ABSTRACT
Luciana Paes de Barros Machado, Natalia Silva Alves, Jaqueline de Oliveira Prestes, Gabriela Ronchi Salomón, Daiane Biegai, Thais Wouk, and Rogério Pincela Mateus (2017) Esterases are a diversified group of isozymes that performs several metabolic functions in Drosophila. In the D. repleta group, this class of enzymes was well described in cactophilic species, existing a lack of studies considering substrate speci city and life cycle expression in the non-cactophilic species. The larvae of cactophilic species of the D. repleta group develop in rotting cacti cladodes, but adults are generalists. Thus, different patterns expression can be found for esterases throughout development. In this work we analyzed esterase pro le and substrate speci city during development, and genetic variability aspects in D. mercatorum pararepleta, a non-cactophilic and generalist species of D. repleta group that was understudied hitherto. Samples of 3rd (F3) and 104th (F104) generations of three D. mercatorum pararepleta strains, obtained after collections in xerophytic enclaves of southeastern Brazil (ITI and SER in São Paulo state and RIP in Paraná state), and of D33 strain (obtained from Cristalina-GO, Midwest of Brazil, and established in the laboratory in 1987) were analyzed. Eight esterase loci, EST-1 to EST-8, were detected. EST-1 and EST-2 were adult exclusive. Only EST-3 and EST-8 were monomorphic; all the others presented between two (EST-6) and six (EST-7) alleles. EST-7 was the only dimeric locus and also the only one that showed to be a preferably ß-esterase regarding affinity to α- and ß-naphthyl acetates as substrates. The other seven loci were divided into three classes: α-esterase exclusive (EST-2); preferably α-esterase (EST-3, EST-4, EST-5 and EST-8); and α/ß-esterase (EST-1 and EST-6). The EST-3, EST-5 and EST-6 loci were not detected in all samples, suggesting that they could have become pseudogenes due to the mutation accumulation after the gene duplication. The allele frequency of EST-7 locus, which showed the highest number of alleles, in adults of D33 and SER-F3 evidenced a higher variability and diversity in the oldest strain (six alleles, Ho = 0.46) than in the youngest ( five alleles, Ho = 0.26). Moreover, the analysis of SER-F104 revealed that this locus became monomorphic. The higher variability in the strain established in the laboratory at least two decades ago, together with the allele fixation in the SER-F104, indicate that the SER strain probably suffered a more severe action of founder effect/bottleneck when it was established in the laboratory and, therefore, even if the maintenance afterwards was performed using a high number of individuals, it did not assured the conservation of the existing genetic variability.
ABSTRACT
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was isolated from 12 febrile humans in Yucatan, Mexico, in 2015. One patient was co-infected with dengue virus type 1. Two additional CHIKV isolates were obtained from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected in the homes of patients. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CHIKV isolates belong to the Asian lineage.
Subject(s)
Aedes/virology , Chikungunya Fever/virology , Chikungunya virus/isolation & purification , Fever/virology , Animals , Chikungunya Fever/complications , Chikungunya virus/classification , Chlorocebus aethiops , Coinfection/virology , Dengue/complications , Dengue/virology , Dengue Virus/isolation & purification , Mexico , Phylogeny , Vero CellsABSTRACT
Sylvatic yellow fever is a zoonosis associated mainly with wild animals, especially those in the genus Alouatta, that act as the source of infection. Once infected, these animals pass the disease on to humans by way of an infected mosquito belonging to the genera Aedes, Haemagogus, or Sabethes. The present study is the first report of a case of yellow fever in non-human primates (NHP) in the State of Paraná, Brazil. After the case was diagnosed, several prophylactic measures were adopted to prevent outbreaks of the disease in humans.
Subject(s)
Alouatta/virology , Monkey Diseases/diagnosis , Yellow Fever/veterinary , Animals , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Brazil , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , Male , Yellow Fever/diagnosis , Yellow fever virus/immunologyABSTRACT
Sylvatic yellow fever is a zoonosis associated mainly with wild animals, especially those in the genus Alouatta, that act as the source of infection. Once infected, these animals pass the disease on to humans by way of an infected mosquito belonging to the genera Aedes, Haemagogus, or Sabethes. The present study is the first report of a case of yellow fever in non-human primates (NHP) in the State of Paraná, Brazil. After the case was diagnosed, several prophylactic measures were adopted to prevent outbreaks of the disease in humans.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Alouatta/virology , Monkey Diseases/diagnosis , Yellow Fever/veterinary , Antibodies, Viral/blood , Brazil , Immunohistochemistry/veterinary , Yellow Fever/diagnosis , Yellow fever virus/immunologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of secondary effects on lipid metabolism as a result of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), as well as the impact of different types of antiretroviral regimens on lipids and glucose in a group of patients in Yucatan, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted. A questionnaire created for this study was administered to each patient and total cholesterol, triglycerides and fasting glucose values were determined. The presence of hyperlipidemia and alterations in glucose were determined as well as their relation to the epidemiological variables obtained from the questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 211 subjects were studied [36 (17%) of which were women and 175 (83%) men]. Ninety-two patients (44%) were found to have hyperlipidemia. Of these, 43 (20%) had hypercholesterolemia (HC) and 82 (39%) hypertriglyceridaemia (HT). The presence of combined HC and HT was observed in 30 (14%) patients. Nineteen (9%) patients had alterations in glucose, six (3%) diabetes mellitus and 13 (6%) impaired glucose tolerance. The variables associated with the presence of hyperlipidemia were: levels of lymphocytes CD4 >350 cells/microl (OR = 2.79 1.08-7.27, p = 0.03), male gender (OR = 3.6 1.4-9.12, p = 0.006) and the use of nucleoside-reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) (OR = 3.1 1.2-8.1, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HIV infection who receive HAART have an increased risk of presenting hyperlipidemia. In this group of patients the presence of hyperlipidemia and impaired glucose tolerance was significant. Unlike what has been indicated in most published reports, the alterations of lipids were associated more frequently with INTR use, for which it is concluded that the pathogeny of these alterations is not unique, that it is probable that concurrent effects exist between different antiretroviral drug families and that other host factors are involved in the pathogenic mechanism of these alterations.
Subject(s)
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/adverse effects , Antiviral Agents/adverse effects , Glucose Intolerance/chemically induced , Glucose Intolerance/epidemiology , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Hyperlipidemias/chemically induced , Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology , Adult , Aged , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , PrevalenceABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de los efectos secundarios sobre el metabolismo de los lípidos y la glucosa provocados por la terapia antirretrovírica hiperactiva (TARHA), así como el impacto que el uso de los distintos esquemas de antirretrovíricos tiene sobre los lípidos y la glucosa en un grupo de pacientes de Yucatán, México.MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal. A cada paciente se le aplicó un cuestionario creado para este estudio y se le determinaron los valores de colesterol total, triglicéridos y glucosa en ayuno. Se determinó la prevalencia de hiperlipidemia y alteraciones de la glucosa y su relación con las variables de la encuesta.RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 211 pacientes, 36 (17%) mujeres y 175 (83%) hombres; 92 (44%) tuvieron hiperlipidemia. De éstos, 43 (20%) presentaron hipercolesterolemia (HC) y 82 (39%) hipertrigliceridemia (HT). La presencia de HC e HT combinadas se verificó en 30 (14%) pacientes; además, 19 (9%) pacientes exhibieron alteraciones en la glucosa, seis (3%) presentaron diabetes mellitus y 13 (6%), intolerancia a la glucosa. Las variables que se vincularon con la presencia de hiperlipidemia fueron los números de linfocitos CD4 >350 células/µl [RM= 2.79 (1.08-7.27), p= 0.03], el género masculino [RM= 3.6 (1.4-9.12), p= 0.006] y el uso de nucleósidos inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa (NITI) [RM= 3.1 (1.2-8.1), p= 0.01].CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes con la infección por el VIH que reciben terapia antirretroviral (TAR) tienen un riesgo aumentado de presentar dislipidemia. A diferencia de lo que informan la mayor parte las publicaciones, las alteraciones de los lípidos se asociaron con más frecuencia al uso de NITI, por lo que se concluye que la patogenia de estas alteraciones no es única y que resulta probable la existencia de un efecto sinérgico entre las distintas familias de fármacos antirretrovíricos y que otros factores del huésped participen en la génesis de estas alteraciones.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/adverse effects , Antiviral Agents/adverse effects , Glucose Intolerance/chemically induced , Glucose Intolerance/epidemiology , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Hyperlipidemias/chemically induced , Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Cross-Sectional Studies , PrevalenceABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The HTLV-II infection has been reported in patients with HIV infection as often in asymptomatic as those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HTLV-II infection in a group of patients infected by HIV in our region, as well as determining the risk factors associated with HTLV-II transmission in this group of patients and its impact on the clinical course of HIV infection. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of co-infection of HIV-1 and HTLV-II among 192 patients from Yucatán, México. Serum specimens were tested for HTLV antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Positive results were confirmed and typed by Western blot. Twenty four (12.5%) patients were confirmed with antibodies for HTLV-II, but none had antibodies for HTLV-I. Specific risk factors for HTLV-II transmission were not identified. RESULTS: Candidiasis (42 vs. 12%, p = 0.0004) and more than two defining entities of AIDS (37 vs. 18%, p = 0.02) was observed with greater prevalence in the group co-infected. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, a higher frequency of candidiasis and a larger number of AIDS-defining pathologies were observed in the co-infected patients, suggesting that co-infection is associated with greater immunodeficiency.
Subject(s)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology , HIV-1/physiology , HTLV-II Infections/complications , HTLV-II Infections/virology , Human T-lymphotropic virus 2/physiology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , HIV-1/isolation & purification , HTLV-II Infections/epidemiology , Human T-lymphotropic virus 2/isolation & purification , Humans , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Introducción. En Yucatán, México la infección por el VIH (IVIH) es predominantemente una enfermedad de transmisión sexual. La transmisión por práctica heterosexuales se ha incrementado particularmente en mujeres cuyo factor de riesgo son las prácticas bisexuales de sus parejas. Un reporte demostró que la transmisión heterosecual había ocurrido en el 66 por ciento de la sparejas conyugales de los hombres que incialmente se identificaron como infectados y en el 20 por ciento de las parejas en las que la mujer era la infectada inicialmente. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar la prevalencia de IVIH en un grupo de parejas heterosexuales. Material y Métodos. Entre marzo de 1994 y noviembre de 1997 se estudiaron 251 parejas a realizarse de manera coluntaria la determinación Ac-VIH como evaluación prenupcial. Se recabaron datos epidemiológicos y demográficos y se tomó muestra sanguínea pa detección a través de Ensayo Inmunoenzimático (ImmunoComb II, Orgenics, Yaune, Israel). De los resultados se obtuvo la prevalencia de IVIH y el intervalo de confianza al 95 por ciento. Resultados. La edad promedio de grupo fue de 26 años clinicamente sanos. Durante los 44 mese se reportó un caso de seropositividad con una prevalencia de 0.2 por ciento (I.C. 95 por ciento: 0.196-0.203) en un hombre de 24 años, confirmándose por Western blot. Discusión. La frecuencia de Ac-NIH en este grupo de personas fue de 0.2 por ciento, cifra similar a la reportada en donadores de sangre del centro Estatal de la Transfusión Sanguínea del Estado de Yucatán (0.3 por ciento)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Bisexuality , Premarital Examinations/methods , Premarital Examinations , AIDS Serodiagnosis/methods , AIDS Serodiagnosis , Sexual Behavior , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/diagnosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/physiopathology , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/therapy , Cross-Sectional Studies , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Prospective Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objetivo. Conocer la prevalancia de anticuerpos contra T. gondii tipo IgG (Ac-T gondii) en pacientes con VIH residentes de la península de Yucatán. Métodos. Fueron 95 pacientes con VIH y 100 donadores de sangre como grupo control. Se midieron los Ac-T gondii por un ELISA de fase sólida de 3ª generación. Se recolectaron datos clínicos demográficos. Resultados. Hubo mayor frecuencia (p= 0.003) de anticuerpos en donadores (69 por ciento, IC = 59-78 por ciento) que en pacientes (47 por ciento, IC = 36-57 por ciento). No se asoció la presencia de Ac-T gondii con alguna de las variables encuestadas (género, lugar de residencia, grupo etario). En los pacientes con VIH/SIDA no hubo relación de anticuerpos con cuenta de linfocitos CD4 ni con categoría clínica de la infección. Conclusiones. la alta prevalencia de Ac-T gondii en ambos grupos sugiere que esta zoonosis es endémica en la península de Yucatán, lo cual justifica la determinación rutinaria de Ac-T gondii y protocolos terapéuticos en los pacientes con VIH/SIDA ya que un porcentaje alto de ellos estaría en riesgo de desarrollar toxoplasmosis encefálica
