ABSTRACT
Non-polio enteroviruses are ubiquitous viruses responsible for a wide spectrum of disease in people of all ages, although infection and illness disproportionately affect infants and young children. Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is an enteroviral clinical syndrome most frequently caused by coxsackievirus-A16 and enterovirus-A71. Since 2008, a novel coxsackievirus-A6 genotype has been associated with more severe HFMD in both children and adults, presenting with a unique constellation of findings, and whose prevalence has been increasing over the last few years. In this case report, an atypical clinical picture of confirmed enterovirus HFMD is described in an immunocompetent adult, with exuberant clinical findings, clinically consistent with coxsackievirus-A6 infection. This case report highlights the importance of awareness of the clinical presentation of this increasingly common infection in adults. LEARNING POINTS: Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) caused by coxsackievirus-A6 is associated with more severe illness in adults, and presents with a peculiar constellation of findings that include delayed-onset skin desquamation and nail dystrophy.The prevalence of coxsackievirus-A6 HFMD has been increasing over the last few years.Dactylitis-like inflammatory signs on the distal extremities of the fingers can be a manifestation during the viral illness and may precede nail dystrophy.
Subject(s)
Hepatitis, Viral, Human/etiology , Yellow Fever/complications , Adult , Brazil , Female , Hepatitis, Viral, Human/diagnosis , Humans , Liver Function Tests , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
The importance of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is not only due to the damage it can cause, but also to its difficult control. It is essential to know the pest population parameters, such as its standard scattering in the crop, because depending on the space arrangement of the insects in the area, different sampling methods are required. For the present work, three experimental fields were installed in different areas: the first one had 66 plots with seven plants each; the second one had 55 plots with four plants each; and the third field had 55 plots with six plants each. The presence or absence of the pest in the plant was evaluated in the samples. According to the data observed, either to the scattering index or to the theoretical scattering models, S. frugiperda dispersion is scattered at random and strongly depends on the infestation level.
Subject(s)
Spodoptera , Zea mays/parasitology , Animals , Population DynamicsABSTRACT
A importância da lagarta-do-cartucho, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), deve-se não somente aos danos causados, mas especialmente à dificuldade de seu controle. É imprescindível o conhecimento dos parâmetros populacionais da praga, como seu padrão de dispersão na cultura, pois, dependendo do arranjo espacial do inseto na área são necessários diferentes métodos de amostragem, variando o número e o tamanho da amostra. Para o presente trabalho foram instalados três campos experimentais em três diferentes áreas. No Campo I foram alocadas 66 parcelas, compostas por sete plantas cada; no Campo II foram demarcadas 55 parcelas, compostas por quatro plantas, e por fim, o Campo III também foi formado por 55 parcelas compostas por seis plantas cada uma. Nas amostragens realizadas avaliou-se a presença ou ausência da praga na planta. De acordo com os dados observados tanto para os índices de dispersão como para os modelos teóricas de distribuições de freqüência, S. frugiperda possui padrão de dispersão espacial definido mais adequadamente pela aleatoriedade, sendo esse modelo de distribuição muito influenciado pelo nível da infestação.
The importance of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is not only due to the damage it can cause, but also to its difficult control. It is essential to know the pest population parameters, such as its standard scattering in the crop, because depending on the space arrangement of the insects in the area, different sampling methods are required. For the present work, three experimental fields were installed in different areas: the first one had 66 plots with seven plants each; the second one had 55 plots with four plants each; and the third field had 55 plots with six plants each. The presence or absence of the pest in the plant was evaluated in the samples. According to the data observed, either to the scattering index or to the theoretical scattering models, S. frugiperda dispersion is scattered at random and strongly depends on the infestation level.
Subject(s)
Animals , Spodoptera , Zea mays/parasitology , Population DynamicsABSTRACT
Os antiestrogênios podem ser utilizados atualmente como terapêutica adjuvante em pacientes acometidos pelo câncer de mama. É apresentada uma revisäo dos principais aspectos e das características farmacológicas e clínicas dos antiestrogênios
