carried out on athletic and non-athletic university students aging between 18 to 28 years. An athlete was defined as a person who had at least one year of experience in sports including football, volleyball, basketball, wrestling, boxing, martial arts, track and field, chess, handball and swimming for three sessions a week each lasting at least 2 hours. The random selection of these participants was done by an independent statistical consultant. A questionnaire was used for data collection which was then analyzed by statistical methods. RESULTS: Our study comprised 739 subjects (367 athletes and 372 non-athletes). Among athletic university students, 152 (41.2%) participants complained of headache. Such a complaint was present in 217 (58.3%) non-athletic university students. This lower prevalence of headache in athletes was statistically significant (P value < 0.001). Among ten different sports fields, the prevalence of headache among wrestlers was significantly higher than others (P value < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of headache is seemingly lower in athletic university students than non-athletic ones. In addition, among athletes, those who are participating in concussion prone sports especially wrestling experience headache more than athletes of other fields.

The effect of quadriceps femoris muscle Kinesio Taping on physical fitness indices in non-injured athletes.

BACKGROUND: Evaluating the effect of kinesio taping of quadriceps femoris muscle on some physical fitness indices including maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), vertical jump, agility and sprint in healthy collegiate athletes. METHODS: Forty-four (23 male and 21 female) healthy collegiate athletes voluntarily participated in this study. The MVIC of quadriceps muscle (N) of the dominant leg was assessed by digital Dynamometer. vertical jump, agility and sprint was assessed using Sargent vertical jump, shuttle run agility and 30-yard sprint tests, respectively. All measures were obtained in 4 trails: control (without taping), two trials with 24 hours interval, immediately and 24 hours after tape application. Two conditions of with and without taping measures were performed by one week interval. Everybody was compared to themselves during different situations. Data was analyzed using SPSS software and ANOVA with repeated measure statistical test. RESULTS: MVIC, jumping and sprint performance significantly improved immediately and 24 hours following KT application compared to non KT conditions (P<0.05). Agility was improved 24 hours following taping (P<0.05), but KT caused no significant immediate effect on agility (P>0.05). 24 hours KT caused significant improvement in MVIC, jumping and agility performance, but caused no significant effect on sprint compared to immediately following taping. CONCLUSIONS: KT influenced positively MVIC, jumping, agility and sprint and the major effect was achieved by maintaining KT for 24hours in healthy athletes. Although, regarding the study limitations, future studies are recommended for clarification.

Effects of Eccentric and Concentric Emphasized Resistance Exercise on IL-15 Serum Levels and Its Relation to Inflammatory Markers in Athletes and Non-Athletes.

BACKGROUND: Cytokines play an important role in modulating the muscle's metabolic and immunological responses to exercise. OBJECTIVES: In the present study, we investigated changes in the serum levels of Interleukin (IL)-15 as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), as markers of inflammation, in athlete and non-athlete young men following eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) emphasized resistance exercise (RE). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study recruited 28 young males, 14 athletes and 14 non-athletes. Subjects completed two bouts of ECC and CON emphasized RE five days apart. Each bout included seven exercises that emphasized all major muscle groups with weight loads of 70% - 80% of one repetition maximum (1RM) for CON RE and 90% - 100% of 1RM for ECC RE. We analyzed subjects' blood samples before and immediately after each bout of exercise to determine cytokine and hs-CRP serum levels according to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between IL-15 serum levels before and after ECC and CON RE in non-athletes (P = 0.03). In athletes, IL-15 serum level only increased after ECC RE (P = 0.01), which was noted to be the highest degree of change in IL-15 levels in all subjects. For athletes, the hs-CRP levels significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The serum levels of both TNF-α and hs-CRP were also significantly down-regulated after ECC RE in non-athletes. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicated that fitness level and RE could modulate circulating levels of IL-15 and suggest the potential anti-inflammatory effects of IL-15 during RE.

Effects of Exergame and Music on Acute Exercise Responses to Graded Treadmill Running.

Recreational athletes may listen to music or watch videos to prolong their exercise routines. In recent years, use of active videogames has increased. The effects of audiovisual encouragements have not been compared for their potential ergogenic effects on physiological variables during moderate- to high-intensity exercises. Here 60 sedentary healthy male students were divided into four groups-control (CON), audio feedback (A), videogame feedback (V), and a combination of A and V (AV)-based on previous measurement of maximum oxygen uptake using covariate adaptive randomization. Participants completed a bout of running (Balke treadmill test) until exhaustion based on the type of feedback. Exercise responses (time, heart rate, blood sugar level, and creatine kinase level) were compared in all groups before and after participation. Participants in group A ran significantly more than those in the CON group, and those in group AV ran significantly more than those in groups CON and V. In other physiological responses, the differences were not significant among groups. It is proposed that intentional functions from internal (physical feelings) to external perspective (music and video) may have been involved in increasing exercise time but were not strong enough to change levels of other physiological parameters. However, these findings have strong applications for improving fitness exercise programs while using a new generation of videogames.

Relationship between C-reactive protein and physical fitness, physical activity, obesity and selected cardiovascular risk factors in schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between C-reactive protein (CRP) with physical fitness, physical activity, obesity, and selected cardiovascular risk factors in school-children. METHODS: Forty-four boy schoolchildren (mean ± SD: age 10.25 ± 0.75 years, height 144 ± 0.2 cm, body weight 46.1 5± 4.59 kg, body mass index 22.16 ± 2.16 kg/m(2)) voluntarily participated in this study. Physical fitness and physical activity were assessed using the 20-meter fitness test. Adiposity was estimated using body mass index. Blood samples were taken after an overnight fast and measured for CRP, LDL, HDL and cholesterol. Pearson's correlation was calculated to determine the relations between these factors. RESULTS: Mean (SD) CRP concentration was 1.07 (0.82) mg/l. A significant correlation was observed between CRP and VO2max (r=-0.45, P= 0.001), body mass index (r=0.55, P=0.000) and cholesterol (r=-0.35, P=0.04). No significant relation was found between CRP and physical activity, LDL and HDL (P> 0.05). Moreover, significant associations were observed between body mass index and VO2max (r=-0.33, P=0.02) and physical activity (r=-0.43, P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Body mass index was the most powerful predictor of serum concentrations of CRP in schoolchildren. It may be an important factor to control body weight to prevent an increase in serum CRP in children and to help the primordial prevention of chronic diseases.