Incidencia y letalidad de infecciones neumocócicas invasivas en la región de Tarragona, 2006-2009 / Incidence and lethality of invasive pneumococcal disease in Tarragona, Spain, 2006-2009

An epidemiological study was conducted on all cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) diagnosed in Tarragona, Spain, between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2009. A total of 286 IPD cases were observed, which was an overall incidence of 21.2 episodes per 100,000 persons-year (95% CI: 16.6-26.9). Incidence rates were 26.3/100,000 (95% CI: 14.4-44.3) among children, 12.2/100,000 (95% CI: 8.2-17.6) among patients between 15-64 years and 59.6/100,000 (95% CI: 40.0-85.8) in those ≥ 65 years. Overall lethality rate was 7.3% (none in children, 3.4% among patients 15-64 years, and 14.8% among patients ≥ 65 years; p < 0 .001)

Estudio clínico-epidemiológico que incluyó todos los casos de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva diagnosticados en Tarragona entre 01/01/2006-01/12/2009. Se observaron 286 casos totales, lo que representó una incidencia global de 21,2 por 100.000 personas-año (IC 95%: 16,6-26,9). La incidencia fue 26,3/100.000 (IC 95%: 14,4-44,3) en niños, 12,2/100.000 (IC 95%: 8,2-17,6) en personas 15-64 años y 59,6/100.000 (IC 95%: 40,0-85,8) en personas ≥ 65 años. La letalidad global fue 7,3% (ninguna en niños, 3,4% en 15-64 años, 14,8% en personas ≥ 65 años; p < 0,001)

[Incidence and lethality of invasive pneumococcal disease in Tarragona, Spain, 2006-2009]. / Incidencia y letalidad de infecciones neumocócicas invasivas en la región de Tarragona, 2006-2009.

An epidemiological study was conducted on all cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) diagnosed in Tarragona, Spain, between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2009. A total of 286 IPD cases were observed, which was an overall incidence of 21.2 episodes per 100,000 persons-year (95% CI: 16.6-26.9). Incidence rates were 26.3/100,000 (95% CI: 14.4-44.3) among children, 12.2/100,000 (95% CI: 8.2-17.6) among patients between 15-64 years and 59.6/100,000 (95% CI: 40.0-85.8) in those ≥65 years. Overall lethality rate was 7.3% (none in children, 3.4% among patients 15-64 years, and 14.8% among patients ≥65 years; p<0.001).

Utilidad de la escala de severidad modificada CRB75 en el manejo del paciente anciano con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad / Ability of the modified CRB75 severity scale in assessing elderly patients with community acquired pneumonia

Objetivo: Comparar la utilidad de la escala CRB65, acrónimo inglés de confusión, taquipnea, hipotensión, edad ≥ 65 años, versus la escala modificada CRB75 para determinar el grado de severidad en pacientes mayores de 65 años con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC). Diseño: Estudio de cohortes prospectivo. Emplazamiento: Región Sanitaria de Tarragona. Participantes: Se incluyeron 350 pacientes ≥ 65 años con NAC radiográficamente confirmada (ambulatoria u hospitalizada) diagnosticada durante 2008-2010. Mediciones principales: La escala CRB65 considera confusión mental de nueva aparición; frecuencia respiratoria ≥ 30resp./min; presión arterial sistólica<90mmHg o diastólica ≤ 60mmHg y edad ≥ 65 años. La escala modificada CRB75 usa criterios similares pero edad ≥ 75 años. Ambas fueron calculadas al diagnóstico, y la mortalidad a los 30 días fue considerada como variable dependiente. Resultados: La mortalidad global fue del 13,1% (4% en NAC ambulatorias y 15% en NAC hospitalizadas). La mortalidad fue 7,7% para CRB65=1, 22,5% en CRB65=2 y 50% en CRB65=3. La mortalidad en CRB75=0 fue 3,2%, en CRB75=1 fue 9,7%, en CRB75=2 fue 30% y en CRB75=3 del 45,5%. La capacidad discriminativa de ambas escalas para clasificar el riesgo de mortalidad a los 30 días fue aceptable, siendo el área bajo la curva ROC significativamente mejor en el CRB75 que en el CRB65 (0,735 vs 0,681; p<0,01). Conclusión: Ambas escalas son una herramienta aceptable para clasificar el riesgo de mortalidad a corto plazo en los pacientes con NAC. La escala CRB75 puede ser de mayor utilidad en pacientes mayores de 65 años(AU)

Objective: To compare the ability of the classic CRB65 (confusion, respiratory rate, blood pressure and age ≥65 years) vs the modified CRB-75 for the severity assessment of patients 65 years or older with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Tarragona Health Region. Participants: A total of 350 patients ≥65 years with a radiographically confirmed CAP (hospitalized or outpatient) during 2008-2010. Main outcome measures: The CRB-65 score (confusion; respiratory rate ≥30; systolic blood pressure<90mmHg or diastolic ≤ 60mmHg; age ≥65 years) and the modified CRB-75 (similar criteria but age ≥75 years) were calculated at the time of diagnosis, and 30-day mortality was considered as the main dependent variable. Results: The overall 30-day mortality rate was 13.1% (4% in outpatient CAP and 15% in hospitalized CAP). According to CRB-65, mortality was 7,7% with a score of 1, 22.5% with a score of 2, and 50% with a score of 3 (no cases with a score of 4). Mortality also directly increased according to CRB-75, being 3,2% with a score of 0, 9,7% with a score of 1, 30.0% with a score of 2, and 45.5% with a score of 3. The discriminative value of both CRB65 and CRB75 rules to classify risk of short-term mortality among our study population was acceptable, with a better area under receive operating characteristic curve (ROC) for CRB75 than for CRB-65 (0,735 vs 0,681; P<0.01). Conclusion: Both CRB-65 and CRB-75 scales are an acceptable tool to classify mortality risk among elderly patients with CAP. However, CRB-75 can be more useful for evaluating patients over 65 years with CAP(AU)

[Ability of the modified CRB75 severity scale in assessing elderly patients with community acquired pneumonia]. / Utilidad de la escala de severidad modificada CRB75 en el manejo del paciente anciano con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the ability of the classic CRB65 (confusion, respiratory rate, blood pressure and age ≥65 years) vs the modified CRB-75 for the severity assessment of patients 65 years or older with community acquired pneumonia (CAP). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Tarragona Health Region. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 350 patients ≥65 years with a radiographically confirmed CAP (hospitalized or outpatient) during 2008-2010. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The CRB-65 score (confusion; respiratory rate ≥30; systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg or diastolic ≤ 60 mmHg; age ≥65 years) and the modified CRB-75 (similar criteria but age ≥75 years) were calculated at the time of diagnosis, and 30-day mortality was considered as the main dependent variable. RESULTS: The overall 30-day mortality rate was 13.1% (4% in outpatient CAP and 15% in hospitalized CAP). According to CRB-65, mortality was 7,7% with a score of 1, 22.5% with a score of 2, and 50% with a score of 3 (no cases with a score of 4). Mortality also directly increased according to CRB-75, being 3,2% with a score of 0, 9,7% with a score of 1, 30.0% with a score of 2, and 45.5% with a score of 3. The discriminative value of both CRB65 and CRB75 rules to classify risk of short-term mortality among our study population was acceptable, with a better area under receive operating characteristic curve (ROC) for CRB75 than for CRB-65 (0,735 vs 0,681; P<.01). CONCLUSION: Both CRB-65 and CRB-75 scales are an acceptable tool to classify mortality risk among elderly patients with CAP. However, CRB-75 can be more useful for evaluating patients over 65 years with CAP.

[Incidence and clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia managed as outpatient among elderly people in Tarragona-Valls, Spain]. / Incidencia y características clínicas de las neumonías tratadas ambulatoriamente en las personas mayores de 65 años del área de Tarragona-Valls, 2002-2005.

BACKGROUND: Few information exists about community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) not hospitalized. This study assessed incidence and clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) managed as outpatient among elderly population. METHODS: Prospective cohort study that included 11,240 individuals 65 years or older who were assigned to 8 Primary Care Centers in the region of Tarragona-Valls, Spain. All cases of CAP managed as outpatient occurred among cohort members from January 1, 2002 to April 30, 2005 were included. All cases were x-ray proved and validated by checking clinical records. RESULTS: An amount of 118 cases of CAP managed as outpatient were observed (45 diagnosed in Primary Care and 73 diagnosed in Emergence Units) which means an incidence of 34.8 cases per 10,000 elderly persons-year (95% CI: 28.8-41.7). Incidence was greater among males (41.9 per 10,000) and among those aged 75 years or older (47.5 per 10,000). When diagnosis, 68.6% of patients had fever, (80% in 65-74 years and 60.3 in 75 years or older, p=0.037), 36.4% dyspnea, 44.9% pleural pain, 77.1% cough, 50.0% expectoraton and 5.7% had altered mental state. The combination of "fever, cough and pleural pain" occurred in 27.1% of cases (95% CI: 19.3-36.1). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of outpatient CAP among elderly people is considerable. A great proportion of cases, specially older patients, had not typical clinical manifestations of pneumonia.

Incidencia y características clínicas de las neumonías tratadas ambulatoriamente en las personas mayores de 65 años del área de Tarragona-Valls, 2002-2005 / Incidence and clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia managed as outpatient among elderly people in Tarragona-Valls, Spain

Fundamentos: La información existente sobre la epidemiología de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) tratada extrahospitalariamente es limitada. Este estudio analizó la incidencia poblacional y características clínicas de las NAC no hospitalizadas en personas de edad avanzada. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de cohortes sin grupo control, ámbito poblacional, que incluyó un total de 11.240 personas mayores de 65 años adscritas a 8 Areas Básicas de Salud (ABS) de Tarragona-Valls. Se reclutaron todos los casos de NAC trata- dos ambulatoriamente (diagnosticados en Servicios de Urgencia hospitalarios de referencia y/o en las ocho ABS participantes) ocurridos en la cohorte de estudio entre enero de 2002 y abril de 2005. Todos los casos incluidos fueron radiográficamente confirmados y validados mediante revisión de historia clínica. Resultados: Se observaron un total de 118 casos de NAC que no requirieron hospitalización (73 diagnosticados en Servicios de Urgencias hospitalarios y 45 en las diferentes ABS), con una densidad de incidencia de 34,8 casos por 10.000 personas- año (IC 95%: 28,8-41,7). La incidencia fue más alta en varones (41,9 por 10.000) y en personas mayores de 75 años (47,5 por 10.000). Al diagnóstico, 68,6% de los pacientes presentaban fiebre (80% en 65-74 años y 60,3 en mayores de 75 años; p=0.037), 36,4% disnea, 44,9% dolor torácico, 77,1% tos, 50,0% expectoración, y 5,7% confusión mental. La tríada “fiebre, tos y dolor torácico” estaba presente en el 27,1% (IC 95%: 19,3-36,1). Conclusiones: Entre las personas mayores, la incidencia de NAC tratada ambulatoriamente es considerable. Más de la mitad de los pacientes no presentan los signos y síntomas típicos, especialmente los de mayor edad (AU)

Background: Few information exists about community- acquired pneumonia (CAP) not hospitalized. This study assessed incidence and clinical characteristics of community- acquired pneumonia (CAP) managed as outpatient among elderly population. Methods: Prospective cohort study that included 11,240 individuals 65 years or older who were assigned to 8 Primary Care Centers in the region of Tarragona-Valls, Spain. All cases of CAP managed as outpatient occurred among cohort members from January 1, 2002 to April 30, 2005 were included. All cases were x-ray proved and validated by checking clinical records. Results: An amount of 118 cases of CAP managed as outpatient were observed (45 diagnosed in Primary Care and 73 diagnosed in Emergence Units) which means an incidence of 34.8 cases per 10,000 elderly persons-year (95% CI: 28.8-41.7). Incidence was greater among males (41.9 per 10,000) and among those aged 75 years or older (47.5 per 10,000). When diagnosis, 68.6% of patients had fever, (80% in 65-74 years and 60.3 in 75 years or older, p=0.037), 36.4% dyspnea, 44.9% pleural pain, 77.1% cough, 50.0% expectoraton and 5.7% had altered mental state. The combination of “fever, cough and pleural pain” occurred in 27.1% of cases (95% CI: 19.3-36.1). Conclusions: The incidence of outpatient CAP among elderly people is considerable. A great proportion of cases, specially older patients, had not typical clinical manifestations of pneumonia (AU)

Coberturas de vacunación antineumocócica con vacuna heptavalente conjugada en la población infantil de Tarragona-Valls / Cover with conjugated heptavalent pneumoccal vaccine in the child population of Tarragona-Valls, Spain

No disponible

No disponible

[EVAN-50 study: Effectiveness of polysaccharide pneumococcus vaccine in preventing pneumococcal infections in the over-50 population]. / Estudio EVAN-50: efectividad de la vacuna antineumocócica polisacárida en la prevención de infecciones neumocócicas en población mayor de 50 años.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine in preventing severe pneumococcal infections in adults over 50 years old. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Primary Health Care Service, Tarragona, Spain. PATIENTS: A total of 270 patients >50 with severe pneumococcal disease (invasive pneumococcal disease and non-bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia) and 540 control patients randomized from the primary care Centres of the case patients. Case and control patients will be matched for age, sex, family physician, and level of risk for pneumonia. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Odds ratio (OR) will be used to measure the vaccine effect. Multivariate logistical regression, adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidity, will be conducted. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) will be calculated by the formula, VE = 1-OR. Vaccine effectiveness will be distinguished for the various age groups and at each risk stratum. It will also be estimated by means of indirect cohort analysis, taking as cases the infection caused by vaccine serotypes and as controls infection caused by non-vaccine serotype. DISCUSSION: The study will give an answer in terms of effectiveness of the vaccine for several age and risk strata. It will contribute to taking a decision regarding the controversial question of the systematic indication, or otherwise, of this vaccine for the elderly.

Estudio EVAN-50: efectividad de la vacuna antineumocócica polisacárida en la prevención de infecciones neumocócicas en población mayor de 50 años / EVAN-50 Study: effectiveness of polysaccharide pneumococcus vaccine in preventing pneumococcal infections in the over-50 population

Objetivo. Evaluar la efectividad de la vacunación antineumocócica 23-valente en la prevención de infecciones neumocócicas graves en población mayor de 50 años. Diseño. Estudio de casos y controles. Emplazamiento. Atención primaria de salud (Región Sanitaria de Tarragona). Participantes. Un total de 270 pacientes >50 años con una enfermedad neumocócica grave (incluidas la enfermedad invasiva y las neumonías neumocócicas no bacteriémicas) y un total de 540 controles seleccionados aleatoriamente en los registros de usuarios de los centros de salud de referencia de los casos (tras aparejamiento por edad, sexo, médico de cabecera y estrato de riesgo para neumonía). Mediciones principales. Como medida del efecto se usará la odds ratio (OR), realizándose un análisis multivariante de regresión logística para el control de los posibles factores de confusión, estimándose unas OR ajustadas y calculándose la efectividad vacunal (EV) mediante la fórmula: EV = 1 ­ OR. Se discriminará la efectividad de la vacuna para los diferentes grupos de edad y en cada uno de los estratos de riesgo. Finalmente, se evaluará también la efectividad vacunal mediante un análisis de cohortes indirectas, considerando como casos los episodios causados por serotipos vacunales y como controles los episodios causados por serotipos no incluidos en la vacuna. Discusión. El estudio podrá dar una respuesta en términos de efectividad de la vacuna para diferentes estratos etarios y de riesgo, y contribuirá a una toma de decisiones respecto al controvertido tema de la indicación sistemática o no de esta vacuna en las personas mayores

Objective. To assess the effectiveness of 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine in preventing severe pneumococcal infections in adults over 50 years old. Design. Case-control study. Setting. Primary Health Care Service, Tarragona, Spain. Patients. A total of 270 patients >50 with severe pneumococcal disease (invasive pneumococcal disease and non-bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia) and 540 control patients randomized from the primary care Centres of the case patients. Case and control patients will be matched for age, sex, family physician, and level of risk for pneumonia. Main measurements. Odds ratio (OR) will be used to measure the vaccine effect. Multivariate logistical regression, adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidity, will be conducted. Vaccine effectiveness (VE) will be calculated by the formula, VE=1-OR. Vaccine effectiveness will be distinguished for the various age groups and at each risk stratum. It will also be estimated by means of indirect cohort analysis, taking as cases the infection caused by vaccine serotypes and as controls infection caused by non-vaccine serotype. Discussion. The study will give an answer in terms of effectiveness of the vaccine for several age and risk strata. It will contribute to taking a decision regarding the controversial question of the systematic indication, or otherwise, of this vaccine for the elderly