The effect of climate changes on incidence of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo; a systematic review with meta-analysis of 16144 patients.

BACKGROUND: There were controversial findings in terms of the association between the incidence of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) and climate changes, so the current systematic review plus meta-analysis is designed to discover this possible relationship. METHODS: Web of science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Embase, and Cochrane library were systematically searched up to August 2023. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) and Problem/Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome (PICO) guidelines were used. Two authors independently reviewed the eligible articles and assessed the quality of them. RESULTS: In total, 15 studies including 16144 patients met the inclusion criteria. Ten studies reported the relation of BPPV to monthly mean temperature, 7 to monthly average humidity, 4 to monthly average rainfall, 6 to monthly sunlight time, and 2 to average solar radiation. The incidence of BPPV was associated significantly with atmospheric pressure (P: 0.003) and rainfall (P: 0.017). However, there was not any statistically significant correlation between incidence of BPPV and humidity, sunlight time, temperature, and solar radiation level (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of BPPV was higher in cold months of a year in both northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere countries. Although it can be because of negative correlation with temperature, the current meta-analysis did not find any statistically significant negative correlation with temperature. In addition, the incidence of BPPV was associated significantly with atmospheric pressure (positive correlation) and rainfall (negative correlation).

Comparison of Essential and Toxic Metals Levels in some Herbal Teas: a Systematic Review.

In the present study, we reviewed the literature as a systematic review to investigate the concentration of some metals (essential, none essential, and toxic metals) in herbal teas and their health risks. The search extended the literature from the database, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus, using the terms "herbal teas" combined with "heavy metals, essential metals, thyme, rosemary, chamomile, and tea" also with "iron, zinc, aluminum, chromium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, arsenic, cadmium, and lead" in titles and abstracts. The search was limited to articles published from 2012 to 2023 years. Initially, 212 articles were found; by detailed consideration, only 49 papers fit the inclusion criteria and were selected for further study. The mean of metal concentration, standard deviation, data distribution, and sample size were applied to generate data from the articles. The results indicated that all commonly consumed herbal teas included metals. None of them meet the requirements of the WHO requirements. However, more than 70% of their health risks are acceptable. The risks of arsenic and lead in tea and cadmium in black tea were considerably higher than in others. According to the review results, it is important to prevent heavy metal contamination of herbal teas by modifying cultivation patterns and also to prevent to consumption of low-quality herbal teas.

Isotherm and kinetic studies on adsorption of gasoline and kerosene using jujube and barberry tree stem powder and commercially available activated carbon.

Herein, the application of granular activated carbon, jujube, and barberry tree stem powder for the removal of gasoline and kerosene from water was investigated. Kerosene removal rates upwards of 68.48, 83.87, and 99.02% were achieved using jujube tree stem powder, barberry tree stem powder, and granular activated carbon, respectively. Besides, gasoline removal rates upwards of 69.35, 55.02, and 95.59% were attained using jujube tree stem powder, barberry tree stem powder, and granular activated carbon, respectively. Isotherm data were further investigated and fitted using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Elovich models. The results indicated that the adsorption onto jujube adsorbent is a multilayer adsorption process over a heterogeneous surface, which is best illustrated by the Temkin (Ave. R2= 0.95) model. It was found that the Temkin isotherm (Ave. R2= 0.81) best describes the properties of barberry stem powder in the adsorption of gasoline and kerosene from water. Moreover, the best models to describe the characteristics of granular activated carbon in the adsorption of gasoline and kerosene from water were Freundlich (Ave. R2= 0.74) and Langmuir (Ave. R2= 0.73) isotherms, respectively. The adsorption kinetics showed that the pseudo-second-order was appropriate in modeling the adsorption kinetics of gasoline and kerosene to the studied adsorbents (R2>0.74).

The objective of this study was to identify the potential of agricultural biowastes derived biosorbents to remove petroleum products from contaminated water. Previously, jujube and barberry tree wastes had not been used to remove petroleum pollutants. Moreover, in this research agricultural wastes were used without any processing or energy consumption and all experiments were performed at water pH, so there was no need to add chemicals to adjust the pH.

Decolorization, COD and turbidity removal of the raw vinasse effluent by a one-step electro-oxidation process on a Pb/PbO2 anode.

In this research, and for the first time, the application of anode Pb/PbO2 (prepared from combined thermal oxidation and electrochemical oxidation method) and steel cathode in a flow sample electrochemical treatment process of vinasse and in the wastewater of alcohol factories, has been investigated. The combination of electrodes of Pb/PbO2 as an anode, steel, and/or graphite as a cathode was used in the proposed electrochemical treatment setup. The efficiency of the proposed electrochemical treatment was determined by the removal percentage of chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity and color of vinasse samples. The response surface method (RSM) by Minitab 18 was used to determine the effect of the studied factors as well as to detect the relationship between variables. The results showed that under optimum conditions (Pb/PbO2 electrode as the anode and steel electrode as the cathode, a voltage of 30 V, pH 6.5, and reaction time of 45 min), the percentage reduction values of COD, turbidity and color were 97.7, 77.3 and 92.7%, respectively.

Introducing a simple and cost-effective RT-PCR protocol for detection of DPYD*2A polymorphism: the first study in Kurdish population.

PURPOSE: Fluoropyrimidines, the major chemotherapeutic agents in various malignancies treatment, are metabolized by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD). DPD deficiency can lead to severe and sometimes fatal toxicity. In the present study, we developed a simple protocol to detect the DPYD*2A variant. Common side effects in patients treated with these drugs were also evaluated in a Kurdish population. METHOD: We established a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique for detection of DPYD*2A. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the results. 121 Kurdish patients receiving fluoropyrimidine derivatives were enrolled, and clinical information regarding the dosage and toxicity was analyzed. RESULTS: Our RT-PCR method was able to detect one patient with heterozygous state for DPYD*2A (0.8%). The most observed adverse drug reactions were tingling, nausea, and hair loss. The frequency of patients with the toxicity of grade 3 or worse was 6.6%. CONCLUSION: This was the first study that detect DPYD*2A polymorphism in the Kurdish population. Our method was successfully able to detect the DPYD*2A variant and, due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, it may be considered as an alternative to the current methods, especially in developing countries. Our detected polymorphism rate at 0.8% is comparable with other studies. Despite the low rate of DPYD*2A polymorphism, pharmacogenetics assessment before beginning the treatment process is highly recommended due to its association with a high risk of severe toxicity.

Fabrication of ZnO/y-FeOOH nanoparticles embedded on the polyethylene terephthalate membrane: Evaluation of antifouling behavior and COD removal.

Nanofiltration contributes to the development of advanced treatment of wastewater. An antifouling mixed matrix recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) membrane modified by the hydrophilic ZnO/y-FeOOH nanoparticles (NPs) was fabricated via the electrospinning method. The effect of ZnO/y-FeOOH NPS embedded in rPET as a modifier on the fabrication of nanocomposite membranes was investigated regarding water flux, membrane morphology, permeability, fouling resistance, and COD removal. The surface morphology of the rPET-ZnO/y-FeOOH membrane was evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), water contact angle (WCA), and porosity and pore structure.Due to the embedding of NPs, the resulting rPET-ZnO/y-FeOOH membrane, with a low WCA of 53.404° angle, conforms significantly improved hydrophilicity and water permeation flux. The FESEM image displayed the distribution of cuboidal and needle-like ZnO and FeOOH NPs on the rPET membrane. The performance of the nanofiltration system related to the removal efficiency of COD was studied. It was deduced that the rPET-ZnO/y-FeOOH membrane had a superior COD removal capability (95.7%) at a pressure of 2 bar. Protein rejection tests were performed on antifouling behavior. The nanocomposite membrane with a high antifouling capability was related to 0.5 wt·% ZnO/y-FeOOH NPs (flux recovery ratio [FRR] = 96.2%, Rr = 90.21%, and Rir = 3.001%). The modification procedure in this study (as a great improving technique) was proposed to fabricate the antifouling nanofiltration membrane.

Simultaneous reduction and adsorption of arsenite anions by green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using pomegranate peel extract.

PURPOSE: Arsenic is a toxic metalloid that is present in the environment as arsenate and arsenite anions. Exposure to arsenic anions caused skin problems, degenerative diseases, kidney, liver, and lung cancer. The synthesized iron nanoparticles (NPs) were examined as a green low-cost adsorbent for the removal of arsenite anions from aqueous solution via batch adsorption procedure. METHODS: Iron NPs were prepared in a single step by the reaction of Fe+3 0.01 M solution with a fresh aqueous solution of 2% w/v pomegranate peel extract (PPE) as both reducing and capping agents. The physicochemical properties of peel were investigated by some experiments and functional groups were determined by the FT-IR spectrum. The electrochemical behavior of PPE was studied using cyclic voltammetry on a glassy carbon electrode as produced a cathodic peak at range 120-400 mV. The progress of nZVI production was monitored by a decrease of 372 nm wavelength UV-Vis spectra of PPE. The 27 adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of solution pH, initial arsenite concentration, mass adsorbent, and contact time according to DOE. RESULTS: The rapid rate of adsorption was observed at 20-60 min, indicating that the principal mechanism dominating the sorption process was reduction and chemical adsorption. The arsenite removal efficiency was found to be dependent on the solution pH, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration, respectively. CONCLUSION: The experimental data show the ability of the synthesized iron NPs to remove arsenate from solution in both synthetic and polluted natural water. The thermodynamic study suggested the spontaneous and endothermic nature of adsorption of arsenite by green synthesized iron NPs. The iron NPs synthesized with PPE increased the removal of arsenite with an increase in the active surface, indicating some chemical interactions between the adsorbent and oxoanions.

Predicting anionic surfactant toxicity to Daphnia magna in aquatic environment: a green approach for evaluation of EC50 values.

The median effective concentration (EC50) is the concentration of a substance expected to produce a specific effect in 50% of the populations with a certain density under defined conditions. This parameter is expressed as an acute toxicity and is obtained via chemical toxicity testing. But, the laboratory work is time-consuming, expensive, and not eco-friendly. Therefore, to predict EC50 for new anionic surfactants, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) tool was studied for modeling the EC50 of anionic surfactants on Daphnia magna based on the molecular descriptors. The best model (R2 = 0.901 and F = 118.077, p<0.01) included 3 variables of the number of carbons, hydrogens, and the octanol-water partition coefficient logarithm. The main contribution to the toxicity was the octanol-water partition coefficient logarithm descriptor that had a negative effect on the toxicity of surfactants. The QSAR approach exhibited good results in predicting anionic surfactants EC50, which allows the building of a simple, valid, and interpretable model that can be utilized as potential tools for rapidly predicting the lnEC50 of new or untested anionic surfactants to Daphnia magna.

Dielectric barrier discharge plasma with photocatalysts as a hybrid emerging technology for degradation of synthetic organic compounds in aqueous environments: A critical review.

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma has been recently used for removal of synthetic organic compounds (SOCs) from aqueous environments. The removal of SOCs by alone DBD is significantly limited by its high electricity needs and inefficient mineralization, which affects the further application of DBD for SOCs. The combined application of DBD with other technologies and the addition of a supplementary substance for energy-saving were proposed to resolve these problems. The addition of catalysts is considered to be a promising and innovative approach to increase the energy yield of DBD, improve the environment friendly of DBD, develop the variety of goal SOCs, and improve the removal efficiency of DBD system. Despite the increasing use of the coupling form of DBD and catalysts, as catalytic dielectric barrier discharge (CDBD), but it still requires a comprehensive review to summarize the last studies and highlight the future perspectives in this area. Therefore, this work is the first literature review aimed to critically assess the latest developments of catalysts coupling with DBD employed in aqueous environments. Moreover, performance evaluation, energy yield, toxicity, eco-friendly, and future perspectives of the CDBD systems for SOCs removal were discussed and overviewed. The results showed that the coupling of catalysts with DBD presents synergistic effects and had excellent removal performance for aqueous SOCs. Overall, it can be concluded that the essential principles of environmental and economic sustainability have been addressed for the removal of persistent pollutants from aqueous environments in the CDBD systems.

Monitoring of Essential and Toxic Elements in Leaves, Branches, and Stem of Prosopis cineraria (as Anti-Inflammatory) Growing in Iran.

Prosopis cineraria is locally grown which scientific literature present evidence for its anti-inflammatory effect. Monitoring the content of toxic elements is one of the most important aspects to consider medicinal plants' safety before evaluating the pharmaceutical use. The aim of present study was to investigate the level of essential and toxic elements in the leaves, branches, and stem of Prosopis cineraria to assess its health risk. Samples were collected around Bandar Abbas, washed several times, and dried in air for 2 weeks. The dried samples were chopped with stainless steel knife to small pieces and powdered by electrical mortar. Some physical and chemical properties of samples were investigated by chemical methods. Samples were ashed by a programmable electric furnace at 650 °C for 6 h. Then samples were dissolved in 30% HNO3, and the content elements of each sample were determined by inductive coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The tests quality control and the measurement uncertainty were checked through the analysis of certified reference materials of SRM 1515 from NIST and solution standards. Correlation analysis of the obtained results showed a significant difference between leaves, branches, and stem of Prosopis cineraria so that the stem had the high essential and low toxic elements ones in comparison to other parts. The results revealed that the Prosopis cineraria stem is meeting health standards regarding the studied toxic metals.

Designing and modeling of a novel electrolysis reactor using porous cathode to produce H2O2 as an oxidant.

The entry of toxic organic pollutants and resistant to biodegradation has increased the concern about human health. The use of advanced oxidation (AO) processes to degrade these pollutants has been developing. One of the AO processes is based on the use of hydrogen peroxide in removing resistant organic pollutants. This study aimed to develop a new reactor capable of producing H2O2 in the solution. Therefore, a porous electrode made of stainless steel with the capability of air injection in the electrode center was used. The 30 cm rod graphite electrodes were also used as an anode electrode in a 4000 ml reactor. The effects of variables, including current density (30-40 mA/cm2), time (10-30 min), and electrolyte concentration (12-17 mM/L) on the amount of H2O2 production were evaluated by Box behenken design under response surface methodology using Design expert software. The results of this study showed that H2O2 can be produced at the electrode surface of porous cathode under optimal conditions of 36 mA/cm2 current density, 16 mM/l electrolyte concentration, in 23 min, and in the amount of 34 ppm. Using a porous cathode electrode causes the maximum contact among the solution, water, and air, and increases the production of H2O2. The release of resistant organic compounds to the waste water is a serious problem to the environment. By the application of the Electro-oxidation (EO)reactor with the ability to produce H2O2, this issue is resolved. Furthermore, this technique is applied for non-selective degradation of the toxic organic compounds. •The electro-oxidation process is a useful method for destruction of persistent organic matter from wastewater.•Due to use of porous cathode in this method, contact between the electrode and the sewage is at its maximum level which increases the efficiency and speed of sewage treatment.•This method can produce H2O2 as a high potential oxidant that can reduce persistent organic properties of sewage and make the wastewater suitable for biological treatment.

Evaluation of heavy metal concentration in imported black tea in Iran and consumer risk assessments.

Tea grows in the contaminated soils, absorbs the heavy metals, and enters them into the human food chain. The concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, As, and Hg of the imported black tea leaves to Hormozgan Province were evaluated by atomic absorption spectrometer. Then, the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) levels of heavy metal intakes were calculated to estimate the health hazard for consumers. The Pb, Cd, Cu, As, and Hg concentrations in the Sri Lankan and Indian blank tea were 0.14, 0.017, 11.29, 0.057, 0.0076 mg/kg, and 0.21, 0.02, 14.56, 0.067, 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. It was found that except for As concentration in Indian black tea were higher than Sri Lankan black tea. The HQ and HI levels of all studied metals were less than one, but they were higher in Indian black tea compared with the Sri Lankan black tea. The HI of Indian and Sri Lankan black tea samples were 0.061 and 0.048, respectively, which indicated no significant health hazard for tea consumers. The results showed that the consumption of the studied tea could not have any risk of heavy metal exposure.

Optimization and economic evaluation of modified coagulation-flocculation process for enhanced treatment of ceramic-tile industry wastewater.

Enhanced treatment of ceramic-tile industry wastewater was investigated by modified coagulation-flocculation process using combination of poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) with anionic (A300), cationic polymer (C270) and nonionic polymers. The effects of pH, PAC coagulant dose alone and with polymers dose in various combinations was studied by jar tests. To compare the removal efficiencies of turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and color at different levels, we run multivariate analysis of variance. Regarding the economic evaluation, we applied the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. PAC had the best performance in pH 7 and in optimal dose of 400 mg/L; so that removal efficiency of wastewater turbidity, TSS, COD and color were 99.63%, 99.7%, 47.5% and 50.38%, respectively. The best removal efficiency for wastewater turbidity, TSS, COD and color were 99.87%, 99.89%, 87.5% and 93.02%, respectively which were obtained by combination of anionic polymer (1.5 mg/L) with PAC (300 mg/L). Furthermore, with combination of PAC + anionic + non-ionic polymers, the removal efficiency for wastewater turbidity, TSS, COD and color were 99.93%, 99.94%, 88% and 94.57%, respectively. The imposed cost for treating one cubic meter of ceramic-tile wastewater treatment by PAC + anionic and PAC + anionic and non-ionic polymers in comparison with PAC alone was reduced to 22.96% and therefore economically more affordable for the tile industry wastewater treatment.

Bisacodyl removal from contaminated solution by synthesized mesoporous silica using experimental design method.

Most of the medicinal compounds are entered no change into municipal wastewater and more than 90% of it remains in the wastewater. Mesoporous silica is known as thermally stable materials with controllable porosity and morphology. It is specified that these materials possess external and internal surfaces that can be selectively adsorbed the various compounds. In the present study, the synthesized mesoporous silica was studied to remove bisacodyl from polluted solutions. Mesoporous silica was synthesized by simple chemical method from tetraethylorthosilicate, ethanol (C2H5OH) and deionized water at 70 °C temperature. Characteristic of synthesized mesoporous silica was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The effective parameters such as contact time, pH, adsorbate dose, and initial bisacodyl concentration were optimized for bisacodyl removal using 27 batch adsorption experiments according to design of experiment. The residual bisacodyl concentration was measured by UV-Vis spectrometer at the maximum wavelength of 580 nm. The statistical test and linear regression model were used by MINITAB 16 software for investigation of the main and interaction effects of each factor in the adsorption process. The ANOVA result showed 84% of bisacodyl was removed by synthesized mesoporous silica at optimum condition. The result of regression (R2 > 0.99) indicated that the adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm and second order kinetic at optimum conditions. The mesoporous silica is an efficient adsorbent for removing of bisacodyl from the polluted solutions so that it can be used for refining wastewaters containing medical compounds such as bisacodyl.

Efficient photocatalytic oxidation of arsenite from contaminated water by Fe2O3-Mn2O3 nanocomposite under UVA radiation and process optimization with experimental design.

The efficiency of photocatalytic oxidation process in arsenite (As(III)) removal from contaminated water by a new Fe2O3-Mn2O3 nanocomposite under UVA radiation was investigated. The effect of nanocomposite dosage, pH and initial As(III) concentration on the photocatalytic oxidation of As(III) were studied by experimental design. The synthesized nanocomposite had a uniform and spherical morphological structure and contained 49.83% of Fe2O3 and 29.36% of Mn2O3. Based on the experimental design model, in photocatalytic oxidation process, the effect of pH was higher than other parameters. At nanocomposite concentrations of more than 12 mg L-1, pH 4 to 6 and oxidation time of 30 min, photocatalytic oxidation efficiency was more than 95% for initial As(III) concentration of less than 500 µg L-1. By decreasing pH and increasing the nanocomposite concentration, the photocatalytic oxidation efficiency was increased. Furthermore, by increasing the oxidation time from 10 to 240 min, in addition to oxidation of As(III) to arsenate (As(V)), the residual As(V) was adsorbed on the Fe2O3-Mn2O3 nanocomposite and total As concentration was decreased. Therefore, Fe2O3-Mn2O3 nanocomposite as a bimetal oxide, at low doses and short time, can enhance and improve the efficiency of the photocatalytic oxidation and adsorption of As(III) from contaminated water resources. Furthermore, the energy and material costs of the UVA/Fe2O3-Mn2O3 system for photocatalytic oxidation of 1  mg L-1 As(III) in the 1 L laboratory scale reactor was 0.0051 €.

Arsenic exposure to breast-fed infants: contaminated breastfeeding in the first month of birth.

Humans are exposed to heavy metals through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. Exposure to these chemicals may be possible during lactation. Although breastfeeding has import benefits of physical growth and development of breastfed infants, it may be a source of exposure to toxicants. The present study was conducted to determine infant exposure to the arsenic via breastfeeding. The milk samples were collected from the 150 volunteering mothers three times during the first month of lactation after delivery. The average arsenic concentration in breast milk samples was measured by atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS). The demographic parameters of lactating mothers were collected by a questionnaire and were analyzed using SPSS 18 software. Arsenic was not detectable in 71 of 150 samples (47.3%). The highest arsenic concentration was 3.73 µg/L, and overall mean of arsenic concentration was 0.87 ± 0.66 µg/L. The daily infant intake of arsenic ranged in the 0.01-0.17 µg/kg of body weight, which is below the limit of daily permissible intake for adults. Our results showed the need to strengthen national food safety programs and to further promote avoidance of unhealthy foods consuming during pregnancy. Most of the study samples had detectable levels of arsenic indicate that there was maternal exposure prior to pregnancy, nevertheless, it is recommended that the toxic metal levels should be regularly monitored in biological environments.

Modification of pomegranate waste with iron ions a green composite for removal of Pb from aqueous solution: equilibrium, thermodynamic and kinetic studies.

Pomegranate waste modified with Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions followed with carbonization were used as an adsorbent to remove the Pb2+ ions from aqueous solution. To optimum the highest adsorption efficiency, adsorption experiments were conducted on iron modified carbons by batch technique. The characteristic of composite was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). The best pH for control of chemical adsorption was selected within pH of 6.0-6.5. It was observed that the contact time of 90 min, initial concentration 50.0 ppm, and adsorbent dose, 1.0 g/100 ml solution was found to be optimum conditions. On this condition, the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained 27.5 and 22.5 mg/g for Fe2+ and Fe3+ impregnated pomegranate peel carbons (PPC), respectively. The value of Cid, 1.584 for Fe2+-PPC and 0.552 for Fe3+-PPC, indicates that the effect of the boundary layer is more important in adsorption of Pb2+ by Fe2+-PPC and the pore diffusion is the rate limiting mechanism after 30 min. Thermodynamic parameters of Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of Pb2+ adsorption on iron-modified carbons suggest that the adsorption process is favorable and spontaneous under the optimum condition.

Ozone-cathode microbial desalination cell; An innovative option to bioelectricity generation and water desalination.

Microbial desalination cell (MDC) is a new approach of water desalination methods, which is based on ionic species removal from water in proportion to the electric current generated by bacteria. However, the low current generation and insufficient deionization in this technology have created challenges to improve the process. Here, the performance of MDC using ozone as a new electron acceptor (O3-MDC) was evaluated versus another operated independently with oxygen (O2-MDC). Results showed the maximum open-circuit voltages of 628 and 1331 mV for 20 g L-1 NaCl desalination in O2-MDC and O3-MDC, respectively. The O3-MDC produced a maximum power density of 4.06 W m-2 (about 11 times higher than O2-MDC) while at the same time was able to remove about 74% of salt (55.58% in the O2-MDC). Each cycle of O2-MDC and O3-MDC operation lasted about 66 and 94 h, respectively, indicating a more stable current profile in the O3-MDC. Moreover, sequencing test based on 16S rRNA gene showed that the anode biofilm had more diverse microbial community than anolyte sample. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Acidobacteria were from dominant microbial communities in anode biofilm sample. Accordingly, the results revealed that ozone can enhance MDC performance either as a desalination process or as a pre-treatment reactor for downstream desalination processes.

The Nickel Concentration in Breast Milk during the First Month of Lactation in Yazd, Center of Iran.

Breastfeeding plays an important role in the growth and development of breastfed infants, especially in the first 6 months of their lives. The present study was conducted to determine the nickel concentrations in breast milk of lactating women in Yazd, Iran. One hundred fifty volunteers were selected among nursing mothers referring to health centers in Yazd. In the first month of lactation, milk samples were collected three times, on days 3 to 5 (first), 16 (Second), and 30 (third) after delivery. Nickel concentration of the samples was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Demographic variables were collected through a questionnaire which was completed by mothers. The mean age of the study group was 27.40 ± 4.66 years. The mean nickel concentrations in breast milk at the first, second, and third samples were 47.3 ± 7.40, 49.9 ± 8.05, and 54.8 ± 7.38 µg/l, respectively. The concentration of nickel in the breast milk of more than 86 % of mothers was higher than the permissible range for it. There was no significant relationship between the mean value of nickel in breast milk and education, age, and job of mothers. High level of nickel in breast milk may be attributed to consumed food and drinking water containing nickel. Monitoring the nickel level in breast milk regularly is recommended.

Cadmium removal from aqueous solution by green synthesis iron oxide nanoparticles with tangerine peel extract.

BACKGROUND: The adsorption process by metal oxide nanoparticles has been investigated an effective agent for removing organic and inorganic contaminants from water and wastewater. In this study, iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence of tangerine peel extract as adsorbent for cadmium ions removal from contaminated solution. Iron oxide nanoparticles prepared by co-precipitation method and tangerine peel extract was used to prevent accumulation and reduce the diameter of the particles. Effect of various parameters such as contact time, pH, metal concentration and adsorbent dosage was determined on the removal efficiency. RESULTS: The different concentrations of tangerine peel had an impact on the size of nanoparticles. As, increasing the concentration of tangerine peel extract from 2 to 6 % the average size of synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles decreased 200 nm to 50 nm. The maximum removal of cadmium ions (90 %) occurred at pH of 4 and adsorbent dose of 0.4 g/100 ml. Adsorption of cadmium ions by synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles followed Freundlich adsorption model and pseudo-second-order equation. CONCLUSION: The cadmium ions are usually soluble in acidic pH and the maximum removal of cadmium by green synthesis iron oxide nanoparticles was obtained in the pH of 4, so these nanoparticles can be a good adsorbent for the removal of cadmium from wastewater.