Responses to pathogen exposure in sentinel juvenile fall-run Chinook salmon in the Sacramento River, CA.

This study investigated how the deployment of juvenile Chinook salmon in ambient river conditions and the subsequent exposure to and infection by pathogens was associated with the changes in the expression of genes involved in immune system functioning, general stress and host development. Juvenile fish were deployed in sentinel cages for 21 days in the Sacramento River, CA, USA. Gill, kidney and intestinal tissue were sampled at 0, 7, 14 and 21 days post-deployment. Pathogen detection and host response were assessed by a combination of molecular and histopathological evaluation. Our findings showed that fish became infected by the parasites Ceratonova shasta, Parvicapsula minibicornis and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and to a lesser extent, the bacteria Flavobacterium columnare and Rickettsia-like organisms. Co-infection was common among sentinel fish. Expression of investigated genes was altered following deployment and was often associated with pathogen abundance. This study provides a foundation for future avenues of research investigating pathogens that affect out-migrating Chinook salmon in the Sacramento River, and offers crucial knowledge related to conservation efforts.

Tropical forests are approaching critical temperature thresholds.

The critical temperature beyond which photosynthetic machinery in tropical trees begins to fail averages approximately 46.7 °C (Tcrit)1. However, it remains unclear whether leaf temperatures experienced by tropical vegetation approach this threshold or soon will under climate change. Here we found that pantropical canopy temperatures independently triangulated from individual leaf thermocouples, pyrgeometers and remote sensing (ECOSTRESS) have midday peak temperatures of approximately 34 °C during dry periods, with a long high-temperature tail that can exceed 40 °C. Leaf thermocouple data from multiple sites across the tropics suggest that even within pixels of moderate temperatures, upper canopy leaves exceed Tcrit 0.01% of the time. Furthermore, upper canopy leaf warming experiments (+2, 3 and 4 °C in Brazil, Puerto Rico and Australia, respectively) increased leaf temperatures non-linearly, with peak leaf temperatures exceeding Tcrit 1.3% of the time (11% for more than 43.5 °C, and 0.3% for more than 49.9 °C). Using an empirical model incorporating these dynamics (validated with warming experiment data), we found that tropical forests can withstand up to a 3.9 ± 0.5 °C increase in air temperatures before a potential tipping point in metabolic function, but remaining uncertainty in the plasticity and range of Tcrit in tropical trees and the effect of leaf death on tree death could drastically change this prediction. The 4.0 °C estimate is within the 'worst-case scenario' (representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5) of climate change predictions2 for tropical forests and therefore it is still within our power to decide (for example, by not taking the RCP 6.0 or 8.5 route) the fate of these critical realms of carbon, water and biodiversity3,4.

Somatics and phenomenological psychopathology: a mental health proposal.

This work begins with a brief review - from the physical education movement that began in ancient Greece and is deeply rooted in 19th century Europe, to the somatics movement alive today. The review captures primary historical and conceptual references, relevant to the therapeutic-embodied exploratory work. Then, G. Stanghellini's mental health care model [2] is reviewed. This model is considered within reflexive self-awareness and spoken dialogue: the main vehicles in relation with alterity and its consequences in the realm of psychotherapeutic encounter and intervention. This will highlight the individual's bodily movement and inter-corporeal 'proto-dialogue' as a prior realm of therapeutic intervention. Next, a brief consideration of E. Strauss work [31] is presented. This paper's hypothesis is that bodily qualitative dynamics highlighted by phenomenology are essential for an effective mental health therapeutic intervention. A 'seed' of a framework is proposed in this paper; this seed assesses some phenomenological assets of a positive conception of mental health, for which self-awareness education is key to develop skills such as kinaesthetic intelligence and attunement and to educate healthy persons who can promote edifying social relations and environments.

Mortalidad perioperatoria en Tolima, perspectivas del cuarto indicador de The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery: Un análisis preliminar de la cohorte prospectiva del estudio Colombian Surgical Outcomes Study (ColSOS) / Perioperative mortality in Tolima and perspectives of the fourth indicator of The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery: A preliminary analysis of the prospective cohort of the Colombian Surgical Outcomes Study (ColSOS)

Introducción. La mortalidad perioperatoria en el mundo representa 4,2 millones de muertes anuales. El cuarto indicador de The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery permite estandarizar la mortalidad perioperatoria. En Colombia, existen aproximaciones por datos secundarios, limitando el análisis y las intervenciones aplicables a nuestra población. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la mortalidad perioperatoria a través de datos primarios que permitan sustentar políticas públicas. Métodos. Se hizo el análisis preliminar de un estudio observacional, de cohorte prospectiva, multicéntrico en 6 instituciones del departamento de Tolima. Se incluyeron los pacientes llevados a procedimientos quirúrgicos por una semana, con posterior seguimiento hasta el egreso, fallecimiento o 30 días de hospitalización. La mortalidad perioperatoria fue el desenlace primario. Resultados. Fueron incluidos 378 pacientes, con mediana de 49 años (RIC 32-66), buen estado funcional (ASA I-II 80 %) y baja complejidad quirúrgica (42 %). Las cirugías más comunes fueron por Ortopedia (25,4 %) y Cirugía plástica (23,3 %). El 29,7 % presentaron complicaciones postoperatorias, las más comunes fueron síndrome de dificultad respiratoria agudo e íleo postoperatorio. La mortalidad perioperatoria fue de 1,3 %. Discusión. La mortalidad perioperatoria discrepó de la reportada en otros estudios nacionales, aun cuando los pacientes tenían un bajo perfil de riesgo y baja complejidad de los procedimientos. Sin embargo, coincide con la reportada internacionalmente y nos acerca a la realidad del país. Conclusión. La determinación del cuarto indicador es de vital importancia para mejorar la atención quirúrgica en Colombia. Este es el primer acercamiento con datos primarios que nos permite tener información aplicable a nuestra población

Introduction. Perioperative mortality accounts for 4.2 million deaths annually. The fourth indicator of The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery allows standardizing perioperative mortality. In Colombia, there are approximations based on secondary data, limiting the analysis and interventions applicable to our population. The objective of this study is to describe perioperative mortality through primary data that allow supporting public policies. Methods. A preliminary analysis of an observational, prospective cohort, multicenter study was carried out at six institutions in the District of Tolima. Patients undergoing surgical procedures were included for one week, for subsequent follow-up until discharge, death, or 30 days of hospitalization. Perioperative mortality was the primary outcome and was presented as a proportion. Results. A total of 378 patients were included, with a median age of 49 years (RIC 32-66), low-risk profile (ASA I-II 80%), and low surgical complexity (42%). The most common surgeries were Orthopedic (25.4%) and Plastic Surgery (23.3%). Postoperative complications occurred in 29.7%, the most common were ARDS and postoperative ileus. Perioperative mortality was 1.3%. Discussion. Perioperative mortality differed from that reported in national studies, even when the patients had a low-risk profile and low complexity of the procedures. However, it coincides with that reported internationally and brings us closer to the reality of the country. Conclusion. The determination of the fourth indicator is of vital importance to improving surgical care in Colombia. This is the first approach with primary data that allows us to have applicable information for our population

Endoftalmitis endógena por Klebsiella pneumoniae: reporte de 2 casos y revisión de literatura referente a K. pneumoniae hipermucoviscosa e hipermucovirulenta / Endogenous Klebsiella pneumoniae endophthalmitis: report of 2 cases and literature review regarding hypermucoviscous and hypermucovirulent K. pneumoniae

Objetivo: Reportar dos casos de endoftalmitis endógena por Klebsiella pneumoniae hipermucoviscosa y revisar las características clínicas de esta entidad que ha aumentado su prevalencia en países occidentales. Observaciones: Dos pacientes fueron diagnosticados con endoftalmitis endógena por K. pneumoniae con confirmación microbiológica de un origen abdominal, uno de ellos por un absceso hepático y el otro por un absceso renal. Ambos pacientes fueron sometidos a vitrectomía precoz, y a antibióticos intravítreos/intravenosos, no obstante uno requirió evisceración y el otro presentó una agudeza visual de percepción de luz. Conclusiones e importancia: K. pneumoniae es la primera causa de endoftalmitis endógena en Asia oriental, pero es poco frecuente en los países occidentales. Sin embargo su prevalencia en esta última población parece estar aumentando en asociación con las variantes hipermucoviscosas e hipervirulentas de este microorganismo. La detección temprana y el tratamiento temprano de esta enfermedad son fundamentales para preservar la anatomía del ojo.

Objective: To report two cases of hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae endogenous endophthalmitis and to review the clinical characteristics of this aggressive disease whose prevalence appears to be increasing in western countries. Observations: Two patients were diagnosed with K. pneumoniae endogenous endophthalmitis with microbiological confirmation of an abdominal source, one from a hepatic abscess and the other with a renal abscess. Both patients underwent early vitrectomy, and intravitreal/intravenous antibiotics, nonetheless one required evisceration and the other presented a postoperative visual acuity of light perception. Conclusions and importance: K. pneumoniae is the first cause of endogenous endophthalmitis in eastern Asia, but it is rare in western countries. Nevertheless, its prevalence in the latter population appears to be increasing in association with the hypermucoviscous and hypervirulent variants of this microorganism. The early detection and early management of this disease are pivotal to preserve the anatomy of the eye.

Anoftalmia congénita bilateral: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Bilateral congenital anophthalmia: clinical case report and literature review

Objetivo: Presentar un caso clínico de anoftalmia bilateral congénita y documentar lo encontrado en la literatura sobre esta condición. Diseño del estudio: Reporte de caso clínico. Método: Descripción de un caso clínico de un neonato con anoftalmia bilateral congénita nacido en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio y que fue atendido por el servicio de oftalmología de la misma institución. Resultados: Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino con diagnóstico de anoftalmia congénita bilateral y atresia tricuspídea con vasos en D-transposición con coartación aórtica, sin otras malformaciones asociadas ni factores ambientales desencadenantes. Esta es una patología poco frecuente, cuya etiología y procesos fisiopatológicos no se conocen aún en su totalidad. Es relevante continuar el seguimiento y los procesos diagnósticos para esclarecer su proceso de desarrollo y la totalidad de malformaciones complejas con las que puede encontrarse en asociación

Objective: To present a clinical case of congenital bilateral anophthalmia and document what is found in the literature on this entity. Study design: Clinical case report. Method: Description of a clinical case of a neonate with congenital bilateral anophthalmia that was born at the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio and who was treated by the Ophthalmology service in the same institution. Results: We present the case of a male patient with a diagnosis of bilateral congenital anophthalmia and tricuspid atresia with vessels in D-transposition with aortic coarctation, without other associated malformations or environmental risk factors. This is a rare pathology, of which etiology and pathophysiological processes are not yet fully understood. It is relevant to continue follow up and diagnostic processes to clarify its development processes and the entirety of complex malformations with which it can be in association with

Kinesthesia and Temporal Experience: On the 'Knitting and Unknitting' Process of Bodily Subjectivity in Schizophrenia.

This paper proposes a phenomenological hypothesis that psychosis entails a disturbance of the two-fold process of the indication function of kinesthesia and the presentification function of touch that affects the constitution of bodily subjectivity. Recent functional connectivity studies showed that the increased synchrony between the right anterior insula and the default mode network are associated with psychosis. This association is proposed to be correlated with the disrupted dynamics between the pre-reflective and reflective temporal experience in psychotic patients. The paper first examines the dynamic nature of kinesthesia and the influence touch and vision exert on it, and then the reciprocal influence with temporal experience focusing on the body's cyclic sense of temporality and its impact on physiology and phenomenology. Affectivity and self-affection are considered in their basic bodily expressions mainly through the concepts of responsivity and receptivity. The overall constitutive processes referred to throughout the article are proposed as a roadmap to develop body-based therapeutic work.

Detecting Hot Spots of Methane Flux Using Footprint-Weighted Flux Maps.

In this study, we propose a new technique for mapping the spatial heterogeneity in gas exchange around flux towers using flux footprint modeling and focusing on detecting hot spots of methane (CH4) flux. In the first part of the study, we used a CH4 release experiment to evaluate three common flux footprint models: the Hsieh model (Hsieh et al., 2000), the Kljun model (Kljun et al., 2015), and the K & M model (Kormann and Meixner, 2001), finding that the K & M model was the most accurate under these conditions. In the second part of the study, we introduce the Footprint-Weighted Flux Map, a new technique to map spatial heterogeneity in fluxes. Using artificial CH4 release experiments, natural tracer approaches and flux chambers we mapped the spatial flux heterogeneity, and detected and validated a hot spot of CH4 flux in a oligohaline restored marsh. Through chamber measurements during the months of April and May, we found that fluxes at the hot spot were on average as high as 6589 ± 7889 nmol m-2 s-1 whereas background flux from the open water were on average 15.2 ± 7.5 nmol m-2 s-1. This study provides a novel tool to evaluate the spatial heterogeneity of fluxes around eddy-covariance towers and creates important insights for the interpretation of hot spots of CH4 flux, paving the way for future studies aiming to understand subsurface biogeochemical processes and the microbiological conditions that lead to the occurrence of hot spots and hot moments of CH4 flux.

Longitudinal assessment of skilled forelimb motor impairments in DJ-1 knockout rats.

BACKGROUND: DJ-1 knockout (DJ-1 KO) rats exhibit a moderate parkinsonian phenotype, with gross motor deficits and ca. 50% loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons appearing around 6-8 months of age. Fine motor impairments are often observed in Parkinson's disease (PD), but skilled motor function in recently developed transgenic rat models of PD is not well characterized. OBJECTIVES: To assess the longitudinal performance of DJ-1 KO rats on a skilled forelimb reaching task. METHODS: DJ-1 KO and wild-type (WT) rats were trained from 2 to 10 months of age on an isometric pullbar task designed to test forelimb strength and coordination. After 36 consecutive weeks of training (ca. 10 months old), task difficulty was then increased to challenge the motor capabilities of the DJ-1 KO rats. Throughout the study, subjects also received weekly assessments of gross locomotor activity in an open field. RESULTS: Pull-task performance of the DJ-1 KO rats was impaired compared to WT, with deficits reaching significance around 7-9 months of age. When challenged, DJ-1 KO rats were able to exert increased force on the pullbar but continued to exhibit deficits compared to WT rats. Throughout the study, no differences in distance traveled or rearing frequency were observed in the open field, but DJ-1 KO rats were found to spend significantly more time in the center of the open field than WT rats. CONCLUSIONS: Using a sensitive, automated assay of forelimb strength and coordination, we find that skilled forelimb motor performance is impaired in DJ-1 KO rats.

Cambio como revolución o evolución en la ciencia de enfermería / Change as revolution or evolution in nursing science / Mudança como revolução ou evolução na ciência de enfermagem

Este documentotiene por objetivo comentarcómo la ciencia en enfermería ha ido evolucionando en el tiempo y cómo ésta refleja con mayor precisión el proceso de cambio científico a través de las conceptualizaciones propuestas por Khun y Laudan. Por último, se concluye que la ciencia en enfermería se encuentra en un constante desarrollo y evolución, además de, requerir de otras disciplinas para aumentar el propio cuerpo de conocimiento.

This document aims to commenton how nursing science has evolved over time and how it more accurately reflects the process of scientific change through the conceptualizations proposed by Khun and Laudan. Finally, it is concluded that nursing science is in constant development and evolution, in addition to requiring other disciplines to increase the body of knowledge itself.

Este documento tem por objetivo comentarcomo a ciência da enfermagem evoluiu ao longo do tempo e como ela reflete com mais precisão o processo de mudança científica através das conceituações propostas por Khun e Laudan. Por fim, conclui-se que a ciência da enfermagem está em constante desenvolvimento e evolução, além de necessitar de outras disciplinas para aumentar o próprio corpo de conhecimento

Endoftalmitis neonatal secundaria a sepsis neonatal temprana: reporte de caso / Endogenous neonatal endophthalmitis as a complication of early neonatal sepsis: Case report

Introducción: La endoftalmitis neonatal endógena es una complicación rara de la sepsis neonatal que puede llevar a ceguera. Un diagnóstico temprano y un tratamiento agresivo son esenciales para evitar la pérdida visual a largo plazo. Caso: Recién nacido pretérmino con endoftalmitis endógena como complicación tardía de una sepsis neonatal temprana, por deterioro clínico generalizado y persistencia de signos oftalmológicos. Se consideró vitrectomía posterior más antibiótico intravítreo de vancomicina y ceftazidima durante la infusión. A pesar de presentar cultivos negativos, posterior al procedimiento presentó mejoría clínica significativa al fondo de ojo y sistémica. Discusión: En los recién nacidos con sepsis neonatal, especialmente los pretérmino con bajo peso al nacer o con infección por microorganismos multirresistentes (que complican el tratamiento sistémico y aumentan el riesgo de diseminación endógena), debe considerarse la endoftalmitis endógena. La sospecha clínica y la adecuada aproximación diagnóstica de forma temprana, aun con cultivos negativos, permite mejorar el pronóstico visual, como en el caso presentado.

Background: Endogenous neonatal endophthalmitis is an uncommon complication of neonatal sepsis, that can lead to blindness. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment are essential to avoid long-term visual loss. Case: Pre-term newborn with endogenous endophthalmitis as a late complication of early neonatal sepsis, with negative cultures, but with generalized clinical deterioration and persistence of ophthalmological signs, therefore a posterior vitrectomy plus intravitreal vancomycin and ceftazidime infusion was required. After the procedure, the patient presented significant clinical improvement, at the ophthalmological exam as well as systemically. Discussion: Endogenous endophthalmitis should be considered in newborns with neonatal sepsis, especially preterm babies with low birth weight or with infection by multidrug-resistant microorganisms, which complicate systemic treatment and increase the risk of endogenous dissemination. Clinical suspicion and an adequate early diagnostic approach, even with negative cultures, could improve the visual prognosis, as in the case presented.

Vagus Nerve Stimulation Induced Motor Map Plasticity Does Not Require Cortical Dopamine.

Background: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) paired with motor rehabilitation is an emerging therapeutic strategy to enhance functional recovery after neural injuries such as stroke. Training-paired VNS drives significant neuroplasticity within the motor cortex (M1), which is thought to underlie the therapeutic effects of VNS. Though the mechanisms are not fully understood, VNS-induced cortical plasticity is known to depend on intact signaling from multiple neuromodulatory nuclei that innervate M1. Cortical dopamine (DA) plays a key role in mediating M1 synaptic plasticity and is critical for motor skill acquisition, but whether cortical DA contributes to VNS efficacy has not been tested. Objective: To determine the impact of cortical DA depletion on VNS-induced cortical plasticity. Methods: Rats were trained on a skilled reaching lever press task prior to implantation of VNS electrodes and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mediated DA depletion in M1. Rats then underwent training-paired VNS treatment, followed by cortical motor mapping and lesion validation. Results: In both intact and DA-depleted rats, VNS significantly increased the motor map representation of task-relevant proximal forelimb musculature and reduced task-irrelevant distal forelimb representations. VNS also significantly increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH+) fiber density in intact M1, but this effect was not observed in lesioned hemispheres. Conclusion: Our results reveal that though VNS likely upregulates catecholaminergic signaling in intact motor cortices, DA itself is not required for VNS-induced plasticity to occur. As DA is known to critically support M1 plasticity during skill acquisition, our findings suggest that VNS may engage a unique set of neuromodulatory signaling pathways to promote neocortical plasticity.

Preparation of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Electrodes for Chronic Implantation in Rats.

Peripheral nerve cuff electrodes have long been used in the neurosciences and related fields for stimulation of, for example, vagus or sciatic nerves. Several recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of chronic VNS in enhancing central nervous system plasticity to improve motor rehabilitation, extinction learning, and sensory discrimination. Construction of chronically implantable devices for use in such studies is challenging due to rats' small size, and typical protocols require extensive training of personnel and time-consuming microfabrication methods. Alternatively, commercially available implantable cuff electrodes can be purchased at a significantly higher cost. In this protocol, we present a simple, low-cost method for construction of small, chronically implantable peripheral nerve cuff electrodes for use in rats. We validate the short and long-term reliability of our cuff electrodes by demonstrating that VNS in ketamine/xylazine anesthetized rats produces decreases in breathing rate consistent with activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex, both at the time of implantation and up to 10 weeks after device implantation. We further demonstrate the suitability of the cuff electrodes for use in chronic stimulation studies by pairing VNS with skilled lever press performance to induce motor cortical map plasticity.

Methane emissions reduce the radiative cooling effect of a subtropical estuarine mangrove wetland by half.

The role of coastal mangrove wetlands in sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and mitigating climate change has received increasing attention in recent years. While recent studies have shown that methane (CH4 ) emissions can potentially offset the carbon burial rates in low-salinity coastal wetlands, there is hitherto a paucity of direct and year-round measurements of ecosystem-scale CH4 flux (FCH4 ) from mangrove ecosystems. In this study, we examined the temporal variations and biophysical drivers of ecosystem-scale FCH4 in a subtropical estuarine mangrove wetland based on 3 years of eddy covariance measurements. Our results showed that daily mangrove FCH4 reached a peak of over 0.1 g CH4 -C m-2  day-1 during the summertime owing to a combination of high temperature and low salinity, while the wintertime FCH4 was negligible. In this mangrove, the mean annual CH4 emission was 11.7 ± 0.4 g CH4 -C m-2  year-1 while the annual net ecosystem CO2 exchange ranged between -891 and -690 g CO2 -C m-2  year-1 , indicating a net cooling effect on climate over decadal to centurial timescales. Meanwhile, we showed that mangrove FCH4 could offset the negative radiative forcing caused by CO2 uptake by 52% and 24% over a time horizon of 20 and 100 years, respectively, based on the corresponding sustained-flux global warming potentials. Moreover, we found that 87% and 69% of the total variance of daily FCH4 could be explained by the random forest machine learning algorithm and traditional linear regression model, respectively, with soil temperature and salinity being the most dominant controls. This study was the first of its kind to characterize ecosystem-scale FCH4 in a mangrove wetland with long-term eddy covariance measurements. Our findings implied that future environmental changes such as climate warming and increasing river discharge might increase CH4 emissions and hence reduce the net radiative cooling effect of estuarine mangrove forests.

Características epidemiológicas de pacientes con enfermedad oclusiva venosa retiniana en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá Colombia / Epidemiological characteristics of patients with retinal vein occlusive disease at the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá Colombia

Método: la población objetivo fueron los pacientes que asistieron por urgencias al hospital entre enero/2014 y diciembre/2018 y recibieron diagnóstico de oclusión venosa de la retina. Se realizó un registro y tabulación de los aspectos más relevantes Resultados: Se incluyeron 63 pacientes, con edad media de 57 años. Los antecedentes más frecuentemente referidos fueron hipertensión arterial (51%), dislipidemia y diabetes mellitus. 4.8% reportaron antecedente de glaucoma. 60.3% ocurrieron en el ojo derecho y el tipo más frecuente fué oclusión de vena central de la retina (65,1%). Los hallazgos encontrados al examen oft almológico fueron dilatación y tortuosidad venosa (100%), hemorragias retinianas (98.4%) y edema macular (61,9%). El 39.7% presentó agudeza visual cuenta dedos Conclusión: La población estudiada se comportó análogamente a lo descrito en la literatura, con distribución similar por género, aumento de la incidencia con la edad e hipertensión arterial como factor de riesgo más relevante. El edema macular se asocia con pérdida más signifi cativa de la agudeza visual. Es importante realizar un estudio más amplio para caracterizar la patología a nivel nacional

Background: Venous occlusive disease of the retina is the second most frequently associated retinal vascular disease with visual loss. Th e increase in the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases is associated with an increase in the presentation of complications derived from these Objective: Characterize the population of patients with retinal occlusive venous disease of the San Ignacio University Hospital Study design: A retrospective cross-sectional observational study Method: the target population were patients who attended the hospital for emergencies between January/2014 and December/2018, and received a diagnosis of retinal vein occlusion. A registry and tabulation of the most relevant aspects were carried out Results: 63 patients were included, with a mean age of 57 years. Th e most frequently reported antecedents were hypertension (51%), dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. 4.8% reported a history of glaucoma. 60.3% occurred in the right eye and the most frequent type was central retinal vein occlusion (65.1%). Th e fi ndings found on ophthalmological examination were venous dilation and tortuosity (100%), retinal hemorrhages (98.4%), and macular edema (61.9%). 39.7% presented visual acuity with fi nger counts Conclusion: Th e study population behaved similarly to that described in the literature, with a similar distribution by sex, increased incidence with age, and hypertension as the most relevant risk factor. Macular edema is associated with a more signifi cant loss of visual acuity. It is important to carry out a larger study to characterize the pathology at a national level

Effect of temporally heterogeneous light on photosynthetic light use efficiency, plant acclimation and growth in Abatia parviflora.

Individual leaves have a unique instantaneous photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) at which net photosynthetic light use efficiency (ϵL, the ratio between net photosynthesis and PPFD) is maximised (PPFDϵmax). When PPFD is above or below PPFDϵmax, efficiency declines. Thus, we hypothesised that heterogeneous PPFD conditions should increase the amount of time leaves photosynthesise at a PPFD different than PPFDϵmax and result in reduced growth. To date, this prediction has not been rigorously tested. Here, we exposed seedlings of Abatia parviflora Ruiz & Pav to light regimes of equal total daily irradiance but with three different daily time courses of PPFD: constant PPFD (No_H), low heterogeneity (Low_H) and high heterogeneity (High_H). Mean ϵL, leaf daily photosynthesis and plant growth were all significantly higher in No_H and Low_H plants than in High_H plants, supporting our hypothesis. In addition, mean ϵL was positively related to final plant biomass. Unexpectedly, High_H plants had more etiolated stems and more horizontal leaves than No_H and Low_H plants, possibly due to exposure to low PPFD in the morning and afternoon. In conclusion, PPFD heterogeneity had an important effect on average ϵL, photosynthesis and growth, but also on allocation and plant morphology.

Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence exhibits a universal relationship with gross primary productivity across a wide variety of biomes.

In our recent study in Global Change Biology (Li et al., ), we examined the relationship between solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) measured from the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) and gross primary productivity (GPP) derived from eddy covariance flux towers across the globe, and we discovered that there is a nearly universal relationship between SIF and GPP across a wide variety of biomes. This finding reveals the tremendous potential of SIF for accurately mapping terrestrial photosynthesis globally.

Methanogenesis in oxygenated soils is a substantial fraction of wetland methane emissions.

The current paradigm, widely incorporated in soil biogeochemical models, is that microbial methanogenesis can only occur in anoxic habitats. In contrast, here we show clear geochemical and biological evidence for methane production in well-oxygenated soils of a freshwater wetland. A comparison of oxic to anoxic soils reveal up to ten times greater methane production and nine times more methanogenesis activity in oxygenated soils. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing recover the first near-complete genomes for a novel methanogen species, and show acetoclastic production from this organism was the dominant methanogenesis pathway in oxygenated soils. This organism, Candidatus Methanothrix paradoxum, is prevalent across methane emitting ecosystems, suggesting a global significance. Moreover, in this wetland, we estimate that up to 80% of methane fluxes could be attributed to methanogenesis in oxygenated soils. Together, our findings challenge a widely held assumption about methanogenesis, with significant ramifications for global methane estimates and Earth system modeling.

Frequency of pulpal and periapical disorders prior to orthodontic treatment / Frecuencia de los trastornos pulpares y periapicales antes del tratamiento de ortodoncia

Introduction and objective: Orthodontic forces can aggravate a pre-existent pulpal condition. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of pulpal disorders in patients prior to orthodontic treatment. Materials and methods: Transversal study. 37 patients (19 female, 18 male) who met the following criteria were included: Patients with permanent dentition (including second molars) with full root formation, with a complete set of periapical radiographs, and no previous orthodontic treatment. Patients using pacemakers or with history of previous orthodontic treatment were excluded. Clinical testing of pulpal vitality and sensitivity, as well as periapical condition, was performed. Relative and absolute frequencies for pulpal and periapical diagnoses were described. Also, stratification by gender, age, arch, and area was implemented. Results: 981 teeth were analyzed, 48.6% of the teeth showed pulpal or periapical disorders (477/981). Pulpless teeth were found mostly in female patients (72.2%), patients with 41 years of age on average (26%), and patients exhibiting three or more restorations (2.8%). 20.5% teeth were affected with periapical conditions (39/942). The first left maxillary molar showed the highest frequency of pulpal and periapical disorders. 73.5% exhibited poorly-performed obturation or condensation techniques from the 34 affected teeth (25/34). 74.3% of affected teeth were in the maxilla and 64.1% were in the posterior area of the mouth. Conclusion: A detail clinical and radiological examination of pulpal and periapical status should be performed before the onset of orthodontic treatment.

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: Las fuerzas de ortodoncia pueden agravar una condición pulpar preexistente. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de los trastornos pulpares en los pacientes antes del tratamiento de ortodoncia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal. 37 pacientes (19 mujeres, 18 hombres) que se reunieron se incluyeron los siguientes criterios: Los pacientes con dentición permanente (incluyendo segundos molares) con la formación de raíces por completo, con un juego completo de radiografías periapicales, y ningún tratamiento ortodóncico anterior. Se excluyeron los pacientes que utilizan marcapasos o con antecedentes de tratamiento ortodóncico anterior. Las pruebas clínicas de vitalidad y sensibilidad pulpar, así como la condición periapical, se llevó a cabo. Se describen las frecuencias relativas y absolutas para diagnósticos pulpares y periapicales. Además, se llevó a cabo la estratificación por sexo, edad, arco, y el área. Resultados: Se analizaron 981 dientes, 48,6% de los dientes mostraron trastornos pulpares o periapicales (477/981). Los dientes sin pulpa se encuentran sobre todo en pacientes de sexo femenino (72,2%), los pacientes con 41 años de edad en promedio (26%), y los pacientes que presentan tres o más restauraciones (2,8%). El 20,5% de los dientes se vieron afectados con condiciones periapicales (39/942). El primer molar superior izquierdo mostró la mayor frecuencia de trastornos pulpares y periapicales. 73,5% exhibió técnicas de obturación, o de condensación realizados pobremente de los dientes afectados (25/34). 74,3% de los dientes afectados se encontraban en el maxilar y el 64,1% se encontraba en la zona posterior de la boca. Conclusión: Una detallada exploración clínica y radiológica del estado pulpar y periapical se debe realizar antes del inicio de un tratamiento de ortodoncia.