ABSTRACT
[reaction: see text] A surprising and synthetically useful counterion-dependent reversal of diastereoselectivity was found in 1,2-additions of hard carbon nucleophiles to C(6)-heterosubstituted cyclohexenones. In general, Grignard reagents added syn to the C(6)-substituent and Li reagents added anti, although some exceptions were found. Selectivities could be increased in some cases by appropriate choice of solvent and/or cosolvent.
Subject(s)
Hydrocarbons, Cyclic/chemistry , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry , Carbazoles , Cyclohexanones/chemistry , Diterpenes , Indoles/chemistry , Lithium/chemistry , Magnesium Compounds/chemistry , Molecular Conformation , Molecular Structure , Pyrroles/chemistry , Spiro Compounds/chemistry , StereoisomerismABSTRACT
Issues surrounding the implementation of the integration imperative during infancy and early childhood present formidable challenges to education and community providers. Key among these issues is how professionals provide high-quality services to young children with disabilities in mainstream environments. This article explores current issues related to integration and reexamines the concept of "best practices" as it applies to mainstreaming during the early childhood years. The author recommends an integrated set of indicators for high-quality programs and describes an outcomes-based process for making administrative and pedagogical decisions.
Subject(s)
Mainstreaming, Education/methods , Child, Preschool , Humans , Infant , United StatesABSTRACT
Characteristics of users and nonusers of respite care services were investigated in a sample of 105 biological mothers of children evidencing mild/moderate or severe/profound disabilities. Analyses revealed a low level of service use across groups and no significant difference between groups, despite significantly higher levels of reported stress among mothers of children with more severe disabilities. Results also indicated that marital status and the child's level of functioning were related to reported levels of depression, social support, and personal well being. The discrepancy between demonstrated need and service utilization was highlighted in the discussion.
Subject(s)
Home Nursing/psychology , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Mothers/psychology , Respite Care/psychology , Activities of Daily Living , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Social Adjustment , Social SupportABSTRACT
The concurrent validity of the adapted version of Holroyd's (1982) short form of the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress (QRS) was examined with a sample of 103 mothers of children with mild to severe disabilities. A correlation matrix was generated using the QRS adapted short form total, its seven component factors, and six criterion measures. Results revealed significant relations among the criterion measures and their target factors as well as concurrence for the internal validity of the instrument.
Subject(s)
Disabled Persons/psychology , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Mothers/psychology , Psychological Tests , Social Environment , Social Support , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Adaptation, Psychological , Adolescent , Adult , Affective Symptoms/psychology , Brain Damage, Chronic/psychology , Cerebral Palsy/psychology , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , MaleABSTRACT
A three-step process was employed to develop a psychometrically stronger version of the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress-Short Form (QRS-SF, Holroyd, 1982). Using a sample of 189 parents whose children were handicapped or developing normally, I shortened the 66-item short form to a 48-item version. Factor and item analyses revealed that the adapted QRS-SF is comprised of 7 factors, with each evidencing acceptable reliability coefficients. Strengths and limitations of this tool were discussed as were directions for future research.
Subject(s)
Disabled Persons , Parents/psychology , Social Environment , Social Support , Stress, Psychological/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Child, Preschool , Disabled Persons/psychology , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Female , Humans , Infant , Intellectual Disability/psychology , Male , Middle Aged , PsychometricsABSTRACT
The internal consistency of the short-form of the Questionnaire on Resources and Stress (Holroyd, 1982) was examined using a sample of 189 parents of handicapped and nonhandicapped children. Reliability and factor analysis procedures revealed psychometric weaknesses across scales and a factor structure discrepant with that originally postulated by Holroyd. Eight factors were identified and described. Results were compared with the scale configurations proposed by Holroyd. Positive outcomes were discussed regarding the clinical value of the instrument for assessing stress and resources in families and the 8-factor retention of many, if not all, of the items from the scales of the short form. Suggestions for needed research were presented.
