Comparison of the Identification of Emotional Facial Expressions from Full Faces with only the Eyes and the Mouth Regions in Young Indian Adults: an Exploratory Study.

Background: Identification of emotional facial expressions (EFEs) is important in interpersonal communication. Six 'universal' EFEs are known, though accuracy of their identification varies. EFEs involve anatomical changes in certain regions of the face, especially eyes and mouth. But whether other areas of the face are just as important in their identification is still debated. This study was conducted to compare the accuracy of identification of universal EFEs under full-face and partial face conditions (only showing the eyes and the mouth regions). Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 140 young Indian adults. They were divided into two equal groups and shown the six universal EFEs in two sets, one with full-face images, and the other with images showing just the eyes and the mouth regions on a computer screen. The participants were asked to identify each of the EFE and their responses were analyzed. Results: Mean age was 21.3 1.7 years for full face group, and 21.2 1.6 years for the partial face group. Most were men, from rural areas and from upper socioeconomic status families, and many of them were students. EFE identification was significantly higher for part-face group compared to full-face group (p-value .0007). Participants of both groups identified happiness the best (100%). For other EFEs, part-face images were identified more accurately than full-face images, except for disgust. These differences were statistically significant except for anger and fear. Conclusions: Among young Indian adults, accuracy of identification of universal EFEs was high, which was significantly enhanced for all except disgust, when only combinations of eyes and mouth were shown, suggesting that other facial regions serve as distractors in EFE identification. Key Messages: 1. Identification of universal EFEs was higher from partial faces (combination of eyes and mouth) as compared to full-face EFEs for all emotions except disgust. 2. This suggests that other regions of face serve as potential distractors in the identification of emotions, except for disgust, where these regions provide more information.

Antecedentes: La identificación de las expresiones faciales emocionales (EFEs) es importante en la comunicación interpersonal. Se conocen seis EFEs "universales", aunque la precisión de su identificación varía. Los EFEs involucran cambios anatómicos en ciertas regiones del rostro, especialmente los ojos y la boca. Sin embargo, todavía se debate si la identificación de las otras áreas del rostro es igualmente importante. Este estudio se llevó a cabo para comparar la precisión de la identificación de los EFEs universales en condiciones de rostro completo y rostro parcial, mostrando solo las regiones de los ojos y la boca. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio analítico transversal entre 140 adultos jóvenes indios. Fueron divididos en dos grupos iguales y se les mostraron los seis EFEs universales en dos conjuntos, uno con imágenes de rostro completo y otro con imágenes que mostraban solo las regiones de los ojos y la boca. A los participantes se les pidió que identificaran cada uno de los EFE y sus respuestas fueron analizadas. Resultados: La edad promedio fue de 21.3 1.7 años para el grupo de rostro completo y de 21.2 1.6 años para el grupo de rostro parcial. La mayoría de los participantes eran hombres, provenían de áreas rurales, pertenecían a familias de nivel socioeconómico alto y eran estudiantes. La identificación de EFEs fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de rostro parcial en comparación con el grupo de rostro completo (p = .0007). Los participantes de ambos grupos identificaron mejor la felicidad (100%). Para los demás EFEs, las imágenes de rostro parcial se identificaron con mayor precisión que las imágenes de rostro completo, excepto en el caso del asco. Estas diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas, excepto en los casos de ira y miedo. Conclusiones: Entre los adultos jóvenes indios, la precisión en la identificación de EFEs universales fue alta, lo cual se mejoró significativamente para todos, excepto el asco, cuando solo se mostraron combinaciones de ojos y boca. Esto sugiere que otras regiones faciales actúan como distractores en la identificación de EFEs.

Appropriateness of Hospital Admission and Length of Stay in the Pediatric Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital in West Bengal.

Background: Appropriateness of admissions and inpatient length of stay (LOS) are important factors controlling health-care expenditure. The current study was conducted to assess the proportion of appropriate admissions among 29-day to 12-year--old aged patients admitted to pediatric wards of a tertiary health-care center in one month and evaluate inappropriate LOS among them. Materials and Methods: An observational longitudinal study was carried out for two months among patients admitted to the pediatric inpatient department using Pediatric Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (PAEP)-II tool. All patients admitted to the institution during the study period were included in the study. Results: Among 495 children, 438 (88.5%) were appropriately admitted. Inappropriate admission was mostly found in children aged 1 to 5 years (29, 16.6%), those who lived >5 km from the hospital (45, 15.2%), and those who presented with other systemic illnesses (13, 31.7%). Among the appropriately admitted children, 333 (76%) met the criteria of appropriate LOS during their hospital stays. Multivariable logistic regression showed that the age of the children (AOR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.98, 0.99), age-appropriate feeding (AOR = 2.12;95% CI = 1.30,3.47), and hematological disorder (AOR = 0.16; 95% CI = 0.05, 0.52) were found to be associated with the children being kept at the hospital inappropriately. Conclusions: The current study observed a high proportion of appropriate admission in children. However, a higher proportion of inappropriate LOS among them was seen. The younger age group, age-appropriate feeding, and type of illness were found as the primary predictors for inappropriate LOS.