Andean Crops Germination: Changes in the Nutritional Profile, Physical and Sensory Characteristics. A Review.

Andean crops such as quinoa, amaranth, cañihua, beans, maize, and tarwi have gained interest in recent years for being gluten-free and their high nutritional values; they have high protein content with a well-balanced essential amino acids profile, minerals, vitamins, dietary fiber, and antioxidant compounds. During the germination bioprocess, the seed metabolism is reactivated resulting in the catabolism and degradation of macronutrients and some anti-nutritional compounds. Therefore, germination is frequently used to improve nutritional quality, protein digestibility, and availability of certain minerals and vitamins; furthermore, in specific cases, biosynthesis of new bioactive compounds could occur through the activation of secondary metabolic pathways. These changes could alter the technological and sensory properties, such as the hardness, consistency and viscosity of the formulations prepared with them. In addition, the flavor profile may undergo improvement or alteration, a critical factor to consider when integrating sprouted grains into food formulations. This review summarizes recent research on the nutritional, technological, functional, and sensory changes occur during the germination of Andean grains and analyze their potential applications in various food products.

Levels of evidence and journal impact factor in oral and maxillofacial surgery: a 15-year follow-up.

This study was performed to assess changes over time in the quality of research in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) by examining the level of evidence of published articles. A secondary aim was to determine the relationship of the journal impact factor to these levels of evidence. The four major OMS journals with an impact factor were assessed. Articles published in 2017 and 2018 were categorized based on their level of evidence, and their correlation with the 2019 journal impact factor was investigated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rho). The total number of published articles increased by a factor of 2.4 over a 15-year period, from 932 in 2002-2003 to 2253 in 2017-2018. The percentage of articles increased by 1.0% for level I evidence, 3.4% for level II, 8.2% for level III, and 4.1% for level IV. Non-evidence articles reduced by 16.7%. All journals showed an increase in impact factor, and a significant correlation was noted between the proportion of published higher-level evidence articles and the impact factor over time (rho=0.811, P=0.001). It is concluded that OMS journals currently display a higher proportion of good quality articles leading to a better impact factor than 15 years ago.

Increasing the folate content of tuber based foods using potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria.

It is known that certain lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains can produce folates, a B-group vitamin that cannot be synthesized by humans and must be exogenously obtained. The aim of this study was to select folate-producing LAB and evaluate their probiotic characteristics in order to obtain a tuber-based food with elevated folate content. Several LAB strains were isolated from a traditional Andean fermented potato product tocosh and cultured in folate-free culture medium. Five folate-producing strains (29-138 ng/mL) were selected to ferment three Andean tubers (potato S. tuberosum spp. andigena, oca Oxalis tuberosa and papalisa Ullucus tuberosus). Sterile purees were inoculated and samples were collected at 0, 6 and 24 h of fermentation and after 28 days of cold storage. Cell growth, pH and total folate were determined. All selected strains were able to grow and produce folates in the substrates and two Lactobacillus sakei strains, CRL 2209 and CRL 2210, produced the highest folate concentrations (730-1484 ng/g after 24 h fermentation). These strains were selected to ferment potato substrates supplemented with amaranth (Amaranthus caudathus) and chia (Salvia hispanica) flour to increase the nutritional value. This addition increased folate synthesis in 89-95%. Furthermore, the ability to survive under simulated gastrointestinal conditions was evaluated and cell counts of the 5 strains remained above the recommended for a probiotic candidate (8.0 log CFU/mL). In conclusion, the selected LAB could be considered potentially probiotic strains and could be used to produce novel tuber based products with elevated folate concentrations. These products could also be used as novel food matrixes for the delivery of probiotic microorganisms.

Dietary nutritional profile and phenolic compounds consumption in school children of highlands of Argentine Northwest.

The objective of this work was to assess dietary patterns and consumption of phenolic compounds from fruits and vegetables byschoolchildren of high altitude regions from northwest of Argentina. A nutritional survey including food-frequency consumption, 24-h dietary recall and anthropometric measurements was applied to 241 children from 6 to 12years old. The amounts of the different classes of phenolic compounds were established from Food Composition Tables available in phenol-explorer website. Statistics analyses were performed using IBM SPSS 20.0. Nutritional status assessment showed underweight (2.2%), low weight (12.7%), overweight (12.7%) and obesity (7.4%). Mean intake of phenolic compounds was 412mg/day. Most consumed foods were infusions and sugar products, consumption of vegetables, fruits and dairy products were low compared to recommendations for this age. Considering that polyphenols have protective health effects, its low consumption could be a risk of development of chronic non communicable diseases.

Nutritional improvement of corn pasta-like product with broad bean (Vicia faba) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa).

In this study, the nutritional quality of pasta-like product (spaghetti-type), made with corn (Zea mays) flour enriched with 30% broad bean (Vicia faba) flour and 20% of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) flour, was determined. Proximate chemical composition and iron, zinc and dietary fiber were determined. A biological assay was performed to assess the protein value using net protein utilization (NPU), true digestibility (TD) and protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS). Iron and zinc availability were estimated by measuring dialyzable mineral fraction (%Da) resulting from in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Nutritionally improved, gluten-free spaghetti (NIS) showed significantly increased NPU and decreased TD compared with a non-enriched control sample. One NIS-portion supplied 10-20% of recommended fiber daily intake. Addition of quinoa flour had a positive effect on the FeDa% as did broad bean flour on ZnDa%. EDTA increased Fe- and ZnDa% in all NIS-products, but it also impaired sensorial quality.

Validation of a sampling plan to generate food composition data.

A methodology to develop systematic plans for food sampling was proposed. Long life whole and skimmed milk, and sunflower oil were selected to validate the methodology in Argentina. Fatty acid profile in all foods, proximal composition, and calcium's content in milk were determined with AOAC methods. The number of samples (n) was calculated applying Cochran's formula with variation coefficients ⩽12% and an estimate error (r) maximum permissible ⩽5% for calcium content in milks and unsaturated fatty acids in oil. n were 9, 11 and 21 for long life whole and skimmed milk, and sunflower oil respectively. Sample units were randomly collected from production sites and sent to labs. Calculated r with experimental data was ⩽10%, indicating high accuracy in the determination of analyte content of greater variability and reliability of the proposed sampling plan. The methodology is an adequate and useful tool to develop sampling plans for food composition analysis.

Prevalence and determinants of the dual burden of malnutrition at the household level in Puna and Quebrada of Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to identify households in which overweight and underweight coexisted (dual burden of malnutrition) and explore the factors that could be contributing to the dual burden of malnutrition at the household level in this population. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional nutritional survey. METHODS: After applying the exclusion criteria, 136 households were included. Mothers were classified as normal weight or overweight/obese based on body mass index (BMI) cut-off points and children and adolescents were classified as stunted or not based on height-for-age z-score. Households with an obese mother and a stunted children or adolescent were categorized as dual burden households. RESULTS: The prevalence of dual burden household was 12%. Compared with other households, dual burden households tended to have more people living in the house, and the educational level of the head of household was lower. Individuals living in dual burden households showed overall lower energy intakes and were more likely to have inadequate intakes of calcium and iron. CONCLUSIONS: The nutrition transition in this community might be one of the leading causes of the observed dual burden of malnutrition. The results presented here indicate the need to consider whether programs that focus on only one type of nutritional problem come might actually exacerbate the other.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar los hogares en los que coexisten el sobrepeso y bajo peso (doble carga de malnutrición) y explorar los factores que podrían contribuir a la doble carga de malnutrición en los hogares de esta población. Después de aplicar los criterios de exclusión, se incluyeron 136 hogares. Las madres fueron clasificadas como de peso normal o con sobrepeso/ obesidad basado en puntos de corte del índice de masa corporal (IMC), los niños y adolescentes fueron clasificados según z­score de la talla para la edad, si tenían o no retraso en el crecimiento (Stunted). Los hogares con una madre obesa y niños o adolescentes con retraso en el crecimiento fueron clasificados como hogares de doble carga. La prevalencia de hogares con doble carga fue del 12 %. En comparación con los otros hogares, en los hogares con doble carga de malnutrición habitan un mayor número de personas en la casa, y el nivel de educación del jefe de familia fue menor. Las personas que viven en hogares de doble carga mostraron ingestas de energía global más bajas y eran más propensos a tener una ingesta insuficiente de calcio y hierro. Una de las principales causas de la doble carga de malnutrición observada en esta comunidad podría ser la transición nutricional. Los resultados presentados aquí indican la necesidad de considerar a los programas que se centran en un solo tipo de problema nutricional y que en realidad podrían exacerbar el otro.

Effect of extrusion conditions on physicochemical and sensorial properties of corn-broad beans (Vicia faba) spaghetti type pasta.

Corn-broad bean spaghetti type pasta was made with a corn/broad bean flour blend in a 70:30 ratio, through an extrusion-cooking process (Brabender 10 DN single-screw extruder with a 3:1 compression ratio). The effect of temperature (T=80, 90 and 100°C) and moisture (M=28%, 31% and 34%) on the extrusion responses (specific consumption of mechanical energy and pressure) and the quality of this pasta-like product (expansion, cooking-related losses, water absorption, firmness and stickiness) was assessed. The structural changes of starch were studied by means of DSC and XRD. The extrusion-cooking process, at M=28% and T=100°C, is appropriate to obtain corn-broad bean spaghetti-type pasta with high protein and dietary fibre content and adequate quality. The cooking characteristics and resistance to overcooking depended on the degree of gelatinisation and formation of amylose-lipid complexes. The critical gelatinisation point was 46.55%; beyond that point, the quality of the product declines.

The impact of case reports in oral and maxillofacial surgery.

This review examines the effect of publishing case reports on journal impact factor and future research. All case reports published in the four major English language oral and maxillofacial surgery journals in the two year period, 2007-2008, were searched manually. The citation data of each case report were retrieved from the ISI online database. The number, percentage and mean citations received by case reports and their relation to the 2009 journal impact factor were analysed. Case reports which received more than 5 citations were also identified and all of the citing articles retrieved and analysed. Thirty-one percent of all articles published in major oral and maxillofacial journals in 2007-2008 were case reports. Case reports had a low citation rate with a mean citation of less than 1. There were 38 (7.2%) case reports with more than 5 citations and 30% of the citing articles were also case reports. The publication of case reports negatively affected journal impact factor which correlated directly with the percentage of case reports published within a journal. Case reports reporting recent topics, describing new treatment/diagnosis method and with a literature review were more likely to receive citations.

Incidence and prevention of osteoradionecrosis after dental extraction in irradiated patients: a systematic review.

This systematic review aims to identify and review the best available evidence to answer the clinical question 'What are the incidence and the factors influencing the development of osteoradionecrosis after tooth extraction in irradiated patients?'. A systematic review of published articles on post-irradiation extraction was performed via electronic search of the Medline, Ovid, Embase and Cochrane Library databases. Additional studies were identified by manual reference list search. Evaluation and critical appraisal were done in 3 stages by two independent reviewers and any disagreement was resolved by discussion with a third party. 19 articles were selected for the final analysis. The total incidence of osteoradionecrosis after tooth extraction in irradiated patients was 7%. When extractions were performed in conjunction with prophylactic hyperbaric oxygen, the incidence was 4% while extraction in conjunction with antibiotics gave an incidence of 6%. This systematic review found that while the incidence of osteoradionecrosis after post-irradiation tooth extractions is low, the extraction of mandibular teeth within the radiation field in patients who received a radiation dose higher than 60Gy represents the highest risk of developing osteoradionecrosis. Based on weak evidence, prophylactic hyperbaric oxygen is effective in reducing the risk of developing osteoradionecrosis after post-radiation extractions.

Patrón de consumo de la población de los Valles Calchaquíes, Tucumán / Dietary patterns of the Calchaquies Valleys population, Tucumán

El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar el patrón de consumo y evaluar el estado nutricional, y los nutrientes críticos de una muestra representativa de los Valles Calchaquíes (Tucumán). Se encuestó a 113 individuos adultos (n=230; 31,3% hombres y 68,7% mujeres). Mujeres embarazadas y nodrizas fueron excluidas. La ingesta de energía se determinó a partir de un recordatorio de 24 h. Se calculó la adecuación de la ingesta energética (AIE%) y de algunos minerales y vitaminas en base a los criterios propuestos por WHO/FAO/UNU (1985, 2002). La AIE% fue 76,1 para hombres y 86,9% para mujeres. La ingesta energética promedio encontrada fue baja, no compatible con un estado de salud adecuado a largo plazo. Los patrones dietarios mostraron elevado consumo de productos farináceos y azúcares refinadas, bajo consumo de fibras, legumbres y lácteos. Más del 25% de la población presentó riesgo moderado o elevado de ingestas inadecuadas de calcio, hierro, folatos y vitamina E. Conclusión: la sustitución de platos tradicionales por patrones de alimentación tipo occidental y la pérdida de producciones típicas de la Región se refleja en el patrón dietario. Este explicaría las deficiencias de nutrientes observadas. Estos resultados podrían ser el punto de partida para desarrollar programas de producción y conservación de alimentos autóctonos que mejoren la alimentación y cubran las demandas energéticas de la población. Serviría para promover la cultura alimenticia de la región y revalorizar los alimentos regionales.

Patrón de consumo de la población de los Valles Calchaquíes, Tucumán / Dietary patterns of the Calchaquies Valleys population, Tucumán

El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar el patrón de consumo y evaluar el estado nutricional, y los nutrientes críticos de una muestra representativa de los Valles Calchaquíes (Tucumán). Se encuestó a 113 individuos adultos (n=230; 31,3% hombres y 68,7% mujeres). Mujeres embarazadas y nodrizas fueron excluidas. La ingesta de energía se determinó a partir de un recordatorio de 24 h. Se calculó la adecuación de la ingesta energética (AIE%) y de algunos minerales y vitaminas en base a los criterios propuestos por WHO/FAO/UNU (1985, 2002). La AIE% fue 76,1 para hombres y 86,9% para mujeres. La ingesta energética promedio encontrada fue baja, no compatible con un estado de salud adecuado a largo plazo. Los patrones dietarios mostraron elevado consumo de productos farináceos y azúcares refinadas, bajo consumo de fibras, legumbres y lácteos. Más del 25% de la población presentó riesgo moderado o elevado de ingestas inadecuadas de calcio, hierro, folatos y vitamina E. Conclusión: la sustitución de platos tradicionales por patrones de alimentación tipo occidental y la pérdida de producciones típicas de la Región se refleja en el patrón dietario. Este explicaría las deficiencias de nutrientes observadas. Estos resultados podrían ser el punto de partida para desarrollar programas de producción y conservación de alimentos autóctonos que mejoren la alimentación y cubran las demandas energéticas de la población. Serviría para promover la cultura alimenticia de la región y revalorizar los alimentos regionales.(AU)

Situación actual y perspectivas futuras de las tablas y base de datos sobre composición de alimentos en el marco de las redes LATINFOODS/INFOODS / Current situation and future prospects of food composition tables and databases in the frame of LATINFOODS/INFOODS networks

Argentina presenta actualmente, una situación francamente deficitaria del conocimiento sobre composición de alimentos. La primera Tabla argentina de composición química de alimentos se publicó en 1942 y fue pionera en Latinoamérica. La falta de continuidad y la necesidad de contar con ese tipo de datos originó dos recopilaciones de las Escuelas de Dietistas y Nutricionistas de la Universidad Nacional de la Plata y de la Universidad de Córdoba, cuyas fuentes fueron la antigua Tabla Nacional, tablas extranjeras, publicaciones y folletos de laboratorios y de la industria. En 1983 se creó el INFOODS (Internacional Network of Food Data Systems). En ese marco los países de América Latina formaron en 1984 el centro regional LATINFOODS (Red Latinoamericana de Composición de Alimentos) y Argentina formalizó su Capítulo Nacional, ARGENFOODS, con el auspicio de la Dirección Nacional de Alimentos de la Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Alimentos (SAGPyA), encarando las siguientes actividades: 1) Compilación y validación de datos existentes; 2) Incorporación de nuevos datos; 3) Elaboración de una Base de Datos nacional en formato electrónico; 4) Elaboración de una tabla sobre “Contenido de lípidos en Alimentos”. El Ministerio de Salud de la Nación recopiló la mayor parte de esa información, diseñando un Programa informático (SARA) para analizar los datos de la reciente Encuesta Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición (2005). Actualmente se está finalizando el proyecto FAO (TCP/RLA/3107): “Desarrollo de Bases de Datos y Tablas de Composición de Alimentos de Argentina, Chile y Paraguay para fortalecer el Comercio Internacional y la Protección de los Consumidores”. En ese marco se ha propuesto “El fortalecimiento de la institucionalidad y gestión de la composición de alimentos a nivel nacional y para el desarrollo de alianzas estratégicas entre gobiernos, universidades, industrias y asociaciones profesionales”...

Folate content and retention in selected raw and processed foods / Contenido de folatos y retención en determinados alimentos crudos y procesados

Adequate intake of folate reduced the risk of abnormalities in early embryonic brain development such as the risk of malformations of the embryonic brain/spinal cord, collectively referred to as neural tube defects (NTDs). Folate is extremely sensitive to destruction by heat, oxidation and UV light. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of different extraction procedures and enzymatic treatment to determine folate concentrations in variety of foods using a microbiological assay (MA) with Lactobacillus rhamnosus as the test organism. This study also aimed to evaluate the retention of folate in foods after using different cooking processes. Nine of the most commonly consumed foods in Argentina and that contain folate were analyzed: broccoli, spinach, potato, lentil, soy (raw and boiled); hen whole egg and yolks (raw, boiled and fried); beef liver (raw and cooked); strawberry (raw) and white bread. For this study, rat plasma (RP) and human plasma (HP) conjugases together with acetate and phosphate buffers were tested. In extraction step for all analyses, RP conjugase was selected since it was easily available in our laboratory and small quantities were required. The acetate buffer was chosen since better growth and more reproducible results were obtained in the different conditions assayed. The results allowed the foods to be grouped into a) rich sources of folate: hen eggs, yolks, spinach, soybean (raw) and strawberry (100 and 350mg/100g fresh weight (FW); b) good sources of folate: broccoli (raw), soybean (boiled), lentils (raw) and potato (56 to 83mg/100g FW) and c) moderate sources of folate: broccoli, lentils (boiled), white breads, onions and beef liver (15 to 30mg/100g FW). The folate retention was in the range 14-99% according to both type of food and method of processing. Contents and losses of folate vary widely according to type of food and cooking method.

La ingesta adecuada de folatos reduce el riesgo de las anormalidades en el desarrollo temprano del cerebro embrionario, tales como el riego de malformaciones en el cerebro/médula espinal, conocidas en conjunto como defectos del tubo neural (NTDs). Los folatos son extremadamente sensibles al tratamiento con calor, la oxidación y la luz UV. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el uso de diferentes procedimientos de extracción y de tratamientos enzimáticos para determinar el contenido de folato en distintos alimentos empleando un método microbiológico que utiliza el microorganismo Lactobacillus rhamnosus. En este trabajo se evaluó también la retención de folatos en alimentos sometidos a diferentes procesos de cocción. Se analizaron 9 de los alimentos que contienen folatos y más comúnmente consumidos en Argentina: brócoli, espinaca, papa, lente ja, soja (crudos y cocidos): huevo entero de gallina y yema (crudo, hervido y frito). Bife de hígado vacuno (crudo y cocido); frutillas (crudas) y pan: blanco. Se probó para este estudio conjugasas de plasma de rata (PR) y de plasma humano (PH) conjuntamente con buffers fosfato y acetato. En la extracción para todos los análisis se escogió la conjugasa de PR por ser accesible para nuestro laboratorio y por que se utiliza en pequeñas cantidades. El buffer acetato fue elegido debido a que se obtuvo resultados más reproducibles y un mejor crecimiento en las diferentes condiciones ensayadas. Los resultados permitieron agrupar los alimentos en: a) fuente rica de folatos: huevo y su yema, espinaca, soja (cruda) y frutilla (100 a 350mg/100g peso fresco); b) fuente buena de folatos: brócoli (crudo), soja (hervidas), lentejas (cruda) y papa (cruda y hervida) (56 a 83mg/100g peso fresco) y c) fuente moderada de folatos: brócoli y lentejas (hervidos), bife de hígado, pan blanco y cebollas (15 a 30mg/100g peso fresco). La retención de folato estuvo en el rango de 14-99% de acuerdo al tipo de alimento y el método de procesado. El contenido de folato y sus perdidas fueron muy variables dependiendo del alimento y del método de cocción empleados.

Situación actual y perspectivas futuras de las tablas y base de datos sobre composición de alimentos en el marco de las redes LATINFOODS/INFOODS / Current situation and future prospects of food composition tables and databases in the frame of LATINFOODS/INFOODS networks

Argentina presenta actualmente, una situación francamente deficitaria del conocimiento sobre composición de alimentos. La primera Tabla argentina de composición química de alimentos se publicó en 1942 y fue pionera en Latinoamérica. La falta de continuidad y la necesidad de contar con ese tipo de datos originó dos recopilaciones de las Escuelas de Dietistas y Nutricionistas de la Universidad Nacional de la Plata y de la Universidad de Córdoba, cuyas fuentes fueron la antigua Tabla Nacional, tablas extranjeras, publicaciones y folletos de laboratorios y de la industria. En 1983 se creó el INFOODS (Internacional Network of Food Data Systems). En ese marco los países de América Latina formaron en 1984 el centro regional LATINFOODS (Red Latinoamericana de Composición de Alimentos) y Argentina formalizó su Capítulo Nacional, ARGENFOODS, con el auspicio de la Dirección Nacional de Alimentos de la Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Alimentos (SAGPyA), encarando las siguientes actividades: 1) Compilación y validación de datos existentes; 2) Incorporación de nuevos datos; 3) Elaboración de una Base de Datos nacional en formato electrónico; 4) Elaboración de una tabla sobre ¶Contenido de lípidos en Alimentos÷. El Ministerio de Salud de la Nación recopiló la mayor parte de esa información, diseñando un Programa informático (SARA) para analizar los datos de la reciente Encuesta Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición (2005). Actualmente se está finalizando el proyecto FAO (TCP/RLA/3107): ¶Desarrollo de Bases de Datos y Tablas de Composición de Alimentos de Argentina, Chile y Paraguay para fortalecer el Comercio Internacional y la Protección de los Consumidores÷. En ese marco se ha propuesto ¶El fortalecimiento de la institucionalidad y gestión de la composición de alimentos a nivel nacional y para el desarrollo de alianzas estratégicas entre gobiernos, universidades, industrias y asociaciones profesionales÷...(AU)

Maxillary distraction versus orthognathic surgery in cleft lip and palate patients: effects on speech and velopharyngeal function.

This clinical randomized controlled trial was performed to compare the effects of distraction osteogenesis (DO) and conventional orthognathic surgery (CO) on velopharyngeal function and speech outcomes in cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients. Twenty-one CLP patients who required maxillary advancement ranging from 4 to 10 mm were recruited and randomly assigned to either CO or DO. Evaluation of resonance and nasal emission, nasoendoscopic velopharyngeal assessment and nasometry were performed preoperatively and at a minimum of two postoperative times: 3-8 months (mean 4 months) and 12-29 months (mean 17 months). Results showed no significant differences in speech and velopharyngeal function changes between the two groups. No correlation was found between the amount of advancement and the outcome measures. It was concluded that DO has no advantage over CO for the purpose of preventing velopharyngeal incompetence and speech disturbance in moderate cleft maxillary advancement.

Folate content and retention in selected raw and processed foods.

Adequate intake of folate reduced the risk of abnormalities in early embryonic brain development such as the risk of malformations of the embryonic brain/spinal cord, collectively referred to as neural tube defects (NTDs). Folate is extremely sensitive to destruction by heat, oxidation and UV light. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of different extraction procedures and enzymatic treatment to determine folate concentrations in variety of foods using a microbiological assay (MA) with Lactobacillus rhamnosus as the test organism. This study also aimed to evaluate the retention of folate in foods after using different cooking processes. Nine of the most commonly consumed foods in Argentina and that contain folate were analyzed: broccoli, spinach, potato, lentil, soy (raw and boiled); hen whole egg and yolks (raw, boiled and fried); beef liver (raw and cooked); strawberry (raw) and white bread. For this study, rat plasma (RP) and human plasma (HP) conjugases together with acetate and phosphate buffers were tested. In extraction step for all analyses, RP conjugase was selected since it was easily available in our laboratory and small quantities were required. The acetate buffer was chosen since better growth and more reproducible results were obtained in the different conditions assayed. The results allowed the foods to be grouped into (a) rich sources of folate: hen eggs, yolks, spinach, soybean (raw) and strawberry (100 and 350 microg/100 g fresh weight (FW); (b) good sources of folate: broccoli (raw), soybean (boiled), lentils (raw) and potato (56 to 83 microg/100 g FW) and c) moderate sources of folate: broccoli, lentils (boiled), white breads, onions and beef liver (15 to 30 microg/100g FW). The folate retention was in the range 14-99% according to both type of food and method of processing. Contents and losses of folate vary widely according to type of food and cooking method.

Pre-emptive ibuprofen arginate in third molar surgery: a double-blind randomized controlled crossover clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effectiveness of 400 mg ibuprofen arginate either as a pre-emptive (PRE group) or postoperative (POST group) analgesic using a common dental pain model. METHODS: A randomized double-blind crossover clinical trial involving a series of consecutive patients admitted for bilateral third molar surgery. Results were analysed according to the self-reported pain score and the pattern of rescue medication taken. RESULTS: The mean pain score ranged from 0.73 to 1.60 for the PRE group and 0.47 to 1.41 for the POST group among 30 included subjects. The mean time point when first rescue medication taken was 7.3 hours and 8.3 hours postoperative, respectively. Nine patients (30 per cent) in the PRE group and 12 patients (40 per cent) in the POST group took no rescue medication. There was no statistically significant difference for all parameters between groups, while a majority (53 per cent) found the drug "good" to "excellent" in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Ibuprofen arginate may be considered effective in reducing surgically induced moderate to severe pain when administered either pre-operatively or postoperatively due to the reported relatively low pain score, less consumption of rescue medication, delayed onset of pain, good number of pain-free patients and a high rating in the global assessment score.

Risks and benefits of deliberate hypotension in anaesthesia: a systematic review.

This systematic review was performed to investigate and review the evidence on the risks and benefits of hypotensive anaesthesia in order to answer the following question: 'Should deliberate hypotension be used routinely during orthognathic surgery?' An electronic search on MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library database was carried out for all relevant articles using specific search keywords. All articles were classified by their levels of evidence. Studies with highest level of evidence and rated to have the lowest risk of bias were reviewed. Regarding the benefits of hypotensive anaesthesia, three studies reported significant decrease of blood loss in patients receiving hypotensive anaesthesia. Two studies reported a significant decrease in transfusion rate. Two studies demonstrated improved surgical field and significant reduction in operation time. In terms of risk, no significant changes in cerebral, cardiovascular, renal and hepatic functions in patients receiving hypotensive anaesthesia compared to control were reported. In conclusion, hypotensive anaesthesia appears to be effective in reducing blood loss. Serious consequences due to organ hypoperfusion are uncommon. Hypotensive anaesthesia can be justified as a routine procedure for orthognathic surgery especially bimaxillary osteotomy. Patient selection and appropriate monitoring are mandatory for this technique to be carried out safely.

Dietary patterns of the Andean population of Puna and Quebrada of Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina.

The aim of the present study was to describe dietary patterns in a representative sample from Puna and Quebrada of Humahuaca, Jujuy, Argentina. A cross-sectional nutritional survey was carried out in a representative sample (n 1236) of individuals from these regions. For the present study, only children aged 2-9 years (n 360), adolescents aged 10-18 years (n 223) and adults aged 18 years or over (n 465) were considered. Breast-fed children, pregnant women and lactating women were excluded. Dietary data collection methods comprised one 24 h recall and a semi-quantitative FFQ. We used principal component (PC) analyses to identify prevailing dietary patterns. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess the determinants of the identified dietary patterns. Two dominant PC were identified: PC1 reflected a 'Western-like' diet with an emphasis on not-autochthon foods. This pattern tended to be present in urban areas of the Quebrada region and was associated with a younger age, a higher level of development, and a worse diet quality. PC2 reflected an 'Andean-like' diet including a variety of autochthon crops. This was preferred by individuals living in rural areas from Puna with a high level of development during the post-harvest season, and was associated with a greater diet quality. These results suggest that the nutrition transition phenomenon is a reality in certain sectors of this population and might be one of the leading causes of the observed double burden of malnutrition.