Understanding the legacies of shocks on health system performance: Exploring Ireland's management of recent crises and its implications for policy.

This paper contrasts the Irish experience of the 2008 economic crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic, and the health system responses to these shocks, from the perspective of health system leaders working across both time periods. Based on semi-structured interviews with seven senior national and international officials, the research presented here forms the qualitative component of RESTORE, a five-year research project examining health system resilience and reform, funded through the Health Research Board's Research Leader Award in Ireland. Findings indicate that the financial crisis deeply impacted the Irish health system in relation to infrastructure and capacity, service delivery and workforce. Due to these legacy issues, Ireland's health system was in a relatively weak position when faced with the Covid-19 pandemic but the system proved adaptive and innovative during this time. Furthermore, the pandemic proved to be a catalyst for positive change, providing opportunities for long-term reform, alongside an immediate response to the crisis. This was facilitated by increased funding, a devolution in decision-making structures and a political commitment to the health system. Exploring lessons from the Irish response to these crises provides a case study for developing appropriate policy responses around financing and resource allocation, fostering support for healthcare among political leaders and policy makers, and preparing for future shocks. Furthermore, examining these experiences facilitates understanding around the impact of each crisis on the health system, exploring options for addressing legacy issues and considering practical steps to improve health system performance.

Development of a clinical score to estimate pancreatitis-related hospital admissions in patients with a new diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis: the trinity score.

BACKGROUND: The clinical course of chronic pancreatitis is unpredictable and there is no globally accepted score to predict the disease course. We developed a clinical score to estimate pancreatitis-related hospitalisation in patients with newly diagnosed chronic pancreatitis. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using two clinical chronic pancreatitis databases held in tertiary referral centres in Dublin, Ireland, and in Tarragona, Spain. Individuals diagnosed with chronic pancreatitis between 2007 and 2014 were eligible for inclusion. Candidate predictors included aetiology, body mass index, exocrine dysfunction, smoking and alcohol history. We used multivariable logistic regression to develop the model. RESULTS: We analysed data from 154 patients with newly diagnosed chronic pancreatitis. Of these, 105 patients (68%) had at least one hospital admission for pancreatitis-related reasons in the 6 years following diagnosis. Aetiology of chronic pancreatitis, body mass index, use of pain medications and gender were found to be predictive of more pancreatic-related hospital admissions. These predictors were used to develop a clinical score which showed acceptable discrimination (area under the ROC curve = 0.70). DISCUSSION: We developed a clinical score based on easily accessible clinical parameters to predict pancreatitis-related hospitalisation in patients with newly diagnosed chronic pancreatitis.

A call for clinical trial globalization in Alzheimer's disease and related dementia.

BACKGROUND: The burden of Alzheimer's disease and related dementia (ADRD) is projected to disproportionally impact low-middle-income countries (LMICs). However, there is a systematic under-representation of LMICs in ADRD clinical trial platforms. METHODS: We aimed to determine the global distribution of ADRD clinical trials and identify existing barriers for conducting clinical trials in LMICs. Primary data sources to identify trial distribution in LMICs included ClinicalTrials.gov and the International Trials Registry Platform. An additional systematic review and expert consensus interviews were conducted to identify barriers for conducting clinical trials in LMICs. FINDINGS: Among 1237 disease-modifying therapies tested in ADRD clinical trials, only 11.6% have been or are conducted in emerging economies (upper-middle income [9.6%] and low-middle income [2.0%]). We identified several limitations for trial implementation including a lack of financial resources, low industry presence, regulatory obstacles, and operational barriers INTERPRETATION: Although LMICs bear the greatest burden of ADRD globally, substantial development of clinical trial platforms to address this inequity and health disparity is lacking.

Metrics and indicators used to assess health system resilience in response to shocks to health systems in high income countries-A systematic review.

Health system resilience has never been more important than with the COVID-19 pandemic. There is need to identify feasible measures of resilience, potential strategies to build resilience and weaknesses of health systems experiencing shocks. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine how the resilience of health systems has been measured across various health system shocks. Following PRISMA guidelines, with double screening at each stage, the review identified 3175 studies of which 68 studies were finally included for analysis. Almost half (46%) were focused on COVID-19, followed by the economic crises, disasters and previous pandemics. Over 80% of studies included quantitative metrics. The most common WHO health system functions studied were resources and service delivery. In relation to the shock cycle, most studies reported metrics related to the management stage (79%) with the fewest addressing recovery and learning (22%). Common metrics related to staff headcount, staff wellbeing, bed number and type, impact on utilisation and quality, public and private health spending, access and coverage, and information systems. Limited progress has been made with developing standardised qualitative metrics particularly around governance. Quantitative metrics need to be analysed in relation to change and the impact of the shock. The review notes problems with measuring preparedness and the fact that few studies have really assessed the legacy or enduring impact of shocks.

Care burden, loneliness, and social isolation in caregivers of people with physical and brain health conditions in English-speaking regions: Before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Public health restrictions due to the COVID-19 (SARS CoV-2) pandemic have disproportionately affected informal caregivers of people living with long term health conditions. We aimed to explore levels of care burden, loneliness, and social isolation among caregivers of people with enduring physical and brain health conditions in English-speaking regions worldwide, by investigating outcomes before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A cross-sectional anonymous online survey data from 2287 English-speaking caregivers of people with long term health conditions from four English-speaking regions (UK, Ireland, USA, New Zealand) included measures of care burden, loneliness, and social isolation, reported before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Analyses were descriptive, followed by an ordinal regression model for predictors of burden. RESULTS: Compared to pre-pandemic levels, all caregivers experienced a significant increase in burden, loneliness, and isolation. Caregivers of people with both brain health and physical conditions were the most burdened and had the highest levels of loneliness and isolation compared to caregivers of people with either a brain health or physical condition only. The increase in care burden among caregivers of people with brain health challenges was associated with caregiver's gender, moderate and severe emotional loneliness, magnitude and frequency of isolation during the pandemic, and care circumstances (cohabitation with the care recipient, restrictions on the ability to provide care). CONCLUSIONS: Health and social care interventions should target caregivers' care circumstances and psychological outcomes, particularly in women, accounting for the significant additional burden of care, loneliness, and isolation resulting from pandemic-related restrictions.

Hospital-associated deconditioning: Not only physical, but also cognitive.

INTRODUCTION: Hospital-associated deconditioning (HAD) or post-hospital syndrome is well recognized as reduced functional performance after an acute hospitalization. Recommendations for the management of HAD are still lacking, partly due to a poor understanding of the underlying processes. We aimed to review existing data on risk factors, pathophysiology, measurement tools, and potential interventions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic review from bibliographical databases in English, Spanish and French with keywords such as 'post-hospitalization syndrome' or 'deconditioning'. We selected studies that included people aged 60 years or older. Three researchers independently selected articles and assessed their quality. RESULTS: From 4421 articles initially retrieved, we included 94 studies. Most were related to risk factors, trajectories and measures, and focused on the physical aspects of deconditioning. Risk factors for HAD included age, nutritional status, mobility, and pre-admission functional status, but also cognitive impairment and depression. Regarding interventions, almost all studies were devoted to physical rehabilitation and environmental modifications. Only one study focused on cognitive stimulation. DISCUSSION: In the last decade, studies on HAD have mostly focused on the physical domain. However, neurological changes may also play a role in the pathophysiology of HAD. Beyond physical interventions, cognitive rehabilitation and neurological interventions should also be evaluated to improve deconditioning prevention and treatment in the hospital setting.

CONSIDER New Mexico: Effects of naloxone training among pharmacists and pharmacy technicians.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacists serve a critical role in providing health care, especially in medically underserved areas. Despite the opioid crisis and legislation in most states allowing pharmacists to dispense naloxone without a prescription from another provider, pharmacists face multiple barriers to dispensing naloxone. OBJECTIVE: This study tested the effectiveness of CONSIDER New Mexico, an innovative educational initiative designed to increase naloxone dispensing by pharmacies. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in New Mexico in 2019-2020. Community pharmacists and pharmacy technicians were recruited from a purposive sample of pharmacies. Data were collected through pre- and postintervention surveys with 65 pharmacists and 44 technicians from 49 pharmacies. Data analysis included hybrid fixed-effects regression models of variables associated with pre-post intervention change in intent to dispense naloxone and generalized least squares with maximum likelihood estimation for pre-post intervention change in naloxone dispensing. RESULTS: Positive intervention effects were observed for measures of normative beliefs, self-efficacy, and intent to dispense naloxone (P < 0.05). Changes in normative beliefs and self-efficacy were associated with greater intent to offer naloxone to patients (P < 0.05). In addition, the median number of naloxone prescriptions dispensed per month increased 3.5 times after intervention. A statistically significant positive association was observed between the intervention and naloxone dispensing after adjusting for other factors (P < 0.001). Pharmacies providing more than 4 additional health services were more likely to increase naloxone dispensing postintervention than pharmacies offering not more than 2 services (P < 0.01). This difference averaged 19 naloxone prescriptions per month. Estimated change in dispensing postintervention was statistically significantly lower at independent, clinic-based, and other pharmacies where an average of 36 fewer naloxone prescriptions were dispensed per month compared with chain drug stores (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: The CONSIDER New Mexico intervention effectively increased self-efficacy, intent to dispense, and naloxone dispensing. Findings will inform future research examining widespread dissemination and implementation of the intervention and the sustainability of intervention effects.

Race, Genetic Admixture, and Cognitive Performance in the Cuban Population.

BACKGROUND: Population aging will lead to a dramatic increase in dementia prevalence, which will disproportionally affect racial minorities. The presence of racial differences in dementia prevalence has been widely reported in United States, but there are no relevant studies on this topic in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey, 2944 older Cubans were recruited at a community-based level aimed to identify the effects of self-identified race and genetic admixture on cognitive performance. Dementia diagnosis was established using 10/66 Dementia and DSM-IV criteria. APOE-ε4 genotype was determined in 2511 (85%) and genetic admixture was completed for all dementia cases and in a randomly selected sample of cognitive healthy participants (218 dementia cases and 367 participants without dementia). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of dementia was 8.7%, without large or statistically significant differences on dementia prevalence (p = .12) by self-identified race. Mean cognitive scores were similar across racial groups (p = .46). After controlling for age, sex, and education, greater proportion of African ancestry was not associated with cognitive performance (p = .17). CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence of an independent effect of self-identified race and/or population ancestry on dementia prevalence or cognitive performance. This suggests that observed differences in dementia prevalence among diverse populations may be driven primarily by social determinants of health.

Risk Factors for Incident Dementia Among Older Cubans.

Introduction: Little is known about risk factors of dementia in Latin American countries. We aimed to identify socio-demographic, health and lifestyle risk factors of incident dementia in Cuban older adults. Methods: Data were from 1,846 participants in the Cuban cohort of the 10/66 Dementia Research Group. Participants completed questionnaires, health examinations, and cognitive tests at baseline (2003-2006) and 4.5 years later (2007-2010). Associations between risk factors (baseline) and incident dementia (follow-up) were examined using logistic regression. Results: Just over 9% of participants developed dementia. Overall, older age and low physical activity were associated with incident dementia. In those 65-74 years of age, depression, stroke and low physical activity were associated with incident dementia. In those ≥75 years of age, low physical activity, never eating fish, and smoking were associated with incident dementia. Conclusions: Modifiable lifestyle factors play an important role in developing dementia in Cuban older adults. This knowledge opens up opportunities for preventive strategies.

Factores de riesgo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en adolescentes / Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescentes

RESUMEN Fundamento: La creciente prevalencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) desde las edades pediátricas, ha convertido a la morbimortalidad relacionada con ella en un problema importante de salud pública. La detección precoz de factores de riesgo de DM2 en adolescentes, permitiría realizar acciones preventivas con enfoque de riesgo, que conducirían a disminuir la incidencia de esta entidad, siendo un pilar fundamental de la atención primaria. Objetivo: Identificar la presencia de factores de riesgo de DM2 en adolescentes. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en un área de salud (Policlínico "Raúl Gómez García") con una muestra de 96 adolescentes. Se recogieron variables como edad, sexo, antecedentes de diabetes gestacional, bajo peso al nacer, tiempo de lactancia materna, historia familiar de DM2, consumo de frutas/vegetales, actividades físicas y resultantes del examen físico. Resultados: El 62,50% de los adolescentes pertenecía al sexo femenino y la adolescencia temprana. El inadecuado consumo de frutas y vegetales con 81,25% fue el factor de riesgo más común, seguido del sedentarismo con un 45,83%. Todos los adolescentes poseían al menos un factor de riesgo, y el 72,92% poseía 3 o más con predominio en el sexo femenino (p=0,022) Conclusiones: Existe una alta frecuencia de factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de DM2 en los adolescentes, con predominio de factores modificables. La mayoría de los adolescentes poseían un riesgo metabólico incrementado al presentar 3 o más factores de riesgo, en especial las féminas.

ABSTRACT Foundation: The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) from the pediatric ages, has made its morbidity and mortality a major public health problem. Early detection of DM2 risk factors in adolescents, would allow preventive actions with a risk approach, which would lead to decrease the incidence of this condition, being a fundamental pillar of primary care . Objective: To identify the presence of DM2 risk factors in adolescents. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in a health area ("Raúl Gómez García" Polyclinic) with a sample of 96 adolescents. Variables such as age, sex, history of gestational diabetes, low birth weight, breastfeeding time, family history of DM2, fruit / vegetable intake, physical activity and physical examination results were collected. Results: The 62.50% of the adolescents belonged to the feminine sex and the early adolescence. The inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables with 81.25% was the most common risk factor, followed by a sedentary lifestyle with 45.83%. All adolescents had at least one risk factor, and 72.92% had 3 or more with a predominance in females (p = 0.022). Conclusion: There is a high frequency of risk factors for developing of DM2 in adolescents, with a predominance of modifiable factors. Most adolescents had an increased metabolic risk when presenting 3 or more risk factors, especially females.

Arabinogalactan-proteins and the research challenges for these enigmatic plant cell surface proteoglycans.

Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are complex glycoconjugates that are commonly found at the cell surface and in secretions of plants. Their location and diversity of structures have made them attractive targets as modulators of plant development but definitive proof of their direct role(s) in biological processes remains elusive. Here we overview the current state of knowledge on AGPs, identify key challenges impeding progress in the field and propose approaches using modern bioinformatic, (bio)chemical, cell biological, molecular and genetic techniques that could be applied to redress these gaps in our knowledge.

Las proteínas arabinogalactanos en cultivos de células vegetales / Arabinogalactan proteins in plant cell cultures / As proteínas arabinogalactanos em cultivos de células vegetais

Las proteínas arabinogalactanos (AGPs) son macromoléculas que se encuentran prácticamente en todos los órganos de las plantas, siendo asociadas con varios aspectos del crecimiento y desarrollo vegetal. Estas moléculas se caracterizan bioquímicamente por contener carbohidratos y proteínas en relación 9:1. El carbohidrato está compuesto principalmente por arabinogalactanos tipo II; mientras que la parte proteica está organizada en dominios que definen a las AGPs como clásicas o no clásicas. Las primeras se caracterizan además por presentar una secuencia C-terminal que predice la incorporación de un grupo glicosilfosfatidilinositol (GFI), que permite su unión a la membrana plasmática. En cultivos de células vegetales se reportan varias especies que liberan AGPs al medio de cultivo. Se presenta una revisión de las características bioquímicas de las AGPs liberadas al medio y de las propuestas sobre los mecanismos bioquímicos y celulares por los cuales las AGPs participan en la diferenciación y crecimiento de las células vegetales. Los cultivos de células liberan al medio de cultivo AGPs clásicas y no clásicas, y se propone que podrían provenir de la membrana plasmática o la pared celular. Las AGPs intervienen en el control del crecimiento celular, además de estar relacionadas con la embriogénesis somática y la organogénesis, procesos de diferenciación celular importantes en los sistemas de micropropagación de plantas. El mecanismo bioquímico por el cual las AGPs participan en el crecimiento celular y la diferenciación implica que éstas, o los productos de su degradación, quizás actúen como moléculas de señalización.

The arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are macromolecules found in practically all plant organs, being associated with several aspects of the plant growth and development. These molecules contain carbohydrates and proteins in a 9:1 relation. The carbohydrate moiety is composed mainly of type II arabinogalactans, whereas the protein has particular amino acid domains that allow classifying the AGPs into two groups, classical and non-classical. In addition, the former are characterized by a C-terminal tail that predicts the incorporation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol group (GPI) that allows the attachment of the AGPs to the plasma membrane. Plant cell cultures of several species release AGPs into the culture medium. The biochemical characteristics of the AGPs released into the medium, and the proposed biochemical and cellular mechanisms by which AGPs participate in plant cell differentiation and growth are reviewed. The plant cells release classical as well as non-classical AGPs into the culture medium. The origin of these AGPs could likely be the plasma membrane or the cell wall. They are involved in the control of cellular growth and differentiation processes, aspects that have fundamental importance in the induction of somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis, key steps in plant micropropagation programs. The biochemical mechanism by which the AGPs participate in cell growth and differentiation implies that the AGPs or their degradation products participate like signal molecules.

As proteínas arabinogalactanos (AGPs) são macromoléculas que se encontram praticamente em todos os órgãos das plantas, sendo associadas com vários aspectos do crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetal. Estas moléculas se caracterizam bioquímicamente por conter carboidratos e proteínas em relação 9:1. O carboidrato está composto principalmente por arabinogalactanos tipo II; enquanto que a parte protéica está organizada em domínios que definem as AGPs como clássicas ou não clássicas. As primeiras se caracterizam, além disso, por apresentar uma sequência C-terminal que prediz a incorporação de um grupo glicosilfosfatidilinositol (GFI), que permite sua união à membrana plasmática. Em cultivos de células vegetais se relatam várias espécies que liberam AGPs ao meio de cultivo. Apresenta-se uma revisão das características bioquímicas das AGPs liberadas ao meio e das propostas sobre os mecanismos bioquímicos e celulares pelos quais as AGPs participam na diferenciação e crescimento das células vegetais. Os cultivos de células liberam ao meio de cultivo AGPs clássicas e não clássicas, e se propõe que poderiam provir da membrana plasmática ou da parede celular. As AGPs intervêm no controle do crescimento celular, além de estar relacionadas com a embriogênese somática e a organogênese, processos de diferenciação celular importantes nos sistemas de micropropagação de plantas. O mecanismo bioquímico pelo qual as AGPs participam no crescimento celular e a diferenciação, implica que estas, ou os produtos de sua degradação, talvez atuem como moléculas de sinalização.