A novel method for DNA delivery into bacteria using cationic copolymers.

Amphiphilic copolymers have a wide variety of medical and biotechnological applications, including DNA transfection in eukaryotic cells. Still, no polymer-primed transfection of prokaryotic cells has been described. The reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymer synthesis technique and the reversible deactivation radical polymerization variants allow the design of polymers with well-controlled molar mass, morphology, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity ratios. RAFT was used to synthesize two amphiphilic copolymers containing different ratios of the amphiphilic poly[2-(dimethyl-amino) ethyl methacrylate] and the hydrophobic poly [methyl methacrylate]. These copolymers bound to pUC-19 DNA and successfully transfected non-competent Escherichia coli DH5α, with transformation efficiency in the range of 103 colony-forming units per µg of plasmid DNA. These results demonstrate prokaryote transformation using polymers with controlled amphiphilic/hydrophobic ratios.

A novel method for DNA delivery into bacteria using cationic copolymers

Amphiphilic copolymers have a wide variety of medical and biotechnological applications, including DNA transfection in eukaryotic cells. Still, no polymer-primed transfection of prokaryotic cells has been described. The reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymer synthesis technique and the reversible deactivation radical polymerization variants allow the design of polymers with well-controlled molar mass, morphology, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity ratios. RAFT was used to synthesize two amphiphilic copolymers containing different ratios of the amphiphilic poly[2-(dimethyl-amino) ethyl methacrylate] and the hydrophobic poly [methyl methacrylate]. These copolymers bound to pUC-19 DNA and successfully transfected non-competent Escherichia coli DH5α, with transformation efficiency in the range of 103 colony-forming units per µg of plasmid DNA. These results demonstrate prokaryote transformation using polymers with controlled amphiphilic/hydrophobic ratios.

Where do we aspire to publish? A position paper on scientific communication in biochemistry and molecular biology.

The scientific publication landscape is changing quickly, with an enormous increase in options and models. Articles can be published in a complex variety of journals that differ in their presentation format (online-only or in-print), editorial organizations that maintain them (commercial and/or society-based), editorial handling (academic or professional editors), editorial board composition (academic or professional), payment options to cover editorial costs (open access or pay-to-read), indexation, visibility, branding, and other aspects. Additionally, online submissions of non-revised versions of manuscripts prior to seeking publication in a peer-reviewed journal (a practice known as pre-printing) are a growing trend in biological sciences. In this changing landscape, researchers in biochemistry and molecular biology must re-think their priorities in terms of scientific output dissemination. The evaluation processes and institutional funding for scientific publications should also be revised accordingly. This article presents the results of discussions within the Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, on this subject.

Where do we aspire to publish? A position paper on scientific communication in biochemistry and molecular biology

The scientific publication landscape is changing quickly, with an enormous increase in options and models. Articles can be published in a complex variety of journals that differ in their presentation format (online-only or in-print), editorial organizations that maintain them (commercial and/or society-based), editorial handling (academic or professional editors), editorial board composition (academic or professional), payment options to cover editorial costs (open access or pay-to-read), indexation, visibility, branding, and other aspects. Additionally, online submissions of non-revised versions of manuscripts prior to seeking publication in a peer-reviewed journal (a practice known as pre-printing) are a growing trend in biological sciences. In this changing landscape, researchers in biochemistry and molecular biology must re-think their priorities in terms of scientific output dissemination. The evaluation processes and institutional funding for scientific publications should also be revised accordingly. This article presents the results of discussions within the Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, on this subject.

Properties of St I and St II, two isotoxins isolated from Stichodactyla helianthus: a comparison.

Sticholysins I and II are two highly hemolytic polypeptides purified from the Caribbean Sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus. Their high sequence homology (93%) indicates that they correspond to isoforms of the same hemolysin. The spectroscopic measurements show a close similarity in the secondary structure content, conformation and stability of both toxins. Exposure of the toxins to high pHs (>11), a free radical source (AAPH), urea or temperature produce permanent changes in the toxin that lead to a significant loss of HA. It is significant to note that this loss of hemolytic activity occurs when other indicators, probably with the only exception of near-UV CD spectra, barely detect changes in the protein structure. This emphasizes the sensitivity of the protein function to changes in the macromolecule conformation. The most noticeable difference between both toxins is the considerably higher activity of St II, both measured in terms of erythrocyte internal K(+) exit or hemolysis; which is related to enthalpic factors. This difference is not due to an incomplete association of St I to the membrane. We consider then that the different pore forming capacity of both toxins in erythrocytes can be explained in terms of the difference in charge of the N-terminal fragment, than can considerably reduce the St I insertion rate in the membrane probably due to the negatively charged outer leaflet of the red blood cell, without a significant reduction of its capacity to bind to the cell membrane. This electrostatic effect, together with a slightly more relaxed structure in St II, could explain the higher pore forming capacity of St II in the red blood cell membrane.

Requirement of the hinge domain for dimerization of Ca2+-ATPase large cytoplasmic portion expressed in bacteria.

The large cytoplasmic domain of rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase was overexpressed in Escherichia coli as a 48 kDa fusion protein, designated p48, containing an N-terminal hexa-His tag. Purification conditions were optimized, thus conferring long-term stability to p48. Circular dichroism spectroscopy and the pattern of limited trypsinolysis confirmed the proper folding of the domain. p48 retained 0.5 +/- 0.1 mol of high affinity 2',3'-O-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate (TNP-ATP) binding sites per mol of polypeptide chain with an apparent dissociation constant of about 8 microM. Size-exclusion FPLC using protein concentrations in the range 0.03 5 mg/ml showed that p48 was essentially monodisperse with apparent molecular mass and Stokes radius (Rs) values compatible with a dimer (100 kDa and 40 A, respectively). Analysis of p48 by small-angle X-ray scattering provided an independent second proof for a dimeric p48 particle with a radius of gyration (Rg) of 39 A, suggesting that the dimer was not spherical (Rs/Rg = 1.026). When digested by proteinase K, p48 was converted to a 30 kDa fragment, designated p30, which was very resistant to further proteolysis. p30 retained high affinity TNP-ATP binding (Kd = 8 microM) and eluted as a monomer (35 kDa) in size-exclusion FPLC. As opposed to p48, the p30 fragment did not react with monoclonal antibody A52 [Clarke et al., J. Biol. Chem. 264 (1989) 11246-11251] which recognizes region E657-R672 located upstream of the hinge domain of the Ca2+-ATPase. These results indicate a requirement of the hinge domain (670-728) region for self-association of the p48 large hydrophilic domain as a dimer. We propose that this behavior points to a possible role of the hinge domain in dimerization of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase in the native membrane.