ABSTRACT
A condrodisplasia punctata (CDP) é um grupo de displasias ósseas caracterizadas por calcificações puntiformes nas cartilagens, principalmente epifisárias. Entre as várias formas de CDP, a ligada ao X é rara e foi descrita em 50 pacientes do sexo masculino na literatura. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever um caso atípico de CDPX1 e compará-lo com a literatura prévia. Pré-escolar, sexo masculino, quatro anos, nascido a termo, pequeno para a idade gestacional e sem casos semelhantes na família. Ele evoluiu com baixa estatura desproporcionada, eutrofia, escoliose cervical e dorsal com pectus carinatum, assimetria discreta em membros inferiores, hipertelorismo ocular com esclera azul-acinzentada e queda de cabelo. Não apresentou fraturas ou dores ósseas e teve desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor adequado para a idade. Os exames não mostraram alterações no perfil osteometabólico nem nos hormônios hipofisários. O cariótipo foi 46,XY e o painel genético para displasias esqueléticas mostrou uma variante patogênica em hemizigose no gene ARSL (Arylsulfatase L) chrX:2.934.859 C>T (p.Trp581* ENST00000381134) com diagnóstico de condrodisplasia punctata ligada ao cromossomo X do tipo 1. A CDPX1 está diretamente relacionada à deficiência da atividade da enzima ARSL, o que pode resultar em alterações de desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, perda auditiva e episódios de insuficiência respiratória. No entanto, estas características não foram apresentadas pelo probando. Assim, o probando apresenta uma forma mais branda de CDPX1. O diagnóstico precoce de displasias esqueléticas como a CDPX1 é importante para o acompanhamento ambulatorial adequado, aconselhamento familiar e prevenção do desenvolvimento de comorbidades a longo prazo.
Chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP) is a group of bone dysplasias characterized by punctate calcifications in the cartilage, mainly epiphyseal. Among the various forms of CDP, the X-linked form is rare and has been described in 50 male patients in the literature. The aim of this study is to describe an atypical case of CDPX1 and compare it with previous literature. Preschooler, male, four years old, born full-term, small for gestational age and with no similar cases in the family. He developed disproportionate short stature, eutrophy, cervical and dorsal scoliosis with pectus carinatum, slight asymmetry in the lower limbs, ocular hypertelorism with blue-gray sclera and hair loss. He did not present fractures or bone pain and had neuropsychomotor development appropriate for his age. The exams showed no changes in the osteometabolic profile or in pituitary hormones. The karyotype was 46,XY and the genetic panel for skeletal dysplasias showed a hemizygous pathogenic variant in the ARSL gene (Arylsulfatase L) chrX:2.934.859 C>T (p.Trp581* ENST00000381134) diagnosed with X-linked chondrodysplasia punctata type 1. CDPX1 is directly related to the deficiency of ARSL enzyme activity, which can result in changes in neuropsychomotor development, hearing loss and episodes of respiratory failure. However, these characteristics were not presented by the proband. Thus, the proband has a milder form of CDPX1. Early diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias such as CDPX1 is important for adequate outpatient follow-up, family counseling and prevention of the development of long-term comorbidities.
ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: We describe a rare case of a girl with an initial diagnostic hypothesis of chromosome 8 trisomy based on clinical findings and karyotyping, which identified a structural change in the short arm of chromosome 8 (46,XX,add(8)(p23)). At the age of 7, she developed type 1 diabetes mellitus and started insulin therapy with multiple daily doses, and then she started to use a continuous insulin infusion system (pump) at 10 years of age. At the age of 12, she underwent a molecular study that identified an unbalanced translocation between the short arms of chromosomes 6 and 8 - 46,XX,add(8)(p23).ish der(8)t(6;8)(GS-196I5+;RP-11338B22-). LEARNING POINTS: Patients with an unbalanced translocation between the short arms of chromosomes 6 and 8 - 46,XX,add(8)(p23).ish der(8)t(6;8)(GS-196I5+;RP-11338B22-) may present syndromic features suggestive of chromosome 8 trisomy. Main characteristics are a prominent forehead, ocular and breast hypertelorism, ocular, external ear and palate abnormalities, a short neck, heart defects, and developmental delay. Patients with 46,XX,add(8)(p23).ish der(8)t(6;8)(GS-196I5+;RP-11338B22-) may present autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus. Karyotyping is an essential tool for the diagnosis of chromosomal changes, but it has some limitations. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, array-single nucleotide polymorphism and fluorescence in situ hybridization can help diagnose genetic syndromes in patients with atypical evolution.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder with considerable neurodevelopmental impact and neurodegenerative morbidity. In a pilot trial in young adults with Down syndrome, memantine (a drug approved for Alzheimer's disease) showed a significant effect on a secondary measure of episodic memory. We aimed to test whether memantine would improve episodic memory in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. METHODS: We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial with a parallel design, stratified by age and sex. Participants (aged 15-32 years) with either trisomy 21 or complete unbalanced translocation of chromosome 21 and in general good health were recruited from the community at one site in Brazil and another in the USA. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either memantine (20 mg/day orally) or placebo for 16 weeks. Computer-generated randomisation tables for both sites (allocating a placebo or drug label to each member of a unique pair of participants) were centrally produced by an independent statistician and were shared only with investigational pharmacists at participating sites until unblinding of the study. Participants and investigators were masked to treatment assignments. Neuropsychological assessments were done at baseline (T1) and week 16 (T2). The primary outcome measure was change from baseline to week 16 in the California Verbal Learning Test-second edition short-form (CVLT-II-sf) total free recall score, assessed in the per-protocol population (ie, participants who completed 16 weeks of treatment and had neuropsychological assessments at T1 and T2). Linear mixed effect models were fit to data from the per-protocol population. Safety and tolerability were monitored and analysed in all participants who started treatment. Steady-state concentrations in plasma of memantine were measured at the end of the trial. This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02304302. FINDINGS: From May 13, 2015, to July 22, 2020, 185 participants with Down syndrome were assessed for eligibility and 160 (86%) were randomly assigned either memantine (n=81) or placebo (n=79). All participants received their allocated treatment. Linear mixed effect models were fit to data from 149 (81%) participants, 73 in the memantine group and 76 in the placebo group, after 11 people (eight in the memantine group and three in the placebo group) discontinued due to COVID-19 restrictions, illness of their caregiver, adverse events, or low compliance. The primary outcome measure did not differ between groups (CVLT-II-sf total free recall score, change from baseline 0·34 points [95% CI -0·98 to 1·67], p=0·61). Memantine was well tolerated, with infrequent mild-to-moderate adverse events, the most common being viral upper respiratory infection (nine [11%] participants in the memantine group and 12 [15%] in the placebo group) and transient dizziness (eight [10%] in the memantine group and six [8%] in the placebo group). No serious adverse events were observed. Amounts of memantine in plasma were substantially lower than those considered therapeutic for Alzheimer's disease. INTERPRETATION: Memantine was well tolerated, but cognition-enhancing effects were not recorded with a 20 mg/day dose in adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. Exploratory analyses point to a need for future work. FUNDING: Alana Foundation. TRANSLATION: For the Portuguese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
Subject(s)
Down Syndrome/drug therapy , Memantine/therapeutic use , Adolescent , Cognition/drug effects , Double-Blind Method , Down Syndrome/psychology , Female , Humans , Male , Memantine/administration & dosage , Memantine/pharmacology , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultABSTRACT
Introdução: É bastante conhecido que a cardiopatia congênita está relacionada à síndrome de Down. Entretanto, existem raros relatos de casos de displasia valvar em crianças portadoras de síndrome de Down, sem cardiopatia associada. Objetivos: Verificar a presença e magnitude de alterações nas valvas atrioventriculares, em pacientes com diagnóstico de síndrome de Down, sem cardiopatia congênita associada. Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, com captação prospectiva de 162 pacientes, avaliados pela ecocardiografia, classificados em Grupo 1, portadores de Síndrome de Down (n = 81) e Grupo 2, crianças normais, do ponto de vista genético e cardiológico (n = 81). Resultados: A frequência de displasia das valvas tricúspide e mitral foi superior no grupo 01, quando comparado ao grupo 2 (55 versus 0, p<0,00001 e 20 versus 2, p < 0,0001, respectivamente). No grupo 1, 19 crianças apresentaram comprometimento simultâneo das valvas tricúspide e mitral. O comprometimento isolado da valva tricúspide ocorreu em 36 casos e da valva mitral ocorreu em apenas 01 caso (p < 0,01). Vinte e cinco crianças do Grupo 1 tinham ambas as valvas normais. Conclusão: Este estudo descreveu, pela primeira vez, a alta frequência de displasia nas válvulas tricúspide e mitral, em crianças e adolescentes com síndrome de Down, sem doença cardíaca congênita.
Introduction: It is well known that congenital heart disease is related to Down syndrome, however there are rare reports of valvular dysplasia in children with Down syndrome without associated congenital heart disease. Objectives: To determine the presence and magnitude of changes in atrioventricular valves in patients with Downs syndrome without associated congenital heart diseases. Methods: We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study of 162 patients assessed by echocardiography, classifi edin Group 1, patients with Down syndrome (n = 81) and Group 2, genetically normal children without congenital heart disease. (n=81). Results: Th e frequency of dysplasia of tricuspid and mitral valves was higher in the group 1 compared to group 2 (55 vs 0, p <0.00001 and 20 versus 2, p <0.0001, respectively). In group 1, 19 children had simultaneous involvement of the tricuspid and mitral valves. Th e isolated involvement of the tricuspid valve occurred in 36 cases and isolated involvement of the mitral valve inonly one case (p <0.01). Twenty-fi ve children in a group containing both normal valves. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this study described for the fi rst time the high frequency of dysplasia in the tricuspid and mitral valves in children with Downs syndromewithout congenital heart disease.
