Machine learning applied in maternal and fetal health: a narrative review focused on pregnancy diseases and complications.

Introduction: Machine learning (ML) corresponds to a wide variety of methods that use mathematics, statistics and computational science to learn from multiple variables simultaneously. By means of pattern recognition, ML methods are able to find hidden correlations and accomplish accurate predictions regarding different conditions. ML has been successfully used to solve varied problems in different areas of science, such as psychology, economics, biology and chemistry. Therefore, we wondered how far it has penetrated into the field of obstetrics and gynecology. Aim: To describe the state of art regarding the use of ML in the context of pregnancy diseases and complications. Methodology: Publications were searched in PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Seven subjects of interest were considered: gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, perinatal death, spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, cesarean section, and fetal malformations. Current state: ML has been widely applied in all the included subjects. Its uses are varied, the most common being the prediction of perinatal disorders. Other ML applications include (but are not restricted to) biomarker discovery, risk estimation, correlation assessment, pharmacological treatment prediction, drug screening, data acquisition and data extraction. Most of the reviewed articles were published in the last five years. The most employed ML methods in the field are non-linear. Except for logistic regression, linear methods are rarely used. Future challenges: To improve data recording, storage and update in medical and research settings from different realities. To develop more accurate and understandable ML models using data from cutting-edge instruments. To carry out validation and impact analysis studies of currently existing high-accuracy ML models. Conclusion: The use of ML in pregnancy diseases and complications is quite recent, and has increased over the last few years. The applications are varied and point not only to the diagnosis, but also to the management, treatment, and pathophysiological understanding of perinatal alterations. Facing the challenges that come with working with different types of data, the handling of increasingly large amounts of information, the development of emerging technologies, and the need of translational studies, it is expected that the use of ML continue growing in the field of obstetrics and gynecology.

Mining and validation of novel simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers derived from coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) genome assembly.

BACKGROUND: In the past, simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker development in coconut is achieved through microsatellite probing in bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones or using previously developed SSR markers from closely related genomes. These coconut SSRs are publicly available in published literatures and online databases; however, the number is quite limited. Here, we used a locally established, coconut genome-wide SSR prediction bioinformatics pipeline to generate a vast amount of coconut SSR markers. RESULTS: A total of 7139 novel SSR markers were derived from the genome assembly of coconut 'Catigan Green Dwarf' (CATD). A subset of the markers, amounting to 131, were selected for synthesis based on motif filtering, contig distribution, product size exclusion, and success of in silico PCR in the CATD genome assembly. The OligoAnalyzer tool was also employed using the following desired parameters: %GC, 40-60%; minimum ΔG value for hairpin loop, -0.3 kcal/mol; minimum ΔG value for self-dimer, -0.9 kcal/mol; and minimum ΔG value for heterodimer, -0.9 kcal/mol. We have successfully synthesized, optimized, and amplified 131 novel SSR markers in coconut using 'Catigan Green Dwarf' (CATD), 'Laguna Tall' (LAGT), 'West African Tall' (WAT), and SYNVAR (LAGT × WAT) genotypes. Of the 131 SSR markers, 113 were polymorphic among the analyzed coconut genotypes. CONCLUSION: The development of novel SSR markers for coconut will serve as a valuable resource for mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs), assessment of genetic diversity and population structure, hybridity testing, and other marker-assisted plant breeding applications.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in patients with cystic fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic life-threatening disease. In patients who suffer from chronic disease, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with functional impairment that can affect adherence to treatment and consequently influence prognosis. METHODS: CF patients filled in the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) adapted to the DSM5 and were assessed on a continuous performance task (MOXO-CPT), a standardized-computerized test designed to evaluate several domains of attention. RESULTS: Of the 175 patients (99 males), 18% presented ADHD symptoms, according to ADHD-RS; 16% in the younger group (<18years), and 18.9% in the adult group. The male to female ratio was 3:1 in children and 1:1 in adults. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of ADHD symptoms in patients with CF is substantially higher than in the general population and should be recognized as a co-morbidity of CF. As ADHD can impair adherence to therapy, further research is needed to investigate the effect of ADHD therapy on adherence.

Implicaciones acerca de los beneficios y/o consecuencias del empleo el mercurio en odontología / Implications about the benefits and / or consequences of the use of mercury in dentistry

Hace muchos años comenzó la utilización del mercurio como un componente en un sin número de áreas que involucraron desde efectos afrodisiacos, hasta llegar al campo de la Odontología en tiempos antes de Cristo. Dicho metal comenzó a tener mucho auge debido a las propiedades que se creían que éste poseía, pero con el correr del tiempo, comenzó a observarse una serie de reacciones adversas en quienes utilizaban éste metal, cuando permanecían en íntimo contacto. Es por eso que muchas instituciones y organismos comenzaron una serie de investigaciones en defensa de la salud y el ambiente, y se comenzó a difundir artículos y publicaciones realizadas con o sin fundamento científico, y en muchos casos con fines comerciales. Se sabe que el mercurio junto con otros metales (plata, estaño, cobre y zinc), dan como resultado la amalgama dental. Dicho material restaurador ha sido utilizado por sin número personas alrededor del mundo por más de 150 años; así de antigua es también la preocupación por la presencia del mercurio en ésta; actualmente continúa utilizándose debido a factores muy importantes que en nuestro país lo hacen uno de los materiales restauradores de primer escoge. Dicho factores incluyen entre otras la durabilidad, bajo costo con respecto a otros materiales, la facilidad de manipulación y su uso tanto en niños como en adultos. Es por este motivo que se hace necesaria una recolección de información científica-comprobada que pueda generar un mejor criterio de los beneficios, implicaciones o complicaciones que puede generar el uso del metal en este campo, Paracelso en el siglo XV puntualizó el dilema básico con el que ahora se determina los efectos tóxicos del mercurio de la amalgama dental en los humanos: "todas los elementos son venenosos. No hay uno que no sea venenoso, la dosis correcta hace la diferencia entre un veneno y una cura"(1). Es a partir de esta afirmación que se pretende establecer cuál es la dosis que provoque una reacción de hipersensibilidad o toxicidad y cual no lo hace. Con esta investigación, se procurará aclarar las interrogantes existentes en relación al uso de este metal, como también diferenciar y conocer los compuestos de mercurio existentes, sus múltiples usos, y los que tienen más potencial tóxico, para que el clínico con un mayor criterio y conocimiento pueda ofrecer al paciente la seguridad de brindar un material restaurador que garantice la satisfacción del paciente.

Many years ago the use of mercury began as a component in a number of areas that involved everything from aphrodisiac effects, to the field of Dentistry in times before Christ. This metal began to have a great boom due to the properties that it was believed to possess, but with the passage of time, a series of adverse reactions began to be observed in those who used this metal, when they remained in intimate contact. That is why many institutions and organizations began a series of investigations in defense of health and the environment, and articles and publications made with or without scientific basis began to be disseminated, and in many cases for commercial purposes. Mercury along with other metals (silver, tin, copper, and zinc) are known to result in dental amalgam. This restorative material has been used by countless people around the world for more than 150 years; This is how old the concern about the presence of mercury is also; Currently it continues to be used due to very important factors that in our country make it one of the first choice restorative materials. These factors include, among others, durability, low cost compared to other materials, ease of handling and its use in both children and adults. It is for this reason that it is necessary to collect scientific-proven information that can generate a better criterion of the benefits, implications or complications that the use of metal can generate in this field.Paracelsus in the 15th century pointed out the basic dilemma with the which now determines the toxic effects of mercury from dental amalgam in humans: "all elements are poisonous. There is not one that is not poisonous, the correct dose makes the difference between a poison and a cure "(1). It is from this statement that it is intended to establish which is the dose that causes a hypersensitivity or toxicity reaction and which does not. With this research, an attempt will be made to clarify the existing questions in relation to the use of this metal, as well as to differentiate and know the existing mercury compounds, their multiple uses, and those with more toxic potential, so that the clinician with greater judgment and knowledge can offer the patient the security of providing a restorative material that guarantees patient satisfaction.

Síndrome premenstrual y piridoxina: ¿alternativa terapéutica? / Pre-menstrual syndrome and pyridoxine: A therapeutic alternative?

En 1987, 38 pacientes con síndrome premenstrual fueron estudiadas en dos grupos de 19 pacientes cada uno. Uno de los grupos ingirió piridoxina a las dosis de 100 mg diarios durante dos ciclos menstruales consecutivos mientras el otro grupo ingirió placebo a la misma dosis con cápsulas macroscópicamente iguales haciéndose un estudio prospectivo doblemente ciego. La mejoría de los síntomas (mastodinia, cefalea, tensión emocional, distensión abdominal y edema) varió de 33.3 a 71.4% con piridoxina y de 33.3 a 66.6% con el placebo, reflejando una Chi2 de 0.48 con una p<0.5, lo cual no tiene diferencia significativa.