ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Rickettsioses are vector-borne emerging diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genera Rickettsia and Orientia . Bacteria of these genera have been described in northern and southern Chile, respectively. AIM: To determine the presence of Rickettsia spp. in ticks collected from domestic dog in Rapa Nui-Easter Island, Valparaíso Region. METHODS: 20 stray dogs were sampled during October 2018. Overall, eight adult ticks were collected from seven animals (prevalence: 35%); after morphological identification, were submitted to DNA extraction and amplification and sequencing of the tick mitochondrial 16S DNA gene. The screening for Rickettsia was performed targeting the gltA (citrate synthetase) gene. RESULTS: A phylogenetic analysis confirmed the identity of the ticks as Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto. In two ticks (25%), we retrieved identical sequences of gltA compatible with " Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae", which formed a monophyletic group with conspecific isolates obtained in Brazil, Chile and Peru. CONCLUSION: This study proves the presence of " Ca . R. andeanae" in R. sanguineus s. s. at Rapa Nui-Easter Island, which also corresponds to the first report of this Rickettsia spp. in R. sanguineus complex for Chile.
Subject(s)
Dog Diseases , Ixodidae , Rhipicephalus sanguineus , Rickettsia Infections , Rickettsia , Animals , Dogs , Phylogeny , Rickettsia/genetics , Rickettsia Infections/veterinaryABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN: Las rickettsiosis son enfermedades emergentes transmitidas por vectores artrópodos cuyos agentes etiológicos corresponden a bacterias patógenas del género Rickettsia y Orientia . Bacterias de este género han sido descritas en el norte y sur de Chile. OBJETIVO: Determinar presencia de Rickettsia spp. en garrapatas colectadas a partir de perros domésticos en Rapa Nui-Isla de Pascua, Región de Valparaíso. MÉTODOS: Fueron muestreados 20 perros callejeros durante octubre del año 2018. Se colectaron ocho garrapatas adultas desde siete animales (prevalencia: 35%); luego de su identificación taxonómica fueron sometidas a amplificación y secuenciación del gen ADNm 16S para garrapata y gltA (citrato sintetasa) para Rickettsia . RESULTADOS: Todos los ejemplares de garrapatas adultas correspondieron genéticamente a Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto lo cual fue confirmado mediante un análisis filogenético. En dos garrapatas (25%) se encontraron secuencias idénticas de gltA compatibles con " Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae", que formaron un clado monofilético con aislados obtenidos en Brasil, Chile y Perú. CONCLUSIÓN: Se documenta la presencia de " Ca. R. andeanae" s. s. en Rapa Nui-Isla de Pascua, asociado por primera vez a garrapatas del complejo R. sanguineus en Chile.
BACKGROUND: Rickettsioses are vector-borne emerging diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genera Rickettsia and Orientia . Bacteria of these genera have been described in northern and southern Chile, respectively. AIM: To determine the presence of Rickettsia spp. in ticks collected from domestic dog in Rapa Nui-Easter Island, Valparaíso Region. METHODS: 20 stray dogs were sampled during October 2018. Overall, eight adult ticks were collected from seven animals (prevalence: 35%); after morphological identification, were submitted to DNA extraction and amplification and sequencing of the tick mitochondrial 16S DNA gene. The screening for Rickettsia was performed targeting the gltA (citrate synthetase) gene. RESULTS: A phylogenetic analysis confirmed the identity of the ticks as Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto. In two ticks (25%), we retrieved identical sequences of gltA compatible with " Candidatus Rickettsia andeanae", which formed a monophyletic group with conspecific isolates obtained in Brazil, Chile and Peru. CONCLUSION: This study proves the presence of " Ca . R. andeanae" in R. sanguineus s. s. at Rapa Nui-Easter Island, which also corresponds to the first report of this Rickettsia spp. in R. sanguineus complex for Chile.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Rickettsia/genetics , Rickettsia Infections/veterinary , Rhipicephalus sanguineus/microbiology , Dog Diseases , PhylogenyABSTRACT
Introducción: El síndrome de burnout puede afectar a los estudiantes de manera similar que a los profesionales formales. Además del cansancio emocional, despersonalización y baja realización personal, se añade un cuarto componente en el contexto estudiantil: la emoción negativa frente al aprendizaje. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia del síndrome de burnout en estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Regional Autónoma de los Andes (UNIANDES), en Ecuador. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal, comparativo de 90 estudiantes, durante el semestre comprendido entre octubre de 2017 y marzo de 2018. Se estudiaron las variables edad, sexo, estado civil, número de hijos, vivienda compartida, trabajo extraacadémico y las dimensiones de la escala para la clasificación del síndrome de burnout: Agotamiento emocional, Despersonalización y Realización personal, según los criterios del Maslach Burnout Inventory. Conclusiones: El mayor nivel de síndrome de burnout fue el moderado, seguido del severo. Hubo una mayor frecuencia de estudiantes mujeres afectadas y con categoría de burnout moderado. Incluso a un nivel leve ya apareció agotamiento emocional y despersonalización entre los estudiantes. En cambio, la dimensión Realización personal del síndrome apareció en el nivel severo. Los estudiantes que tuvieron trabajo extraacadémico presentaron una prevalencia alta del síndrome de burnout(AU)
Introduction: Burnout syndrome can affect students in a similar way as formal professionals. In addition to emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and low personal fulfillment, a fourth component is added in the student context: negative emotion in the face of learning. Objective: To determine the presence of burnout syndrome in students of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the Regional Autonomous University of the Andes (UNIANDES), in Ecuador. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, comparative study of 90 students was carried out during the semester between October 2017 and March 2018. The variables age, sex, marital status, number of children, shared housing, extra-academic work and the dimensions of the scale for the classification of burnout syndrome: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal fulfillment, according to the criteria of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Conclusions: The highest level of burnout syndrome was moderate, followed by severe. There was a higher frequency of affected female students with a moderate burnout category. Even at a slight level, emotional exhaustion and depersonalization have already appeared among the students. Instead, the Personal Realization dimension of the syndrome appeared at the severe level. Students who had extra-academic work had a high prevalence of burnout syndrome(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Young Adult , Students, Medical , Burnout, Psychological/epidemiology , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies , Ecuador , Burnout, Psychological/prevention & control , Occupational GroupsABSTRACT
Murta and calafate have been traditionally used by indigenous and rural peoples of Chile. Research on murta and calafate has gained interest due to their attractive sensory properties as well as a global trend in finding new fruits with potential health benefits. The objective of this review was to summarize the potential use of murta and calafate as sources of nutraceuticals regarding both the traditional and the up-to-date scientific knowledge. A search of historical documents recorded in the Digital National Library as well as scientific articles in the Web of Science database were performed using combinations of keywords with the botanical nomenclature. Peer-reviewed scientific articles did meet the inclusion criteria (n = 38) were classified in phytochemicals (21 papers) and biological activity (17 papers). Murta and calafate are high oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)-value fruits and promising sources of natural antioxidants, antimicrobial, and vasodilator compounds with nutraceutical potential. The bioactivity of anthocyanin metabolites in murta and calafate must continue to be studied in order to achieve adequate information on the biological activity and health-promoting effects derived for the consumption of murta and calafate fruit.
ABSTRACT
Two experiments were conducted to examine the influence of kaolinite clay supplementation (0%, 1%, or 2% diet dry matter [DM] basis) on characteristics of digestion (Trial 1) and growth performance (Trial 2) in calf-fed Holstein steers fed a finishing diet. In Trial 1, 6 Holstein steers (539±15 kg) with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used to evaluate treatment effects on characteristics of digestion. Kaolinite clay supplementation decreased total tract DM digestion (linear effect, p<0.01) without effects (p≥0.10) on site and extent of digestion of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, starch and N, or ruminal microbial efficiency. There were no treatment effects on ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids molar proportions or estimated methane production. In Trial 2, 108 Holstein steers (132.4±5.6 kg) were used in a 308-d study to evaluate growth performance and carcass characteristics. There were no treatment effects (p>0.10) on average daily gain (ADG) and gain efficiency (ADG/dry matter intake). Kaolinite supplementation tended (linear effect, p = 0.08) to increase dietary net energy (NE) during the initial 112-d period. However, the overall (308-d) effect of supplementation dietary NE was not appreciable (p>0.20). However, due to the inertness of kaolinite, itself, the ratio of observed-to-expected dietary NE increased with kaolinite supplementation. This effect was more pronounced (linear effect, p 0.03) during the initial 224 d of the study. Overall (308 d), kaolinite supplementation tended to increase (linear effect, p = 0.07) dietary NE by 3% over expected. Kaolinite supplementation did not affect carcass weight, yield grade, longissimus area, kidney, pelvic and heart fat, and quality grade, but decreased (linear effect, p = 0.01) dressing percentage. It is concluded that kaolinite supplementation up to 2% of diet DM may enhance energetic efficiency of calf-fed Holstein steers in a manner independent of changes in characteristics of ruminal and total tract digestion.
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the effect of Candida norvegensis (C. norvegensis) viable yeast culture on in vitro ruminal fermentation of oat straw. Ruminal fluid was mixed with buffer solution (1:2) and anaerobically incubated with or without yeast at 39°C for 0, 4, 8, 16, and 24 h. A fully randomized design was used. There was a decrease in lactic acid (quadratic, p = 0.01), pH, (quadratic, p = 0.02), and yeasts counts (linear, p<0.01) across fermentation times. However, in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and ammonia-N increased across fermentation times (quadratic; p<0.01 and p<0.02, respectively). Addition of yeast cells caused a decrease in pH values compared over all fermentation times (p<0.01), and lactic acid decreased at 12 h (p = 0.05). Meanwhile, yeast counts increased (p = 0.01) at 12 h. C. norvegensis increased ammonia-N at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h (p<0.01), and IVDMD of oat straw increased at 8, 12, and 24 h (p<0.01) of fermentation. Yeast cells increased acetate (p<0.01), propionate (p<0.03), and butyrate (p<0.03) at 8 h, while valeriate and isovaleriate increased at 8, 12, and 24 h (p<0.01). The yeast did not affect cellulolytic bacteria (p = 0.05), but cellulolytic fungi increased at 4 and 8 h (p<0.01), whereas production of methane decreased (p<0.01) at 8 h. It is concluded that addition of C. norvegensis to in vitro oat straw fermentation increased ruminal fermentation parameters as well as microbial growth with reduction of methane production. Additionally, yeast inoculum also improved IVDMD.
ABSTRACT
El razonamiento clínico es la médula espinal de la práctica médica, en él confluyen los tres saberes: conocer, hacer y saber ser. Es la capacidad de observación, reflexión, inferencia, juicio integral de los problemas clínicos del paciente. Hay diversas definiciones y enfoques del concepto de razonamiento clínico: Facultad que permite resolver problemas médicos, extraer conclusiones y aprender de manera consciente de los hechos, estableciendo conexiones causales y lógicas necesarias entre ellos. Algunos autores consideran que es una combinación entre el razonamiento hipotético-deductivo y el reconocimiento de patrones. Surgen preguntas e inquietudes como ser ¿Cómo enseñamos esta competencia, los médicos, a nuestros discípulos?, ¿Se puede realmente enseñar?, ¿Se puede estimular su desarrollo?, ¿Cómo hacerlo?. Existen métodos establecidos para llegar a un diagnóstico, sin embargo estos métodos no son reproducibles en especial por estudiantes o residentes con poca experiencia clínica. Tradicionalmente los métodos de razonamiento clínico se han clasificado en el analítico o hipotético-deductivo y el no analítico o de Patrón. En el presente artículo se pondera el hecho de que los métodos analíticos y no analíticos no son mutuamente excluyentes, en cambio se consideran sinérgicos, por tal motivo se propone un método combinado exhaustivo.
Clinical reasoning is the backbone of medical practice, it converge the three knowledge: Knowing, doing and knowing being. It is the power of observation, reflection, inference, comprehensive view of the clinical problems of the patient. There are various defmitions and approaches the concept of clinical reasoning: Faculty that allows solving medical problems, drawing conclusions and consciously learning the facts, establishing necessary causal and logical connections between them. Some authors consider that it is a combination of hypothetical-deductive reasoning and pattern recognition. Questions and concerns such as how do we teach this competence, doctors, to our disciples? Can we really teach? Can we encourage their development?, How to do it?. Methods are established to reach a diagnosis, however these methods are not reproducible in particular students or residents with limited clinical experience. Traditionally methods of clinical reasoning have been classified in the analytical or deductive-hypothetical and no analytical or pattern.This article considers that analytical and non-analytical methods are not mutually exclusive, however are considered synergistic, that's why a comprehensive combined weighted method is proposed.
ABSTRACT
El adenocarcinoma ductal de próstata es una variante histológica rara que se presenta solo en un 0,2 a 0,8 % de los carcinomas de próstata, siendo más frecuente en pacientes de edad avanzada y se manifiesta con datos de obstrucción y hematuria. Por lo infrecuente de esta variante histológica se hace la revisión del siguiente caso. Paciente de 64 años de edad que acude por sintomatología obstructiva prostática sin antecedentes patológicos relevantes, con un examen digital rectal normal, en la ecografía se evidencia una próstata de 60 gramos y tamaño ligeramente aumentado, los valores del antígeno prostático específico fueron normales, se realizó una prostatectomía retropúbica con diagnóstico clínico de hiperplasia prostática obstructiva, el estudio de anatomía patológica identificó adenocarcinoma ductal de próstata. La principal dificultad para el diagnóstico de esta entidad es la ausencia de hallazgos clínicos, laboratoriales y de gabinete a favor de proceso neoplásico maligno.
Ductal adenocarcinoma prostate is a rare histological variant that occurs only in 0.2 to 0.8% of prostate carcinomas, being more frequent in elderly patients and manifests with hematuria and obstruction data. This uncommon histological variant was observed a will be presented in this article 64 years old patient with obstructive prostatic symptoms with no relevant medical history, normal digital rectal examination, ultrasound result was 60 grams prostate and was slightly enlarged, PSA (Antígeno Prostático Específico) value was normal, surgery: retropubic prostatectomy with clinical diagnosis of obstructive prostatic hyperplasia, pathology result was ductal adenocarcinoma prostate. The main difficulty in the diagnosis of this condition is the absence of clinical, laboratory that concludes malignant neoplastic process findings.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: In the workup of tumors of unknown primary origin in women, a frequent consideration is breast carcinoma, because it is common and may initially present as metastasis. OBJECTIVE: Describe and compare the immunohistochemical profile of hormonal receptors (estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor) and GCDFP-15 in lymph node metastatic breast carcinoma according the histological grade. METHODS: Retrospective study analyzing 30 patients with identified primary breast cancer and lymph node metastasis. The cases were divided in three groups: grade I (well differentiated), grade II (moderately differentiated) and grade III (poorly differentiated). We used three antibodies (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and GCDFP-15) in the lymph node and compare the expression according the histological grade. RESULTS: In metastatic lymph node from grade I breast carcinomas the hormone receptors were 100% positive and GCDFP-15 was 80% positive. In grade II, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor were positive in 90 and 40% respectively, and GCDFP-15 was positive in 80%. In grade III, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor were positive in 30 and 50% respectively, and GCDFP-15 in 60%. CONCLUSIONS: The immunohistochemical expression of hormonal receptors and GCDFP-15 in metastatic breast carcinoma is related to histological grade in the breast.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms/chemistry , Breast Neoplasms/pathology , Carrier Proteins/analysis , Glycoproteins/analysis , Receptors, Estrogen/analysis , Receptors, Progesterone/analysis , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Immunohistochemistry , Membrane Transport Proteins , Middle Aged , Neoplasm Metastasis , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Involvement of the tongue by a synovial sarcoma (SS) is an extremely rare event; there have only been 13 cases previously reported. The authors present herein a case of monophasic SS arising in the tongue in a 32-year-old woman. The neoplasm expressed cytokeratins AE1-3, OSCAR, and EMA as well as Bcl-2 and TLE1. Molecular analysis indicated that the patient tested positive for the SYT/SS2 fusion transcript.
Subject(s)
Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics , Pathology, Molecular/methods , Sarcoma, Synovial/diagnosis , Tongue Neoplasms/diagnosis , Adult , Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism , Cell Proliferation , Co-Repressor Proteins , Female , Humans , Keratin-3/metabolism , Mucin-1/metabolism , Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism , Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism , Repressor Proteins/metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Sarcoma, Synovial/genetics , Sarcoma, Synovial/metabolism , Tongue/pathology , Tongue/surgery , Tongue Neoplasms/genetics , Tongue Neoplasms/metabolismABSTRACT
Los tumores del estroma gastrointestinal "GIST", son neoplasias con potencial de invasión y metástasis; constituyen un reto diagnostico tanto clínico-quirúrgico como histopatológico e inmunohistoquimico, debido a que la presentación clínica, características histológicas e inmunofenotipo, pueden no ser patognomónicas, lo que nos lleva a plantearnos una serie de diagnósticos diferenciales que no solo involucran la estirpe mesenquimatosa sino también epitelial; por lo cual el diagnostico definitivo debe ser multidisciplinario . Los términos usados en el diagnostico histopatológico como: Tumor del Estroma Gastrointestinal, comúnmente crean conflictos cognitivos y las preguntas obvias ¿Son benignos o malignos?, ¿Tienen capacidad de invasión y/o metástasis?, por lo cual es pertinente la aclaración de las definiciones de los conceptos de manera precisa y concisa para aplicarlos significativamente en el diagnostico precoz y tratamiento oportuno del paciente con GIST.
The gastrointestinal stromal tumor "GIST, are neoplasias with invasión and methastasis potential; they represent a diagnostic challenge as a clinical-surgical; histopathologic and inmunohistochemistral matter, because of it's characteristic type of presentation that can be no pathonomonic, making making us think about diferencial diagnosis involring mesenquimatosis species and also epitelial; because of this the final diagnosis must be multidisiplinary. The terms used for histophatological diagnose like: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor, frecuently generate cognitive conflicts and the obvius questions: Are they benign or malign?. Do they have invasien and/or methastasis potencial?, because of this a correct, concise and precise definition of the concepts is important apply in the concise early diagnose and treatment on GIST patients.
ABSTRACT
El acceso de la población a medicamentos eficaces, seguros, de calidad y a precio asequible, se acostumbra abordar por la autoridad técnico administrativa de salud desde una perspectiva económica y sanitaria, sin dar cuenta del impacto social y de posibles violaciones a derechos ciudadanos que ocurren cuando, por distintas razones, el Estado no da satisfacción adecuada a las necesidades que la población tiene de atención de salud y acceso a medicamentos cuando estos se requieren. Se advierte sobre la necesidad de explorar la realidad nacional en materia de acceso a medicamentos y su relación con derechos establecidos en el orden jurídico vigente. Se analizan las normas pertinentes.. Se Hacen algunas consideraciones sobre la equidad en salud y luego se extiende el análisis sobre el comportamiento del mercado en materia de gasto en medicamentos y precios de ellos. Se concluye que si bien hay importantes avances en materia de derechos ciudadanos en lo referente a un mayor acceso a medicamentos - particularmente bajo los nuevos beneficios establecidos en la Ley de Garantías Explícitas Nº19.966 - persisten grados de discriminación en el acceso oportuno a medicamentos de calidad garantizada a precio asequible, como resultado de inequidades estructurales y del comportamiento del mercado farmacéutico, al cual pretende dar respuesta regulatoria una Política Nacional de Medicamentos, aún en incipiente proceso de desarrollo
