What is known about personal reputation? A systematic literature review.

This systematic literature review encompassed the results of previous research on personal reputation and found opportunities in state of the literature to guide future research in communication, management, and other disciplines in the social sciences. A content analysis was conducted of 91 manuscripts from 1984 to November 2022, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The findings suggest that the amount of literature on personal reputation has increased since 2006; however, it is still in a developing stage. Due to its scarcity, it is advisable to conduct more qualitative and probability studies. For this review, several of the most cited articles are probably pioneering manuscripts that contributed to building the personal reputation construct. This review establishes a total of six categories for guiding future research opportunities on personal reputation. To facilitate the classification of the different future research opportunities, some types of areas suggested by Gomez-Trujillo et al. were considered. The discussion of future research opportunities includes categories like Causes and Effects, Inventories and Scales, Online and Digital Context, Organizational and Group Environments, Leaders and Top Management Executives, and Theory-building. On the other hand, this study could be considered the first step towards future research on how personal reputation influences audiences' opinions and perceptions in different research fields. It also opens the possibility of conducting more specific systematic literature reviews on this topic. Finally, this manuscript offers an overview of the present and the future of construct of personal reputation in the social sciences.

Marketing strategies for waste recycling: a bibliometric analysis towards the circular economy.

Companies have adopted green marketing and marketing strategies to position themselves in consumer preferences and combat the problem of accelerated consumption of resources that has compromised the planet's regenerative capacity, where the circular economy emerges as a solution to move towards responsible production and consumption patterns. From waste recycling marketing strategies, a descriptive analysis of 120 documents from the SCOPUS database was carried out using bibliometric techniques to know the existing state of the art for the period 1977-2021. The results indicate that the annual scientific production increased in the last ten years by over 200% for 2019, highlighting the USA, China, UK, Germany, and India, and Mexico is in position 22. The conceptual and trend analysis points out the relationship between marketing, waste management, commercialization, recycling, sustainable development, and circular economy, topics that have deepened research in the last 5 years due to the SDGs. Through intellectual analysis, schools of thought were identified, highlighting Chen, Wang, Zhang and Liu, Lu, and White as the most influential and connected with other authors. The results show no link between the study areas, but rather that they are developed in isolation, evidencing an area of opportunity to work on marketing strategies for waste recycling, where companies adopt circular economy objectives, obtaining an advantage. Competitive position and position in the market by offering products from a valorization that the consumer prefers.

Efficient and Fast Generation of Relevant Disease Mouse Models by In Vitro and In Vivo Gene Editing of Zygotes.

Knockout mice for human disease-causing genes provide valuable models in which new therapeutic approaches can be tested. Electroporation of genome editing tools into zygotes, in vitro or within oviducts, allows for the generation of targeted mutations in a shorter time. We have generated mouse models deficient in genes involved in metabolic rare diseases (Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1 Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency) or in a tumor suppressor gene (Rasa1). Pairs of guide RNAs were designed to generate controlled deletions that led to the absence of protein. In vitro or in vivo ribonucleoprotein (RNP) electroporation rendered more than 90% and 30% edited newborn animals, respectively. Mice lines with edited alleles were established and disease hallmarks have been verified in the three models that showed a high consistency of results and validating RNP electroporation into zygotes as an efficient technique for disease modeling without the need to outsource to external facilities.

ERAS, a Member of the Ras Superfamily, Acts as an Oncoprotein in the Mammary Gland.

ERAS is a relatively uncharacterized gene of the Ras superfamily. It is expressed in ES cells and in the first stages of embryonic development; later on, it is silenced in the majority of cell types and tissues. Although there are several reports showing ERAS expression in tumoral cell lines and human tumor samples, it is unknown if ERAS deregulated expression is enough to drive tumor development. In this report, we have generated transgenic mice expressing ERAS in myoepithelial basal cells of the mammary gland and in basal cells of stratified epithelia. In spite of the low level of ERAS expression, these transgenic mice showed phenotypic alterations resembling overgrowth syndromes caused by the activation of the AKT-PI3K pathway. In addition, their mammary glands present developmental and functional disabilities accompanied by morphological and biochemical alterations in the myoepithelial cells. These mice suffer from tumoral transformation in the mammary glands with high incidence. These mammary tumors resemble, both histologically and by the expression of differentiation markers, malignant adenomyoepitheliomas. In sum, our results highlight the importance of ERAS silencing in adult tissues and define a truly oncogenic role for ERAS in mammary gland cells when inappropriately expressed.

The downregulated membrane expression of CD18 in CD34+ cells defines a primitive population of human hematopoietic stem cells.

BACKGROUND: CD18 is the common beta subunit of ß2 integrins, which are expressed on hematopoietic cells. ß2 integrins are essential for cell adhesion and leukocyte trafficking. METHODS: Here we have analyzed the expression of CD18 in different subsets of human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from cord blood (CB), bone marrow (BM), and mobilized peripheral blood (mPB) samples. CD34+ cells were classified into CD18high and CD18low/neg, and each of these populations was analyzed for the expression of HSPC markers, as well as for their clonogenity, quiescence state, and repopulating ability in immunodeficient mice. RESULTS: A downregulated membrane expression of CD18 was associated with a primitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) phenotype, as well as with a higher content of quiescent cells and multipotent colony-forming cells (CFCs). Although no differences in the short-term repopulating potential of CD18low/neg CD34+ and CD18high CD34+ cells were observed, CD18low/neg CD34+ cells were characterized by an enhanced long-term repopulating ability in NSG mice. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our results indicate that the downregulated membrane expression of CD18 characterizes a primitive population of human hematopoietic repopulating cells.

IKKß overexpression together with a lack of tumour suppressor genes causes ameloblastic odontomas in mice.

Odontogenic tumours are a heterogeneous group of lesions that develop in the oral cavity region and are characterized by the formation of tumoural structures that differentiate as teeth. Due to the diversity of their histopathological characteristics and clinical behaviour, the classification of these tumours is still under debate. Alterations in morphogenesis pathways such as the Hedgehog, MAPK and WNT/ß-catenin pathways are implicated in the formation of odontogenic lesions, but the molecular bases of many of these lesions are still unknown. In this study, we used genetically modified mice to study the role of IKKß (a fundamental regulator of NF-κB activity and many other proteins) in oral epithelial cells and odontogenic tissues. Transgenic mice overexpressing IKKß in oral epithelial cells show a significant increase in immune cells in both the oral epithelia and oral submucosa. They also show changes in the expression of several proteins and miRNAs that are important for cancer development. Interestingly, we found that overactivity of IKKß in oral epithelia and odontogenic tissues, in conjunction with the loss of tumour suppressor proteins (p53, or p16 and p19), leads to the appearance of odontogenic tumours that can be classified as ameloblastic odontomas, sometimes accompanied by foci of secondary ameloblastic carcinomas. These tumours show NF-κB activation and increased ß-catenin activity. These findings may help to elucidate the molecular determinants of odontogenic tumourigenesis and the role of IKKß in the homoeostasis and tumoural transformation of oral and odontogenic epithelia.

IKKβ overexpression together with a lack of tumour suppressor genes causes ameloblastic odontomas in mice / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Odontogenic tumours are a heterogeneous group of lesions that develop in the oral cavity region and are characterized by the formation of tumoural structures that differentiate as teeth. Due to the diversity of their histopathological characteristics and clinical behaviour, the classification of these tumours is still under debate. Alterations in morphogenesis pathways such as the Hedgehog, MAPK and WNT/β-catenin pathways are implicated in the formation of odontogenic lesions, but the molecular bases of many of these lesions are still unknown. In this study, we used genetically modified mice to study the role of IKKβ (a fundamental regulator of NF-κB activity and many other proteins) in oral epithelial cells and odontogenic tissues. Transgenic mice overexpressing IKKβ in oral epithelial cells show a significant increase in immune cells in both the oral epithelia and oral submucosa. They also show changes in the expression of several proteins and miRNAs that are important for cancer development. Interestingly, we found that overactivity of IKKβ in oral epithelia and odontogenic tissues, in conjunction with the loss of tumour suppressor proteins (p53, or p16 and p19), leads to the appearance of odontogenic tumours that can be classified as ameloblastic odontomas, sometimes accompanied by foci of secondary ameloblastic carcinomas. These tumours show NF-κB activation and increased β-catenin activity. These findings may help to elucidate the molecular determinants of odontogenic tumourigenesis and the role of IKKβ in the homoeostasis and tumoural transformation of oral and odontogenic epithelia.

Safety concerns of Piezoelectric Units in Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator.

PURPOSE: Evidence-based research appears to conflict on the potential risk of electromagnetic interference (EMI) between piezoelectric units (Pzs) and implantable cardioverters and defibrillators (ICDs). The purpose of this study was to observe whether the EMI produced by Pzs is hazardous for ICDs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 6 Pzs was conducted in vitro for EMI using an ICD system. To simulate the human body's electrical resistance, electrographic recordings were made of the ICD and lead that were immersed in a bath of saline solution. The variables investigated were the presence of EMI, the distance between the ICD and the Pz, and signal intensity, damage, and type of damage to the ICD and lead. Each series of tests was repeated 3 times, beginning with a 15-second baseline recording (control), until all recording conditions had been covered. Each Pz was recorded under the following conditions: less than 2 cm from the tip of the ICD lead; less than 2 cm from the ICD; less than 2 cm from the lead body and coils; and 15 cm from the lead or the ICD (R4). RESULTS: In the positive control (direct contact between the lead or the ICD with the Pz switched on), the ICD detected electrical activity as false heart activity. However, after covering all test conditions, no EMI was produced by the Pzs. CONCLUSION: No EMI or permanent changes in the functioning of the ICD were detected in vitro.

Lentiviral Vector-Mediated Correction of a Mouse Model of Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency Type I.

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type I (LAD-I) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the ITGB2 gene and is characterized by recurrent and life-threatening bacterial infections. These mutations lead to defective or absent expression of ß2 integrins on the leukocyte surface, compromising adhesion and extravasation at sites of infection. Three different lentiviral vectors (LVs) conferring ubiquitous or preferential expression of CD18 in myeloid cells were constructed and tested in human and mouse LAD-I cells. All three hCD18-LVs restored CD18 and CD11a membrane expression in LAD-I patient-derived lymphoblastoid cells. Corrected cells recovered the ability to aggregate and bind to sICAM-1 after stimulation. All vectors induced stable hCD18 expression in hematopoietic cells from mice with a hypomorphic Itgb2 mutation (CD18(HYP)), both in vitro and in vivo after transplantation of corrected cells into primary and secondary CD18(HYP) recipients. hCD18(+) hematopoietic cells from transplanted CD18(HYP) mice also showed restoration of mCD11a surface co-expression. The analysis of in vivo neutrophil migration in CD18(HYP) mice subjected to two different inflammation models demonstrated that the LV-mediated gene therapy completely restored neutrophil extravasation in response to inflammatory stimuli. Finally, these vectors were able to correct the phenotype of human myeloid cells derived from CD34(+) progenitors defective in ITGB2 expression. These results support for the first time the use of hCD18-LVs for the treatment of LAD-I patients in clinical trials.

Low compliance with the 2 minutes of uninterrupted chest compressions recommended in the 2010 International Resuscitation Guidelines.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to analyze compliance with 2010 European guidelines' quality criteria for external chest compressions (ECC) during 2 minutes of uninterrupted cardiopulmonary resuscitation. METHODS: Seventy-two healthy nurses and physicians trained in advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed 2 uninterrupted minutes of ECC on a training manikin (Resusci Anne Advanced SkillTrainer; Laerdal Medical AS, Stavanger, Norway) that enabled us to measure the depth and rate of ECC. When professionals agreed to participate in the study, we recorded their age, body mass index (BMI), smoking habit, and their own subjective estimation of their physical fitness. To measure fatigue, we analyzed participants' heart rates, percentage of maximum tolerated heart rate (MHR), and subjective perception of their fatigue on a visual analog scale. RESULTS: Nearly half (48.6%) the rescuers failed to achieve a minimum average ECC depth of 50 mm. Only 48.1% of ECCs fulfilled the 2010 guidelines' quality criteria; quality deteriorated mainly after the first minute. Poor ECC quality and deteriorating quality after the first minute were associated with BMI < 23 kg/m(2). Rescuers with BMI ≥ 23 kg/m(2) fulfilled the quality criteria throughout the 2 minutes, whereas those with BMI < 23 kg/m(2) fulfilled them for 80% of ECCs during the first minute, but for only 30% at the end of the 2 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with the 2010 guidelines' quality criteria is often poor, mainly due to lack of proper depth. The greater depth recommended in the 2010 guidelines with respect to previous guidelines requires greater force, so BMI < 23 kg/m(2) could hinder compliance. Limiting each rescuer's uninterrupted time doing ECC to 1 minute could help ensure compliance.

Effects of piezoelectric units on pacemaker function: an in vitro study.

INTRODUCTION: The use of piezoelectric units on patients with pacemakers is generally discouraged, although there is no empirical evidence of the effects of current piezoelectric units on pacemaker activity in vitro. METHODS: Four piezoelectric units (Piezosurgery3, Piezotome, Piezotome2, and Variosurg) and 2 magnetostriction units (Piezotome and Piezotome2) were tested for electromagnetic interference (EMI) with the SENSIA SESR01 pacemaker from Medtronic. The pacemaker, with a single electrode, was immersed in a saline-solution bath and adjusted between 400 and 800 ohms to simulate the electrical resistance of the human body and to register and to produce electrographic recordings. The pacemaker was tested with each ultrasonic device to analyze the presence of EMI at different distances, with the ultrasound switched on, switched off, and during operation. If any of the devices produced interference, the characteristics of the interference were categorized. RESULTS: In the positive control (direct contact between either the electrode or the generator and the ultrasound device when this was switched on), the pacemaker detected electrical activity as false heart activity. When all the scenarios and distances had been covered, no EMI was produced by the ultrasound units. CONCLUSIONS: No EMI was detected during the testing of the piezoelectric or magnetostriction units in this in vitro model of pacemaker use.

Infant neurocognitive development is independent of the use of iodised salt or iodine supplements given during pregnancy.

The benefits of iodine supplements during pregnancy remain controversial in areas with a mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of improving iodine intakes, with iodised salt (IS) or iodine supplements, in pregnant Spanish women. A total of 131 pregnant women in their first trimester were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) IS in cooking and at the table, (2) 200 µg potassium iodide (KI)/d or (3) 300 µg KI/d. No differences were found in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3) or thyroid volume (TV) between the three groups. Regardless of the group in which women were included, those who had been taking IS for at least 1 year before becoming pregnant had a significantly lower TV in the third trimester (P= 0.01) and a significantly higher urinary iodine in the first (173.7 (sd 81.8) v. 113.8 (sd 79.6) µg/l, P= 0.001) and third trimesters (206.3 (sd 91.2) v. 160.4 (sd 87.7) µg/l, P= 0.03). Also, no differences were seen in TSH, FT4 or FT3. Children's neurological development was not significantly associated with the consumption of IS for at least 1 year before becoming pregnant and no differences were found according to the treatment group. In conclusion, in pregnant women with insufficient iodine intake, the intake of IS before becoming pregnant was associated with a better maternal thyroid function. The form of iodide intake was not associated with maternal thyroid function or children's neurological development.

Fatal manganese intoxication due to an error in the elaboration of Epsom salts for a liver cleansing diet.

We describe the case of a 50-year-old man with a fatal intoxication after accidental massive oral ingestion of manganese. The patient presented with lethargy, diffuse abdominal pain, vomiting, and profuse diarrhea after ingesting Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate heptahydrate) during a liver cleansing diet. Despite intensive care management with intubation, prone position ventilation, continuous venovenous hemofiltration, and multiple transfusions, he progressed to refractory shock with multiple organ dysfunction resulting in death within 72 h. Similar patients arrived at several hospitals with identical epidemiology (all had ingested the same salt obtained in the same place). Clinical and forensic investigations (X-ray diffraction) discovered that the supplier had mistakenly prepared the salts with hydrated manganese sulfate instead of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. The results enabled the other patients to be successfully treated for hydrated manganese sulfate intoxication with life support in the intensive care unit and chelation therapy (EDTA). We describe the clinical presentation of acute manganese poisoning and alert professionals to the risk of an increasingly popular diet. This case demonstrates the importance of collaboration between clinicians, pathologists, and forensic scientists to resolve a difficult-to-diagnose case.

[Reference values for thyroid hormones in the population of pregnant women in Jaen (Spain)]. / Valores de referencia de hormonas tiroideas en la población de mujeres gestantes de Jaén.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate thyroid function in the three trimesters of pregnancy in healthy women taking iodine and to define the reference ranges of normality in this population. DESIGN: Descriptive study of pregnant women to define the ranges of normality of thyroid hormones in this population. SETTING: Jaen and Osuna (Spain). POPULATION: Healthy pregnant women. METHODS: Thyroid hormone determination in the three trimesters of pregnancy in healthy women taking iodine supplements. RESULTS: A total of 429 pregnant women taking iodine supplements to maintain urinary iodine levels within the normal range were included. T4-l levels were between 0.60 and 1.06 in the first trimester, between 0.43 and 0.85 ng/dl in the second and between 0.40 and 0.82 ng/dl in the third. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) reference values were between 0.23 and 4.18µUI/ml in the first trimester, 1.78 and 3.89µUI/ml in the second and 2.01 and 4.30µUI/ml in the third. T3-l values were between 2.33 and 3.84 pg/ml in the first trimester, between 2.04 and 3.51 pg/ml in the second and between 1.99 and 3.46 pg/ml in the third. CONCLUSION: Bearing the 3rd and 97th percentiles in mind, the reference ranges in our population were far below those recommended by our reference laboratory. In view of these results, these values should be redefined to avoid incorrect diagnoses of hyperthyroxinemia in healthy pregnant women.

Valores de referencia de hormonas tiroideas en la población de mujeres gestantes de Jaén / Reference values for thyroid hormones in the population of pregnant women in jaen (Spain)

Objetivo Valorar la función tiroidea en los tres trimestres de gestación en mujeres sanas suplementadas con yodo y definir los límites de referencia de la normalidad de esta población. Diseño Estudio descriptivo sobre la mujer gestante para definir los límites de normalidad de hormonas tiroideas en esta población. Emplazamiento Jaén y Osuna. Población Gestantes sanas. Métodos Determinación de hormonas tiroideas en los tres trimestres de gestación en mujeres sanas suplementadas con yodo. Resultados Cuatrocientas veintinueve gestantes fueron suplementadas con yodo para mantener nivel de yoduria en los límites de normalidad. Las concentraciones de T4-l estuvieron entre 0,60 y 1,06 para el primer trimestre, entre 0,43 y 0,85 ng/dl en el segundo trimestre y entre 0,40 y 0,82 ng/dl en el tercer trimestre. Para la TSH los valores de referencia son: 0,23 y 4,18μUI/ml en el primer trimestre, 1,78 y 3,89μUI/ml en el segundo trimestre y 2,01 y 4,30μUI/ml en el tercer trimestre. Para T3-l los límites en el primer trimestre es de 2,33 a 3,84 pg/ml, entre 2,04 y 3,51 pg/ml en el segundo trimestre y entre 1,99 y 3,46 pg/ml en el tercer trimestre. ConclusiónLos límites de referencia para nuestra población teniendo en cuenta los percentiles 3 y 97 están muy por debajo del recomendado por nuestro laboratorio de referencia, lo que obliga a redefinir estas concentraciones para evitar diagnosticar de forma incorrecta de hipotiroxinemia a la mujer gestante sana (AU)

Objective: To evaluate thyroid function in the three trimesters of pregnancy in healthy women taking iodine and to define the reference ranges of normality in this population. Design: Descriptive study of pregnant women to define the ranges of normality of thyroid hormones in this population. Setting: Jaen and Osuna (Spain).Population: Healthy pregnant women. Methods: Thyroid hormone determination in the three trimesters of pregnancy in healthy women taking iodine supplements. Results: A total of 429 pregnant women taking iodine supplements to maintain urinary iodine levels within the normal range were included. T4-l levels were between 0.60 and 1.06 in the first trimester, between 0.43 and 0.85 ng/dl in the second and between 0.40 and 0.82 ng/dl in thethird. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) reference values were between 0.23 and 4.18 UI/mlin the first trimester, 1.78 and 3.89 UI/ml in the second and 2.01 and 4.30 UI/ml in the third.T3-l values were between 2.33 and 3.84 pg/ml in the first trimester, between 2.04 and 3.51pg/ml in the second and between 1.99 and 3.46 pg/ml in the third. Conclusion: Bearing the 3rd and 97th percentiles in mind, the reference ranges in our population were far below those recommended by our reference laboratory. In view of these results, these values should be redefined to avoid incorrect diagnoses of hyperthyroxinemia in healthypregnant women (AU)

Procalcitonin levels are lower in intensive care unit patients with H1N1 influenza A virus pneumonia than in those with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. A pilot study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to know the kinetics of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) in critically ill patients with H1N1 influenza A virus pneumonia and to compare levels of these inflammatory mediators with patients with acute community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational study in a mixed intensive care unit (ICU) at a general university hospital was performed. All consecutive patients admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of severe acute community-acquired pneumonia from September 2009 to December 2009 were included. Viral (H1N1 influenza A) and bacterial microbiological diagnoses were done in every patient. At admission, demographics, comorbidities, Simplified Acute Physiology Score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, Lung Injury Score, and Pao(2)/Fio(2) were recorded. At admission and after 24, 48, and 120 hours, WBC, CRP, and PCT levels were obtained. Finally, hospital and ICU length of stay and mortality were recorded. RESULTS: No differences in CRP or WBC were found between H1N1-positive patients and H1N1-negative patients (patients with acute community-acquired bacterial pneumonia). Procalcitonin levels at admission were lower in H1N1-positive patients (PCT = 0.4 [0.1-6.1] ng/mL) than in the H1N1-negative patients (24.8 [13.1-34.5] ng/mL). Procalcitonin significantly decreased with time but remained lower in the H1N1-positive group at all measurements (P < .05 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients admitted to the ICU with pneumonia, the PCT level could help identify H1N1 influenza A virus pneumonia and thus enable earlier antiviral therapy.

Hemodynamic effects of recombinant human activated protein C in patients with septic shock.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of recombinant human activated protein C (rhAPC) on hemodynamic parameters in patients with septic shock. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 2 university-hospital critical care units. Patients with septic shock with pulmonary artery catheterization or transthoracic thermodilution monitoring were studied. We matched patients with septic shock with at least 2 organ failures (18 treated with rhAPC and 18 controls) on sex, age, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II, and sepsis etiology. We recorded norepinephrine dose and hemodynamic parameters at baseline and 24, 36, and 48 hours after the real or theoretical start of rhAPC treatment. RESULTS: Mean arterial pressure remained stable in both groups. In rhAPC patients, norepinephrine requirements, initially higher than in controls, were significantly lower at 48 hours, and stroke volume at 24 and 48 hours improved (P < .05). CONCLUSION: Recombinant human activated protein C use correlated with improved hemodynamic parameters and decreased norepinephrine requirements. The retrospective nature of the study limits the strength of these findings.

Estudio antropométrico de los escolares de la provincia de Jaén / Anthropometric study of schoolchildren in the province of Jaén (Spain)

Introducción: Desde hace varios años se observa un incremento progresivo en el peso de los niños españoles; según el informe de la SEEDO de 2002 (estudio enKid), se reconoce una prevalencia de obesidad del 15,6% en varones y del 12% en mujeres, más frecuente en niños procedentes de niveles socioeconómicos bajos. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar el estado nutricional de los escolares jienenses y valorar si hay diferencias entre los escolares de la capital y los de la provincia. Material y método: La población del estudio son escolares de primero y quinto de primaria y de segundo de ESO de 14 municipios y de la capital jienense. Variables: edad, sexo, curso, peso, talla, índice de masa corporal (IMC; tablas de la Fundación Orbegozo) y encuesta dietética. Resultados: Se ha estudiado a un total de 1.336 escolares de la provincia y la capital jienenses. La media de edad fue de 10,23 años. No se ha encontrado ningún escolar con un percentil de talla o de peso por debajo del P3 para su edad y sexo. Con relación al IMC se observa un aumento progresivo conforme aumenta la edad tanto en la provincia como en la capital y tanto en mujeres como en varones (p 25 en la provincia (el 9,2%, frente al 7,4% en la capital). Esta diferencia es mayor entre los varones. Conclusiones: En Jaén, la prevalencia de obesidad y sobrepeso es similar a la encontrada en estudios recientes en España; es de destacar que la obesidad y el sobrepeso son más prevalentes en varones de 9 a 14 años. No hay diferencias significativas en la distribución del sobrepeso y la obesidad entre la provincia y la capital (AU)

Background: For several years, body weight in Spanish children has progressively increased; according to the SEEDO report (enKid study) the prevalence of obesity is 15.6% in boys and 12% in girls, with obesity being more frequent in children from lower socioeconomic classes. The aim of this study was to evaluate nutritional status in schoolchildren from Jaén and to analyze whether there are differences between children from the capital city and those from the rest of the province. Material and method: Population: primary schoolchildren in the first and fifth grades and secondary schoolchildren in the second grade from 14 municipalities and the capital of Jaén. Variables: age, gender, school grade, weight, height, body mass index (BMI; Fundación Orbegozo tables) and dietary survey. Results: A total of 1,336 schoolchildren from the province and capital of Jaén were studied. The mean age was 10.23 years. No child with a height or weight below the third percentile for age and gender was found. In both settings and genders, BMI progressively increased with age (p 25 kg/m2 was slightly higher (9.2% versus 7.4% in the capital). This difference was greater in boys. Conclusions: The prevalence of obesity and excess weight in Jaén is similar to that found in recent studies in Spain; notably, obesity and excess weight were more prevalent in boys aged 9 to 14 years old. No significant differences in the distribution of excess weight and obesity were observed between the capital and the province of Jaén (AU)