[Problems of medical protection of persons sentenced to imprisonment].

OBJECTIVE: Introduction: The medical provision of human rights to health at places of detention in Ukraine is characterized by a significant increase in the incidence and mortality rate among persons sentenced to imprisonment. All these and other problems related to the implementation of the right to medical care of prisoners require extremely urgent response. The aim: Purpose of the research is to analyze the state of observance of legality when providing medical assistance to persons sentenced to imprisonment and ascertain a number of problems that arise in the exercise of this right. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: During the study, theoretical and empirical methods were used. The analysis and systematization of the legal and regulatory framework in the field of medical care of persons serving sentences in places of deprivation of liberty is carried out. RESULTS: Review: Medical support for sentenced persons to imprisonment is regulated by the Constitution of Ukraine, criminal-executive law, and international normative acts. To the problems in the medical sphere and in the provision of medical services to persons in prison should include high rates of morbidity and mortality of these individuals. The main reason for such a situation is the inadequate conditions for the detention of prisoners, the untimely release of sick prisoners from work and their treatment, and as a consequence, the cause of the diseases among them. Other reasons include the lack of medical specialists in the medical institutions and medications, timely medical examinations, ineffective and inadequate treatment of prisoners, and underfunding of penitentiary institutions. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: The solution of this problem is the creation of an independent medical service, which should monitor the conditions of detention of prisoners, adherence to medical conditions by the conditions of the regime, which apply to a particular convict, the health status of prisoners, observance of the constitutional rights of persons deprived of their liberty .

A comparison of food habits and prey preference of Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) at three sites in the Russian Far East.

Prey availability is one of the principal drivers of tiger distribution and abundance. Therefore, formulating effective conservation strategies requires a clear understanding of tiger diet. We used scat analysis in combination with data on the abundance of several prey species to estimate Amur tiger diet and preference at 3 sites in the Russian Far East. We also examined the effect of pseudoreplication on estimates of tiger diet. We collected 770 scats across the 3 sites. Similar to previous studies, we found that tigers primarily preyed on medium to large ungulates, with wild boar, roe, sika and red deer collectively comprising 86.7% of total biomass consumed on average. According to Jacobs' index, tigers preferred wild boar, and avoided sika deer. Variation in preference indices derived from these scat analyses compared to indices derived from kill data appear to be due to adjustments in biomass intake when sex-age of a killed individual is known: a component missing from scat data. Pseudoreplication (multiple samples collected from a single kill site) also skewed results derived from scat analyses. Scat analysis still appears useful in providing insight into the diets of carnivores when the full spectrum of prey species needs to be identified, or when sample sizes from kill data are not sufficient. When sample sizes of kill data are large (as is now possible with GPS-collared animals), kill data adjusted by sex-age categories probably provides the most accurate estimates of prey biomass composition. Our results provide further confirmation of the centrality of medium ungulates, in particular wild boar, to Amur tiger diet, and suggest that the protection of this group of species is critical to Amur tiger conservation.