Effects of coach extraversion and educational environment on transformational leadership and athlete outcomes: A moderated mediation model.

The importance of coach leadership to athlete development and performance has been identified in the literature. We respond to the call to investigate antecedents of coach transformational leadership and their indirect effects on athlete outcomes. We propose that coach extraversion as an antecedent of coach transformational leadership can indirectly impact follower cohesion and satisfaction. Building on this mediation model, we assert that educational environment (i.e., high school and university) may serve as a first-stage moderator between coach extraversion and transformational leadership. We used 48 coaches and their 570 athletes from competitive high school and university basketball teams to test this moderated mediation model. Our results indicate that coach extraversion indirectly impacts athlete cohesion and satisfaction via transformational leadership. Moreover, the indirect effects of coach extraversion on athlete outcomes via coach transformational leadership is conditionally significant only when coaches and athletes are in universities but not in high schools. Our findings highlight the importance of educational environment in determining the association between coach personality and leadership perception. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Design and Verification of a New Universal Active Filter Based on the Current Feedback Operational Amplifier and Commercial AD844 Integrated Circuit.

This paper presents a triple-input and four-output type voltage-mode universal active filter based on three current-feedback operational amplifiers (CFOAs). The filter employs three CFOAs, two grounded capacitors, and six resistors. The filter structure has three high-input and three low-output impedances that simultaneously provide band-reject, high-pass, low-pass, and band-pass filtering functions with single-input and four-output type and also implements an all-pass filtering function by connecting three input signals to one input without the use of voltage inverters or switches. The same circuit configuration enables two unique filtering functions: low-pass notch and high-pass notch. Three CFOAs with three high-input and low-output impedance terminals enable cascading without voltage buffers. The circuit is implemented using three commercial off-the-shelf AD844 integrated circuits, two grounded capacitors, and six resistors and further implemented as a CFOA-based chip using three CFOAs, two grounded capacitors, and six resistors. The CFOA-based chip has lower power consumption and higher integration than the AD844-based filter. The circuit was simulated using OrCAD PSpice to verify the AD844-based filter and Synopsys HSpice for post-layout simulation of the CFOA-based chip. The theoretical analysis is validated and confirmed by measurements on an AD844-based filter and a CFOA-based chip.

Preoperative anemia: Predictor of free flap reconstruction complications in head and neck cancer.

Free flap reconstruction has been the mainstay among reconstruction surgeries for head and neck cancer. Intraoperative and postoperative hemoglobin (Hb) levels were both possible risk factors of flap failure and had been discussed widely. However, few investigations of preoperative Hb were seen in the previous study with its effect to flap condition remain uncertain and no conclusions in the literature. Patients who underwent free flap reconstruction after head and neck surgery in our institution between May 2014 and May 2019 were enrolled. The postoperative flap condition was observed carefully, and re-exploration was performed if necessary. We then retrospectively collected patient data with several intraoperative and postoperative indices. A total of 598 patients were enrolled in our study. The total major flap complication rate was 10.6%, with an overall success rate of 89.4%. They were predominantly male (95%), and most of them underwent free flap reconstruction for the first time (91%). A total of 81 (13%) patients received radiotherapy before reconstruction. Among all factors, the preoperative Hb level and free flap type showed significance in univariate and multivariate analyses. A previous history of radiotherapy, body mass index, nutrition status, or poorly controlled diabetes mellitus showed no significant results in either univariate or multivariate analysis. Our study showed that a lower preoperative Hb level affects free flap survival. Meanwhile, preoperative radiotherapy history has no significant influence in either univariate or multivariate analysis.

Neotuberostemonine and tuberostemonine ameliorate pulmonary fibrosis through suppressing TGF-β and SDF-1 secreted by macrophages and fibroblasts via the PI3K-dependent AKT and ERK pathways / 中国天然药物

Activated fibroblasts and M2-polarized macrophages may contribute to the progression of pulmonary fibrosis by forming a positive feedback loop. This study was aimed to investigate whether fibroblasts and macrophages form this loop by secreting SDF-1 and TGF-β and the impacts of neotuberostemonine (NTS) and tuberostemonine (TS). Mice were intratracheally injected with 3 U·kg-1 bleomycin and orally administered with 30 mg·kg-1 NTS or TS. Primary pulmonary fibroblasts (PFBs) and MH-S cells (alveolar macrophages) were used in vitro. The animal experiments showed that NTS and TS improved fibrosis related indicators, inhibited fibroblast activation and macrophage M2 polarization, and reduced the levels of TGF-β and SDF-1 in alveolar lavage fluid. Cell experiments showed that TGF-β1 may activated fibroblasts into myofibroblasts secreting SDF-1 by activating the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α and PI3K/PAK/RAF/ERK/HIF-1α pathways. It was also found for the first time that SDF-1 was able to directly polarize macrophages into M2 phenotype secreting TGF-β through the same pathways as mentioned above. Moreover, the results of the cell coculture confirmed that fibroblasts and macrophages actually developed a feedback loop to promote fibrosis, and the secretion of TGF-β and SDF-1 was crucial for maintaining this loop. NTS and TS may disturb this loop through inhibiting both the PI3K/AKT/HIF-1α and PI3K/PAK/RAF/ERK/HIF-1α pathways to improve pulmonary fibrosis. NTS and TS are stereoisomeric alkaloids with pyrrole[1,2-a]azapine skeleton, and their effect on improving pulmonary fibrosis may be largely attributed to their parent nucleus. Moreover, this study found that inhibition of both the AKT and ERK pathways is essential for maximizing the improvement of pulmonary fibrosis.

Four Unity/Variable Gain First-Order Cascaded Voltage-Mode All-Pass Filters and Their Fully Uncoupled Quadrature Sinusoidal Oscillator Applications.

This paper presents four new designs for a first-order voltage-mode (VM) all-pass filter (APF) circuit based on two single-output positive differential voltage current conveyors (DVCCs). The first two proposed VMAPFs with unity-gain, high-input (HI) impedance and low-output (LO) impedance use two DVCCs, a grounded capacitor, and a grounded resistor. The last two proposed first-order VMAPFs with HI impedance and variable-gain control are two resistors added to each of the first two VMAPFs. The last two proposed first-order VMAPFs with variable-gain control use two DVCCs, one grounded capacitor, and three grounded resistors and provide HI impedances, so that VMAPFs can be directly cascaded to obtain high-order filters without additional voltage buffers. The four implementation circuits based only on grounded passive components are particularly applicable for integrated circuits (ICs). To confirm the cascading characteristics, an application example of a fully-uncoupled quadrature sinusoidal oscillator (FQSO) is also proposed. PSpice simulation results have confirmed the feasibility of the proposed structures. VMAPF and FQSO circuits are also constructed from commercial AD8130 and AD844 ICs, and their experimentally measured time and frequency responses are compared to theoretical values. The supply voltages for both the AD8130 and AD844 ICs were ±5 V. The measured power dissipation of the proposed first-order VMAPF and second-order FQSO circuits is 0.6 W. The measured input 1-dB compression point for the four VMAPFs is about 19 dB. The measured total harmonic distortion of the four VMAPFs is less than 0.67% when the input voltage reaches 2.5 Vpp. The calculated figures of merit for the four VMAPFs are 628.2 × 103, 603.06 × 103, 516.53 × 103, and 496.42 × 103, respectively.

Effect of intratracheal instillation of PM2.5 suspensionon pulmonary fibrosis in mice and the intervention of neotuberostemonine / 中国药科大学学报

@#To investigate the effects of intratracheal instillation of PM2.5 suspension on bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice and the intervention of neotuberostemonine (NTS), the BLM dose (1.5 or 3.0 U/kg) and PM2.5 frequency (1 or 2 times per week) were studied by factorial experiment design. After intratracheal instillation of BLM (1.5 or 3.0 U/kg) on day 0, PM2.5 (5 mg/kg) was intratracheally injected to mice once or twice a week from day 1 to day 21, and the mice in the treatment group were given 30 mg/kg NTS by gavage once a day from day 8 to day 21. The degree of pulmonary fibrosis was evaluated by lung coefficient, hydroxyproline (HYP) content, HE staining and Masson staining lung sections as well as their semi-quantitative index (HE inflammatory score and collagen volume fraction, CVF). The results showed that the HE scores increased significantly in mice singly given PM2.5 once a week, the HYP content and HE score increased in mice singly given PM2.5 twice a week, but their CVF values did not significantly increase. However, the CVF values increased significantly in mice treated with PM2.5 and BLM co-infusion. These results suggested that PM2.5 (administered singly) could significantly increase BLM-induced collagen deposition and greatly aggravate pulmonary fibrosis although it mainly caused pulmonary inflammation rather than pulmonary fibrosis. NTS could significantly reduce the CVF value and α-SMA protein level of the model mice. It can be concluded that PM2.5 has great influence on patients with respiratory diseases, while NTS can improve pulmonary fibrosis induced by the combination of PM2.5 and BLM.

Voltage-Mode Multifunction Biquad Filter and Its Application as Fully-Uncoupled Quadrature Oscillator Based on Current-Feedback Operational Amplifiers.

This research introduces a new multifunction biquad filter based on voltage mode (VM) current-feedback operational amplifier (CFOA) and a fully uncoupled quadrature oscillator (QO) based on the proposed VM multifunction biquad filter. The proposed VM multifunction biquad filter has high impedance to the input voltage signal, and uses three CFOAs as active components, while using four resistors and two grounded capacitors as passive components. The VM CFOA-based multifunction biquad filter realizes band-reject, band-pass, and low-pass transfer functions at high-input impedance node simultaneously, which has the feature of easy cascading in VM operation without the need for additional voltage buffers. Additionally, the filter control factor parameter pole frequency (ωo) and quality factor (Q) of the proposed VM multifunction biquad filter can be independently set by varying different resistors. By slightly modifying the VM multifunction biquad filter topology, a VM fully-uncoupled QO is easily obtained. The difference from the previous VM CFOA-based multifunction biquad filter is that the proposed VM CFOA-based multifunction biquad filter can be independently controlled by the filter control factor parameters, ωo and Q. The proposed VM CFOA-based multifunction biquad filter can be transformed into a VM QO with fully-uncoupled adjustable of the oscillation condition and the oscillation frequency. The oscillation condition and the oscillation frequency can be fully-uncoupled and controlled by varying two sets of completely different resistors. The proposed VM fully-uncoupled QO solves the amplitude instability. The constant amplitude ratio of two quadrature sinusoidal waveforms can be realized when tuning FO. PSpice simulation and experimental results prove the performances of the proposed VM multifunction filter and VM fully-uncoupled QO. Simulation and experimental results confirm the theoretical analysis of the proposed circuits.

A cross-level moderating effect of team trust on the relationship between transformational leadership and cohesion.

We draw on the concept of the shared mental model to explain the cross-level direct and moderating effects of team trust on the relationship between coach transformational leadership and cohesion. Using hierarchical linear modelling, we analysed 597 national level high school and university volleyball players to test our research model. Our results revealed that, (a) at the individual level, coach transformational leadership has a positive effect on athletes' perceptions on cohesion and (b) team trust, a group-level construct, is positively related to social cohesion and moderates the coach transformational leadership-cohesion relationship. The moderating effect demonstrates that the positive effect of coach transformational leadership on cohesion could be enhanced when high levels of team trust are shared within the group. Implications for coach education and sport psychology in terms of theory and research are discussed.

Versatile Tunable Voltage-Mode Biquadratic Filter and Its Application in Quadrature Oscillator.

This paper presents a versatile tunable voltage-mode biquadratic filter with five inputs and three outputs. The proposed filter enjoys five single-ended output operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) and two grounded capacitors. The filter can be easily transformed into a quadrature oscillator. The filter with grounded capacitors is resistorless and electronically tunable. Either a voltage-mode five-input single-output biquadratic filter or a voltage-mode single-input three-output biquadratic filter can be operated by appropriate selecting input and output terminals. In the operation of five-input single-output biquadratic filter, the non-inverting lowpass, non-inverting bandpass, inverting bandpass, inverting highpass, non-inverting bandreject, inverting bandreject, and non-inverting allpass filtering responses can be realized by appropriately applying the input voltage signals. In the operation of single-input three-output biquadratic filter, the non-inverting/inverting lowpass, bandpass and bandreject filtering responses can be realized simultaneously. The circuit provides independent adjustment of the resonance angular frequency and quality factor, high-input impedance, and no inverting-type input voltage signals are imposed. The application in quadrature oscillator exhibits independent electronic tuning characteristic of the oscillation condition and the oscillation frequency. The theoretical analysis has been verified through OrCAD PSpice and furthermore by experimental measurements.

A Novel Dual-Band Six-Phase Voltage-Control Oscillator.

The paper presents a novel dual-band six-phase voltage-control oscillator. The voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with a single-ended delay cell architecture has a lower power consumption, a smaller chip area, and a larger output swing than one with a differential delay cell architecture. However, the conventional even-phase outputs ring-type VCO cannot be implemented using single-ended delay cells. In other words, the VCO with single-ended delay cells meets most of the requirements of a sensor circuit system, except even-phase outputs function. This work presents a dual-band six-phase ring type VCO, which is implemented using the proposed single-ended delay cell. The proposed VCO both exhibits the advantages of single-ended delay cells and differential delay cells. The proposed delay cell has a band-switching function, which improves the jitter performance of a VCO in which it is used. The proposed VCO can be operated at 890⁻1080 MHz. The peak-to-peak jitter and the root mean square jitter are the 35.5 ps and 2.8 ps (at 1 GHz), respectively. The maximal power consumption is approximately 6.4 mW at a supply voltage of 1.8 V in a United Microelectronics Corporation 0.18 µm RF CMOS process. The area of the chip is 0.195 × 0.208 mm².

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE CONGRUENCE OF REQUIRED AND PERCEIVED LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR AND SATISFACTION IN ATHLETES.

The purpose of the current study was to explore the relationship between the congruence of perceived and required leadership behavior and the effect of this relationship upon athlete satisfaction in a Chinese setting. Using a sample of volleyball players (n = 233) and athletic directors (n = 19), the present study examined the congruence between required and perceived leadership behavior and the resulting satisfaction of Taiwanese athletes. Analyses revealed athletes were more likely to be satisfied when their perceptions of their coaches' positive feedback behavior conformed to the expectations of their athletic directors. These results confirmed aspects of the multidimensional model of leadership in a cultural perspective.

Efficiency of three-dimensional Doppler ultrasonography in assessing nodal metastasis of head and neck cancer.

The aim of this study was to assess the clinical usefulness of three-dimensional (3D) color Doppler ultrasonography with a novel predictive model in the detection of cervical metastasis of untreated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. We assessed cervical lymph node metastasis in 52 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients by 3D color Doppler ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and [(18)F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography. Pathologic analysis was used as the gold standard for evaluation of these imaging modalities. The rate of correct N staging was 84.6% on ultrasonography, 55.8% on magnetic resonance imaging, and 71.2% on positron emission tomography/computed tomography. On a level-by-level basis, the ultrasonography had 78.9% sensitivity, 99.0% specificity, 93.8% positive predictive value, 96.0% negative predictive value, and 95.7% accuracy. It also showed the highest agreement to histology results as compared with magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (kappa value = 0.832, 0.506, and 0.537, respectively). 3D Doppler ultrasonography with our prediction model provides a rapid, low-cost, noninvasive, and reliable method with low inter-observation variations for detecting neck metastasis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients.

Energy efficiency of task allocation for embedded JPEG systems.

Embedded system works everywhere for repeatedly performing a few particular functionalities. Well-known products include consumer electronics, smart home applications, and telematics device, and so forth. Recently, developing methodology of embedded systems is applied to conduct the design of cloud embedded system resulting in the applications of embedded system being more diverse. However, the more energy consumes result from the more embedded system works. This study presents hyperrectangle technology (HT) to embedded system for obtaining energy saving. The HT adopts drift effect to construct embedded systems with more hardware circuits than software components or vice versa. It can fast construct embedded system with a set of hardware circuits and software components. Moreover, it has a great benefit to fast explore energy consumption for various embedded systems. The effects are presented by assessing a JPEG benchmarks. Experimental results demonstrate that the HT, respectively, achieves the energy saving by 29.84%, 2.07%, and 68.80% on average to GA, GHO, and Lin.

[Simultaneous determination of ibuprofen and pseudoephedrin hydrochloride and chlorpheniramine maleate in the compound buluoweimanamin tablets by HPLC].

OBJECTIVE: An HPLC method was developed to determinate Ibuprofen and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride and Chlorpheniramine Maleate in Compound BuluoWeimaNamin Tablets. METHODS: Using HPLC with Kromasil C18 column, and acetonitrile -0.5% SDS- phosphate (580:420:1) as the mobile phase. The wavelength for detection was 262 nm. RESULTS: Better linearities and good correlation coefficients were obtained: the concentration ranges of ibuprofen, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and chlorpheniramine maleate were over 2.062-14.434 microg (r=0.9999), 0.296-2.072l microg (r=0.9999), and 0.0204~0.1428 microg (r=0.9998), respectively. The recoveries of ibuprofen, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and chlorpheniramine maleate were 99.98% (RSD=0.52%), 99.72 (RSD=0.82%) and 99.545 (RSD=0.76%), respectively. CONCLUSION: The method was convenient, accurate and specific. It can be used as a method to control quality of Compound Buluoweimanamin Tablets.

Simultaneous determination of ibuprofen and pseudoephedrin hydrochloride and chlorpheniramine maleate in the compound buluoweimanamin tablets by HPLC / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>An HPLC method was developed to determinate Ibuprofen and Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride and Chlorpheniramine Maleate in Compound BuluoWeimaNamin Tablets.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using HPLC with Kromasil C18 column, and acetonitrile -0.5% SDS- phosphate (580:420:1) as the mobile phase. The wavelength for detection was 262 nm.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Better linearities and good correlation coefficients were obtained: the concentration ranges of ibuprofen, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and chlorpheniramine maleate were over 2.062-14.434 microg (r=0.9999), 0.296-2.072l microg (r=0.9999), and 0.0204~0.1428 microg (r=0.9998), respectively. The recoveries of ibuprofen, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and chlorpheniramine maleate were 99.98% (RSD=0.52%), 99.72 (RSD=0.82%) and 99.545 (RSD=0.76%), respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The method was convenient, accurate and specific. It can be used as a method to control quality of Compound Buluoweimanamin Tablets.</p>

Role of oxidative stress in thuringiensin-induced pulmonary toxicity.

To understand the effect of thuringiensin on the lungs tissues, male Sprague-Dawley rats were administrated with thuringiensin by intratracheal instillation at doses 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 mg/kg of body weight, respectively. The rats were sacrificed 4 h after treatment, and lungs were isolated and examined. Subsequently, an effective dose of 1.6 mg/kg was selected for the time course study (4, 8, 12, and 24 h). Intratracheal instillation of thuringiensin resulted in lung damage, as evidenced by increase in lung weight and decrease in alkaline phosphatase (10-54%), an enzyme localized primarily in pulmonary alveolar type II epithelial cells. Furthermore, the administration of thuringiensin caused increases in lipid peroxidation (21-105%), the indices of lung injury. In addition, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) activities of lung tissue extracts were measured to evaluate the effect of thuringiensin on antioxidant defense system. The SOD activity and GSH content in lung showed significant decreases in a dose-related manner with 11-21% and 15-37%, respectively. Those were further supported by the release of proinflammatory cytokines, as indicated by increases in IL-1beta (229-1017%) and TNF-alpha (234%) levels. Therefore, the results demonstrated that changes in the pulmonary oxidative-antioxidative status might play an important role in the thuringiensin-induced lung injury.

An antiviral mechanism investigated with ribavirin as an RNA virus mutagen for foot-and-mouth disease virus.

To prove whether error catastrophe/lethal mutagenesis is the primary antiviral mechanism of action of ribavirin against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). Ribavirin passage experiments were performed and supernatants of Rp1 to Rp5 were harvested. Morphological alterations as well as the levels of viral RNAs, proteins, and infectious particles in the BHK-21 cells infected using the supernatants of Rp1 to Rp5 and control were measured by microscope, real-time RT-PCR, western-blotting and plaque assays, respectively. The mutation frequency was measured by sequencing the complete P1- and 3D-encoding region of FMDV after a single round of virus infection from ribavirin-treated or untreated FMDV-infected cells. Ribavirin treatment for FMDV caused dramatically inhibition of multiplication in cell cultures. The levels of viral RNAs, proteins, and infectious particles in the BHK-21 cells infected were more greatly reduced along with the passage from Rp1 to Rp5, moreover, nucleocapsid protein could not be detected and no recovery of infectious virus in the supernatant or detection of intracellular viral RNA was observed at the Rp5-infected cells. A high mutation rate, giving rise to an 8-and 11-fold increase in mutagenesis and resulting in some amino acid substitutions, was found in viral RNA synthesized at a single round of virus infection in the presence of ribavirin of 1000 microM and caused a 99.7% loss in viral infectivity in contrast with parallel untreated control virus. These results suggest that the antiviral molecular mechanism of ribavirin is based on the lethal mutagenesis/error catastrophe, that is, the ribavirin is not merely an antiviral reagent but also an effective mutagen.

Effect of thuringiensin on adenylate cyclase in rat cerebral cortex.

The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effect of thuringiensin on the adenylate cyclase activity in rat cerebral cortex. The cyclic adenosine 3'5'-monophosphate (cAMP) levels were shown to be dose-dependently elevated 17-450% or 54-377% by thuringiensin at concentrations of 10 microM-100 mM or 0.5-4 mM, due to the activation of basal adenylate cyclase activity of rat cerebral cortical membrane preparation. Thuringiensin also activated basal activity of a commercial adenylate cyclase from Escherichia coli. However, the forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in rat cerebral cortex was inhibited by thuringiensin at concentrations of 1-100 microM, thus cAMP production decreased. Furthermore, thuringiensin or adenylate cyclase inhibitor (MDL-12330A) reduced the forskolin (10 microM)-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity at concentrations of 10 microM, 49% or 43% inhibition, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that thuringiensin could activate basal adenylate cyclase activity and increase cAMP concentrations in rat cerebral cortex or in a commercial adenylate cyclase. Comparing the dose-dependent effects of thuringiensin on the basal and forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, thuringiensin can be regarded as a weak activator of adenylate cyclase or an inhibitor of forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase.

Pulmonary toxicity of thuringiensin administered intratracheally in Sprague-Dawley rats.

The purpose of this work is to evaluate the pulmonary toxicity of purified thuringiensin in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were intratracheally instillated with 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 and 9.6 mg/kg body weight of thuringiensin. The results indicated that the acute pulmonary LD(50) of thuringiensin for rats was 4.4 mg/kg. The total number of inflammatory cells and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid increased in a dose-dependent manner after thuringiensin instillation. Furthermore, an effective dose of 1.6 mg/kg was selected for the time course study of pulmonary toxicity. The treated animals showed a significant increase in the weights of the lungs, hydroxyproline levels in the lungs and total number of cells in BAL fluid 2, 4, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days after treatment. In comparison with the control, the total protein concentrations in BAL fluid were increased by 361, 615, 116, 41, 34 and 41%, after 2, 4, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days, respectively. The LDH activity in BAL fluid showed a significant increase after 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. The increases in fibronectin levels were 164, 552, 490, 769, 335, 257 and 61% at the corresponding times, but neither tumor necrosis factor nor interleukin-1 increased. The treated rats presented abnormal histology including distributed inflammation in the bronchioles and alveoli, bronchial cellular necrosis on days 1 and 2, and areas of septal thickening with cellular infiltration and collagen deposit in the intestinal and alveolar spaces on days 4-56. Based on these biochemical and pathological parameters, intratracheal instillation of purified thuringiensin might cause significant pulmonary toxicity in rats.

Studies on Apoptosis of Host Cells Induced by Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus / 中国病毒学

Apoptosis of PK-15 cells induced by Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) in vitro was reported in this paper. Typical cell apoptosis was detected by use of Hoechst 33258 fluorescence probe, agarose gel electrophoresis and in situ end-labeling (TUNEL). After PK-15 cells were infected by titration of 4.8 lg TCID50/mL FMDV for 32 h, apoptosis characteristics of nuclear condensation, fragmentation, accompanied by apoptotic bodies formation (Hoechst 33258 staining), 180-200 integer-fold sized pieces DNA Ladders (agarose gel electrophoresis) and strong green fluorescence dots (TUNEL) were all exhibited, and cell apoptosis was approximately 20%. In addition, the quantitative analysis of apoptosis in PK-15 cells induced by FMDV showed that apoptosis was correlated with infection of virus, and it was also time-dependent. Results indicate that FMDV can induce apoptosis of host cells and apoptosis plays an important role in the cytopathogencity effect of FMDV.