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1.
Health sci. dis ; 20(5): 68-71, 2019. ilus
Article in French | AIM (Africa) | ID: biblio-1262825

ABSTRACT

Introduction. Le tétanos est un problème de santé publique. La létalité qui lui est associée est très élevée. L'objectif de ce travail était de décrire les aspects cliniques, thérapeutiques et évolutifs du tétanos chez l'adulte. Méthodes. Il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective des cas de tétanos à l'hôpital Sominé Dolo de Mopti. Les données ont été collectées à partir des dossiers des malades et portaient sur le nom, le sexe, l'âge, la profession, la provenance, le statut vaccinal, la porte d'entrée. Le score de Dakar a été utilisé pour évaluer le pronostic des patients. Résultats. Nous avons colligé 11 cas dont un tétanos obstétrical. La prévalence hospitalière était de 1,03% ; l'âge moyen de 41ans avec des extrêmes de 21 et 70 ans. La tranche d'âge de 20 - 30 ans était la plus affectée avec 36,36%. Aucun des patients n'avait été antérieurement vacciné contre le tétanos. La durée moyenne d'hospitalisation a été de 11,36 jours. Tous les patients ont présenté le trismus, dans plus de 50% des cas, la fièvre était associée aux paroxysmes. Nous rapportons un taux de létalité de 54,54% dont 83,33% sont survenus dans les quatre jours qui ont suivi l'hospitalisation. Le délai moyen de survenu du décès était de 4 jours. Conclusion. Le tétanos continue d'être une menace à l'atteinte de l'objectif de la couverture sanitaire universelle. Des efforts de sensibilisation et des programmes de vaccination plus inclusifs devraient permettre d'en réduire la morbimortalité


Subject(s)
Mali , Morbidity , Tetanus/diagnosis , Tetanus/epidemiology , Tetanus/therapy
2.
Med. Afr. noire (En ligne) ; 66(10): 511-520, 2019.
Article in French | AIM (Africa) | ID: biblio-1266327

ABSTRACT

Introduction : La pathologie naso-sinusienne occupe une place importante en ORL. Sa prise en charge passe par une étude de données de la circonscription concernée. Ce travail avait pour but d'établir le profil épidémiologique, et clinique des pathologies naso-sinusiennes. Matériels et méthode : Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale descriptive menée en consultation sur une période de six mois allant de janvier 2018 à juin 2018 dans l'unité d'ORL-CCF du Centre de Santé de Référence de la Commune V de Bamako. Ont été inclus tout patient venu pour la première fois en consultation dans ladite unité pour pathologie naso-sinusienne. Résultats : Les pathologies naso-sinusiennes ont représenté 12,62% des consultations qui s'élevaient à 1656 patients. Nous avons recensé 60,3% de femmes et 39,7% d'hommes. La tranche d'âge 21-30 ans a constitué 25,8% des cas. L'âge moyen a été de 29 ans, avec des extrêmes de 11 jours et 80 ans. Les motifs de consultation ont été l'obstruction nasale (41,6%), l'épistaxis (19,2%), et les rhinorrhées 12,4%. Les rhinites ont représenté 59,8%, les sinusites 20,1%, les corps étrangers et les épistaxis chacun 7,6% des diagnostics. Un cas de tuberculose nasale a été observé. Conclusion : Les pathologies naso-sinusiennes sont dominées par la pathologie inflammatoire et infectieuse


Subject(s)
Epidemiologic Methods , Mali , Nose Diseases , Paranasal Sinuses , Patients , Sinusitis/diagnosis
3.
Nature ; 516(7531): 387-90, 2014 Dec 18.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25470038

ABSTRACT

During the long Sahelian dry season, mosquito vectors of malaria are expected to perish when no larval sites are available; yet, days after the first rains, mosquitoes reappear in large numbers. How these vectors persist over the 3-6-month long dry season has not been resolved, despite extensive research for over a century. Hypotheses for vector persistence include dry-season diapause (aestivation) and long-distance migration (LDM); both are facets of vector biology that have been highly controversial owing to lack of concrete evidence. Here we show that certain species persist by a form of aestivation, while others engage in LDM. Using time-series analyses, the seasonal cycles of Anopheles coluzzii, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.), and Anopheles arabiensis were estimated, and their effects were found to be significant, stable and highly species-specific. Contrary to all expectations, the most complex dynamics occurred during the dry season, when the density of A. coluzzii fluctuated markedly, peaking when migration would seem highly unlikely, whereas A. gambiae s.s. was undetected. The population growth of A. coluzzii followed the first rains closely, consistent with aestivation, whereas the growth phase of both A. gambiae s.s. and A. arabiensis lagged by two months. Such a delay is incompatible with local persistence, but fits LDM. Surviving the long dry season in situ allows A. coluzzii to predominate and form the primary force of malaria transmission. Our results reveal profound ecological divergence between A. coluzzii and A. gambiae s.s., whose standing as distinct species has been challenged, and suggest that climate is one of the selective pressures that led to their speciation. Incorporating vector dormancy and LDM is key to predicting shifts in the range of malaria due to global climate change, and to the elimination of malaria from Africa.


Subject(s)
Animal Migration/physiology , Anopheles/physiology , Estivation/physiology , Insect Vectors/physiology , Models, Biological , Seasons , Animals , Malaria/transmission , Population Density , Population Dynamics , Rain , Species Specificity
4.
Fam Dev ; (64): 15-24, 1993 Apr.
Article in French | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12286687

ABSTRACT

PIP: Awareness is growing throughout the world of the grave environmental damage that has been caused by human activities ad of the disastrous consequences such damage may pose for human survival. The 1992 "Earth Summit" in Rio de Janeiro marked the culmination of a series of preliminary ministerial conferences in Africa and elsewhere that called attention to practices menacing the environment. Africa's underdevelopment is at the basis of practices leading to desertification, deforestation, and pollution. The summit was of great relevance for Africa because of its recognition of the links between the environment, development, and poverty. The phenomena of drought and desertification in the Sahel are insufficiently understood. The drought began in the 1960s and has persisted irregularly into later decades. Scant rainfall may cause the useful growing season to be shorter than the minimum of 2.5-3 months needed to assure harvests. Meager vegetation, drying of domestic water sources, and the danger of erosion from violent rainstorms are among the consequences of drought. Desertification occurs when the natural vegetation is exploited excessively, when agriculture is extended into marginal lands, and when inappropriate agricultural and herding practices make the land vulnerable to erosion. Populations beset by poverty and drought engage in practices for short-term survival whose longterm consequences may be very harmful. The Sahel Institute in Bamako has outlined a regional strategy to combat desertification that calls for improving collection and conservation of surface and subsoil water, reforestation and more careful management of land and other resources, motivating local populations to assist in preventing deforestation, fertility control to lessen population pressure, and development of a database to monitor the dynamics of desertification. The European Economic community and some conservation associations have also developed conservation programs for the Sahel. Degradation of the tropical forests must be considered irreversible because of climatic factors, erosion, and loss of fertility. Abusive exploitation of the tropical forests is a principal socioeconomic phenomenon of contemporary Africa. Forest policies must end the degradation, repair the decision making. 56% of the total energy consumed in Africa is from wood and charcoal. But the collection of firewood and deforestation are complexly linked. Deforestation results from numerous factors including imbalance between population growth and the system of natural resources, the need for new lands, and the expansion of cities. Several African countries are attempting to subsidize firewood needs through management of forests and reforestation with the collaboration of the rich countries.^ieng


Subject(s)
Conservation of Natural Resources , Disasters , Environmental Pollution , Africa , Africa South of the Sahara , Africa, Western , Developing Countries , Environment , Water Supply
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