Factores asociados con los niveles de burnout en enfermeros de urgencias y cuidados críticos / Nurse burnout in critical care units and emergency departments: intensity and associated factors

Objetivos. Describir los niveles de síndrome de burnout y su relación con variables sociodemográficas, laborales y psicológicas en enfermeras de emergencias y cuidados críticos. Método. Se realizó un estudio tipo encuesta en una muestra de enfermeras de emergencias y cuidados críticos de Andalucía (España). Las variables recogidas fueron datos sociodemográficos, laborales, tipo de personalidad, ansiedad, depresión y el nivel de burnout. Resultados. Del total de 1.721, se encuestaron 337 (19,5%) enfermeras. Un 38,5% de los participantes se encontraba en una fase de burnout alto. Un 10,5% de la muestra presentó un nivel alto de agotamiento emocional, un 16,8% obtuvo niveles altos de despersonalización y un 63,3% puntuó bajo en realización personal, obteniéndose relaciones significativas entre los factores de personalidad y la depresión con un nivel alto de burnout. Conclusiones. Más de un tercio de las enfermeras de emergencias y cuidados críticos presentaron un nivel de burnout alto. Los factores de personalidad y los niveles altos de depresión se asociaron con la presencia de síndrome de burnout en estos profesionales

Objectives. The aim of this study was to describe the level of nurse burnout in critical care units and emergency departments and to analyze the relation between intensity of burnout and sociodemographic, workplace, and psychological factors. Methods. Survey of a sample of emergency and critical care nurses in Andalusia, Spain. Sociodemographic and work variables as well as personality type, anxiety, depression, and level of burnout. Results. Of a total of 1721 critical care and emergency nurses in Andalusia, 337 (19.5%) were surveyed. A high level of burnout was detected in 38.5%. Emotional exhaustion was present in 10.5% of the sample, depersonalization in 16.8%, and a low level of personal accomplishment in 63.3%. A high burnout score was significantly associated with personality factors and depression. Conclusions. More than a third of emergency and critical care nurses experience a high level of burnout. Personality factors and high levels of depression are associated with burnout in nurses

Nurse burnout in critical care units and emergency departments: intensity and associated factors. / Factores asociados con los niveles de burnout en enfermeros de urgencias y cuidados críticos.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe the level of nurse burnout in critical care units and emergency departments and to analyze the relation between intensity of burnout and sociodemographic, workplace, and psychological factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Survey of a sample of emergency and critical care nurses in Andalusia, Spain. Sociodemographic and work variables as well as personality type, anxiety, depression, and level of burnout. RESULTS: . Of a total of 1721 critical care and emergency nurses in Andalusia, 337 (19.5%) were surveyed. A high level of burnout was detected in 38.5%. Emotional exhaustion was present in 10.5% of the sample, depersonalization in 16.8%, and a low level of personal accomplishment in 63.3%. A high burnout score was significantly associated with personality factors and depression. CONCLUSION: More than a third of emergency and critical care nurses experience a high level of burnout. Personality factors and high levels of depression are associated with burnout in nurses.

OBJETIVO: Describir los niveles de síndrome de burnout y su relación con variables sociodemográficas, laborales y psicológicas en enfermeras de emergencias y cuidados críticos. METODO: Se realizó un estudio tipo encuesta en una muestra de enfermeras de emergencias y cuidados críticos de Andalucía (España). Las variables recogidas fueron datos sociodemográficos, laborales, tipo de personalidad, ansiedad, depresión y el nivel de burnout. RESULTADOS: Del total de 1.721, se encuestaron 337 (19,5%) enfermeras. Un 38,5% de los participantes se encontraba en una fase de burnout alto. Un 10,5% de la muestra presentó un nivel alto de agotamiento emocional, un 16,8% obtuvo niveles altos de despersonalización y un 63,3% puntuó bajo en realización personal, obteniéndose relaciones significativas entre los factores de personalidad y la depresión con un nivel alto de burnout. CONCLUSIONES: . Más de un tercio de las enfermeras de emergencias y cuidados críticos presentaron un nivel de burnout alto. Los factores de personalidad y los niveles altos de depresión se asociaron con la presencia de síndrome de burnout en estos profesionales.

Burnout syndrome and its prevalence in primary care nursing: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: burnout syndrome is a significant problem in nursing professionals. Although, the unit where nurses work may influence burnout development. Nurses that work in primary care units may be at higher risk of burnout. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and low personal accomplishment in primary care nurses. METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis. We searched Pubmed, CINAHL, Scopus, Scielo, Proquest, CUIDEN and LILACS databases up to September 2017 to identify cross-sectional studies assessing primary care nurses' burnout with the Maslach Burnout Inventory were included. The search was done in September 2017. RESULTS: After the search process, n = 8 studies were included in the meta-analysis, representing a total sample of n = 1110 primary care nurses. High emotional exhaustion prevalence was 28% (95% Confidence Interval = 22-34%), high depersonalization was 15% (95% Confidence Interval = 9-23%) and 31% (95% Confidence Interval = 6-66%) for low personal accomplishment. CONCLUSIONS: Problems such as emotional exhaustion and low personal accomplishment are very common among primary care nurses, while depersonalization is less prevalent. Primary care nurses are a burnout risk group.

Factores de riesgo y niveles de burnout en enfermeras de atención primaria: una revisión sistemática / Risk factors and burnout levels in Primary Care nurses: a systematic review

OBJETIVO: Conocer los factores de riesgo y los niveles de burnout en enfermeras de :atención primaria. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una revisión sistemática. Fuentes de datos. Se consultaron CINAHL, CUIDEN, LILACS, Pubmed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect y Scopus. Las ecuaciones de búsqueda fueron: «burnout AND community health nursing» y «burnout AND primary care nursing». La búsqueda se realizó en octubre del 2015. Selección de estudios. La muestra final fue de n=12. Se incluyeron estudios primarios cuantitativos que utilizasen el Maslach Burnout Inventory para evaluar el burnout en enfermeras de atención primaria, sin restricción por fecha de publicación. Extracción de datos. Las principales variables fueron la media y desviación típica de las 3 dimensiones del burnout, las prevalencias de niveles bajos, medios y altos de cada dimensión, y los factores sociodemográficos, laborales y psicológicos que potencialmente influyen en su desarrollo. RESULTADOS: Los estudios muestran prevalencias de cansancio emocional alto, por lo general, entre el 23 y el 31%. Las prevalencias de despersonalización alta y realización personal baja muestran heterogeneidad, variando entre el 8-32 y el 4-92% de la muestra respectivamente. Los estudios informan de que las enfermeras con mayor edad, mayor antigüedad laboral, ansiedad y depresión, entre otras variables, presentan mayores niveles de burnout, mientras que aquellas con mayor sueldo, satisfacción laboral alta, apoyo de la organización y buen autoconcepto lo padecen menos. CONCLUSIÓN: El cansancio emocional alto es la principal dimensión del burnout afectada en la enfermería de atención primaria. En despersonalización y realización personal existe heterogeneidad. Debe prevenirse el burnout en estos profesionales potenciando los factores protectores y vigilando su aparición en los que presenten factores de riesgo

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors and levels of burnout in Primary Care nurses. METHODS: A systematic review was performed. Data sources. CINAHL, CUIDEN, LILACS, PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases were consulted. Search equations were 'burnout AND community health nursing' and 'burnout AND primary care nursing'. The search was performed in October 2015. Study selection. The final sample was n=12 studies. Quantitative primary studies that used Maslach Burnout Inventory for burnout assessment in Primary Care nurses were included without restriction by publication date. Data extraction. The main variables were the mean and standard deviation of the three burnout dimensions, high, medium and low prevalence rates of each dimension, and socio-demographic, occupational and psychological variables that potentially influence burnout level. RESULTS: Studies show high prevalence rates, generally between 23% and 31%, of emotional exhaustion. The prevalence rates of high depersonalisation and low personal accomplishment show heterogeneity, varying between 8%-32% and 4%-92% of the sample, respectively. Studies show that older nurses with more seniority, anxiety and depression, among other variables, have higher burnout levels, while nurses with higher salary, high job satisfaction, organisational support, and good self-concept have less burnout. CONCLUSION: High emotional exhaustion is the main affected dimension of burnout in Primary Care nursing. There is heterogeneity in depersonalisation and personal accomplishment. Burnout must be prevented in these professionals, by increasing protective factors and monitoring its appearance in those with risk factors

[Risk factors and burnout levels in Primary Care nurses: A systematic review]. / Factores de riesgo y niveles de burnout en enfermeras de atención primaria: una revisión sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors and levels of burnout in Primary Care nurses. METHODS: A systematic review was performed. DATA SOURCES: CINAHL, CUIDEN, LILACS, PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases were consulted. Search equations were 'burnout AND community health nursing' and 'burnout AND primary care nursing'. The search was performed in October 2015. STUDY SELECTION: The final sample was n=12 studies. Quantitative primary studies that used Maslach Burnout Inventory for burnout assessment in Primary Care nurses were included without restriction by publication date. DATA EXTRACTION: The main variables were the mean and standard deviation of the three burnout dimensions, high, medium and low prevalence rates of each dimension, and socio-demographic, occupational and psychological variables that potentially influence burnout level. RESULTS: Studies show high prevalence rates, generally between 23% and 31%, of emotional exhaustion. The prevalence rates of high depersonalisation and low personal accomplishment show heterogeneity, varying between 8%-32% and 4%-92% of the sample, respectively. Studies show that older nurses with more seniority, anxiety and depression, among other variables, have higher burnout levels, while nurses with higher salary, high job satisfaction, organisational support, and good self-concept have less burnout. CONCLUSION: High emotional exhaustion is the main affected dimension of burnout in Primary Care nursing. There is heterogeneity in depersonalisation and personal accomplishment. Burnout must be prevented in these professionals, by increasing protective factors and monitoring its appearance in those with risk factors.

Escalamiento subjetivo de conductas delictivas en legos y expertos / Subjective scaling of crime behaviors by lay and expert persons

En este estudio se realiza el escalamiento subjetivo de 13 conductas delictivas del actual Código Penal español, mediante el método de las comparaciones binarias. Se utiliza una muestra de 736 personas de población general de cinco comunidades autónomas españolas, y una muestra de 141 expertos en Derecho. Las edades de las personas de la muestra general están comprendidas entre los 18 y los 63 años, mientras que en la muestra de expertos la edad oscila entre los 23 y los 63 años. Los resultados indican, por una parte, que las ordenaciones de los delitos realizadas por legos y expertos en función de la gravedad no son totalmente coincidentes. Por otra, que en la población general se producen diferencias en la percepción de la gravedad de los delitos de amenazas, acoso sexual y violación en función del género. El grupo de hombres de mayor edad son los que poseen una mayor coincidencia con los expertos (AU)

In this study, the method of binary comparisons has been used for the subjective scaling of 13 crimes from the current Spanish Penal Law. Two samples were used, the first one was composed of 736 people from five Spanish region (general population), and the second was composed of 141 expert persons in Law. The age of people from the general sample was between 18 and 63 years old, while in the expert sample the age was between 23 and 63 years old. The results indicated, on the one hand, that the scaling of the crimes performed by lay and expert persons depending on the seriousness perception of the crimes were not completely coincident; on the other, that in general population sample, differences in the seriousness perception of threats, sexual harassment and rape crimes were depending on the gender. The results also showed that the scaling of the crimes performed by the older men group was the most coincident with the scaling carried out by the expert persons group (AU)

Estudio de la potencia de los contrastes de medias con dos y tres grupos con tamaño de efecto pequeño y en condiciones de no normalidad y homo-heterocedasticidad / The power of mean tests with two and three groups, with small effect size and under non-normality and homo-heteroscedaticity

Se estudia el problema de la potencia analizando tamaños de efecto pequeño en dos y tres muestras, utilizando diversos contrastes paramétricos y no paramétricos (t de Student, prueba de Welch y U de Mann-Withney-Wilcoxon en el caso de dos grupos, y ANOVA, prueba de James de segundo orden (James, 1951, 1954) y Kruskal-Wallis, en el caso de tres grupos), ello tanto en condiciones de cumplimiento de los supuestos subyacentes a las pruebas como bajo violación de los supuestos de normalidad y homocedasticidad. La principal conclusión es que, cuando no sea posible trabajar con muestras numerosas, (caso común en la investigación en Psicología aplicada) se deben plantear otras formas de investigación que permitan resultados más esclarecedores (AU)

The power of mean contrasts is studied in conditions of small effect size, with two and three samples, and using several parametric and non-parametric statistical tests (Student’s test, Welch test and Mann-Withney-Wilcoxon’s U with two groups; ANOVA, James second order test and Kruskal-Wallis with three groups), both complying with the parametric assumptions of normality and homocedasticity and violating those assumptions. The main result is that, when it is not possible to have big samples (which is very common when investigating in applied Psychology) these tests are not useful and different ways of investigating must be accomplished (AU)