ABSTRACT
Resumen La transmisión vertical de la infección por Toxoplasma gondii ocurre cuando la madre se infecta por primera vez en el transcurso del embarazo. El diagnóstico de la infección materna y la del re cién nacido se logra con el conjunto de pruebas serológicas, hallazgos clínicos y ecográficos. El reconocimiento temprano de la infección materna permite un tratamiento que reduce la tasa de transmisión y el riesgo de daño en el producto de la concepción. El objetivo de este consenso de expertos fue revisar la literatura científica para actualizar las recomendaciones de práctica clínica respecto de la prevención, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la toxoplasmosis congénita en nuestro país.
Abstract Mother-to-child transmission in Toxoplasma gondii infection occurs only when the infection is acquired for the first time during pregnancy. Diag nosis of maternal infection and the newborn is achieved by a combination of serological tests, clinical features and ultrasound images. An early diagnosis of maternal infection allows treatment that offers a reduction both in transmission rate and risk of congenital damage. The aim of this expert consensus was to review the scientific literature which would enable an update of the clinical practice guideline of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of congenital toxoplasmosis in our country.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Child , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis , Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/diagnosis , Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/prevention & control , Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/drug therapy , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Consensus , Medical History TakingABSTRACT
Mother-to-child transmission in Toxoplasma gondii infection occurs only when the infection is acquired for the first time during pregnancy. Diagnosis of maternal infection and the newborn is achieved by a combination of serological tests, clinical features and ultrasound images. An early diagnosis of maternal infection allows treatment that offers a reduction both in transmission rate and risk of congenital damage. The aim of this expert consensus was to review the scientific literature which would enable an update of the clinical practice guideline of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of congenital toxoplasmosis in our country.
La transmisión vertical de la infección por Toxoplasma gondii ocurre cuando la madre se infecta por primera vez en el transcurso del embarazo. El diagnóstico de la infección materna y la del recién nacido se logra con el conjunto de pruebas serológicas, hallazgos clínicos y ecográficos. El reconocimiento temprano de la infección materna permite un tratamiento que reduce la tasa de transmisión y el riesgo de daño en el producto de la concepción. El objetivo de este consenso de expertos fue revisar la literatura científica para actualizar las recomendaciones de práctica clínica respecto de la prevención, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la toxoplasmosis congénita en nuestro país.
Subject(s)
Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic , Toxoplasma , Toxoplasmosis, Congenital , Toxoplasmosis , Child , Consensus , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Medical History Taking , Pregnancy , Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/diagnosis , Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/drug therapy , Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/prevention & controlABSTRACT
The Taenia crassiceps ORF strain is used to generate a murine model of cysticercosis, which is used for diagnosis, evaluation of drugs, and vaccination. This particular strain only exists as cysticerci, is easily maintained under in vivo and in vitro conditions, and offers an excellent model for studying the cytoskeletons of cestodes. In this study, several experimental approaches were used to determine the tissue expression of its cytoskeletal proteins. The techniques used were microscopy (video, confocal, and transmission electron), one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis, immunochemistry, and mass spectrometry. The tissue expression of actin, tubulin, and paramyosin was assessed using microscopy, and their protein isoforms were determined with 1D and 2D electrophoresis and immunochemistry. Nineteen spots were excised from a proteomic gel and identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and immunochemistry. The proteins identified were classic cytoskeletal proteins, metabolic enzymes, and proteins with diverse biological functions, but mainly involved in detoxification activities. Research suggests that most noncytoskeletal proteins interact with actin or tubulin, and the results of the present study suggest that the proteins identified may be involved in supporting the dynamics and plasticity of the cytoskeleton of T. crassiceps cysticerci. These results contribute to our knowledge of the cellular biology and physiology of cestodes.
Subject(s)
Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism , Helminth Proteins/metabolism , Taenia/metabolism , Actins/metabolism , Animals , Cysticercus/metabolism , Mice , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Myosin Type II/metabolism , Proteomics , Tropomyosin/metabolism , Tubulin/metabolismABSTRACT
Being independent of artificial power sources, self administered sunlight triggered photodynamic therapy could be a suitable alternative treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis, that avoids the need for injectables and the toxic side effects of pentavalent antimonials. In this work we have determined the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of sunlight triggered photodynamic ultradeformable liposomes (UDL). ZnPc is a hydrophobic Zn phthalocyanine that showed 20% anti-promastigote activity (APA) and 20% anti-amastigote activity (AA) against Leishmania braziliensis (strain 2903) after 15min sunlight irradiation (15J/cm(2)). However, when loaded in UDL as UDL-ZnPc (1.25µM ZnPc-1mM phospholipids) it elicited 100% APA and 80% AA at the same light dose. In the absence of host cell toxicity, UDL and UDL-ZnPc also showed non-photodynamic leishmanicidal activity. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of cryosectioned human skin mounted in non-occlusive Saarbrücken Penetration Model, showed that upon transcutaneous administration ZnPc penetrated nearly 10 folds deeper as UDL-ZnPc than if loaded in conventional liposomes (L-ZnPc). Quantitative determination of ZnPc confirmed that UDL-ZnPc penetrated homogeneously in the stratum corneum, carrying 7 folds higher amount of ZnPc 8 folds deeper than L-ZnPc. It is envisioned that the multiple leishmanicidal effects of UDL-ZnPc could play a synergistic role in prophylaxis or therapeutic at early stages of the infection.
Subject(s)
Indoles/pharmacology , Leishmania braziliensis/drug effects , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/drug therapy , Organometallic Compounds/pharmacology , Photochemotherapy , Photosensitizing Agents/pharmacology , Sunlight , Administration, Cutaneous , Animals , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Chlorocebus aethiops , Drug Compounding , Female , Humans , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , Indoles/administration & dosage , Indoles/chemistry , Indoles/metabolism , Indoles/toxicity , Isoindoles , Liposomes , Mice , Microscopy, Confocal , Organometallic Compounds/administration & dosage , Organometallic Compounds/chemistry , Organometallic Compounds/metabolism , Organometallic Compounds/toxicity , Particle Size , Photosensitizing Agents/administration & dosage , Photosensitizing Agents/chemistry , Photosensitizing Agents/metabolism , Photosensitizing Agents/toxicity , Skin/metabolism , Skin Absorption , Time Factors , Vero Cells , Zinc CompoundsABSTRACT
The mother-to-child transmission in Toxoplasma gondii infection occurs only when the infection is acquired for the first time during pregnancy. The prenatal and early postnatal diagnosis can only be achieved by serological testing. Serologic tests have different sensitivities, specificities and complexities, so that different tests in more than one blood sample are necessary for the diagnosis. Serological follow-up of the infants should be conducted during the first year of life or until the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis can be ruled out. Treatment recommendations try to reduce the transmission rate and the risk of congenital damage. Congenital toxoplasmosis incidence rate is approximately 5 per 1000 births, but can be reduced to 0.5 per 1000 with an active screening program. The aim of this consensus group was to review the scientific literature on congenital toxoplasmosis and prepare a statement on prevention, diagnosis and treatment that should be implemented in our country.
Subject(s)
Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Mass Screening , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic , Toxoplasmosis, Congenital , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Argentina , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Neonatal Screening , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/prevention & control , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/therapy , Prenatal Diagnosis , Risk Factors , Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/diagnosis , Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/therapy , Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/transmissionABSTRACT
La transmisión de la infección por Toxoplasma gondii de la madre al hijo ocurre cuando la madre se infecta por primera vez en el transcurso del embarazo. Tanto el diagnóstico prenatal, como el del primer año de vida se basa en pruebas serológicas; y la mayoría de las veces es necesario realizar más de una de estas pruebas ya que tienen distintos porcentajes de sensibilidad y/o especificidad así como distintos niveles de complejidad. El recién nacido requiere seguimiento serológico en el primer año de vida o hasta que se descarte el diagnóstico de toxoplasmosis congénita. El diagnóstico temprano de la infección, en la mujer embarazada, permite un tratamiento oportuno y se indica con el propósito de reducir la tasa de transmisión y el daño congénito. Es posible que con un programa activo, de prevención y tratamiento temprano, se pueda reducir la tasa de incidencia de la toxoplasmosis congénita de alrededor del 5 por mil nacimientos a 0.5 por mil. El objetivo de este consenso fue revisar la literatura científica para la prevención, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la toxoplasmosis congénita, para que se pueda implementar en nuestro país.
The mother-to-child transmission in Toxoplasma gondii infection occurs only when the infection is acquired for the first time during pregnancy. The prenatal and early postnatal diagnosis can only be achieved by serological testing. Serologic tests have different sensitivities, specificities and complexities, so that different tests in more than one blood sample are necessary for the diagnosis. Serological follow-up of the infants should be conducted during the first year of life or until the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis can be ruled out. Treatment recommendations try to reduce the transmission rate and the risk of congenital damage. Congenital toxoplasmosis incidence rate is approximately 5 per 1000 births, but can be reduced to 0.5 per 1000 with an active screening program. The aim of this consensus group was to review the scientific literature on congenital toxoplasmosis and prepare a statement on prevention, diagnosis and treatment that should be implemented in our country.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Mass Screening , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic , Toxoplasmosis, Congenital , Argentina , Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Neonatal Screening , Prenatal Diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/prevention & control , Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic/therapy , Risk Factors , Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/diagnosis , Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/therapy , Toxoplasmosis, Congenital/transmissionABSTRACT
Un paciente, adulto, masculino, presentaba al momento de la consulta una severa infestación por Pediculus humanus capitis y una lesión en la cabeza de donde emergían larvas. El material extraído de la herida del paciente correspondió a Cochliomyia hominivorax. En este caso clínico, las lesiones producidas por el rascado del propio paciente permitieron atraer moscas C. hominivorax las que depositaron sus huevos en ellas de donde eclosionaron sus larvas que ocasionaron la miasis cutánea.
