Intervención forense y psicológica en un atleta de élite con psicopatología sobrevenida / Forensic and Psychological intervention in an elite with associate psychopathology / Intervenção forense e psicológica em atleta de elite com psicopatologia subrevenida

Se presenta un estudio de caso de un deportista de elite que desarrolló una psicopatología sobrevenida, que interfería en su carrera atlética. Tras ganar dos medallas en una competición internacional, entró en un estado de ansiedad, depresión, nerviosismo y apatía y dejó de entrenar durante cinco meses. Durante este tiempo no atendió al sistema ADAMS, y fue citado por el Control Antidopaje de la WADA para que se defendiera. Fue diagnosticado de un Trastorno Depresivo Mayor Recidivante (269.3x, DSM-IV-TR, 2002) con un GAP entre 45 y 50, y un Síndrome de Burnout. La intervención duró cinco meses con una sesión semanal basada en Psicoterapia Psicodinámica Breve, Enseñanza de estrategias adaptativas de afrontamiento y Apoyo social. Tras oír las alegaciones del psicólogo, por consenso, le permitieron volver a competir

This paper presents a case study in which an elite athlete developed a sports-associated psychopathology, interfering with his athletic career. After receiving medals in a top competition, the subject entered into an unusual state of anxiety, depression, nervousness, and apathy and he completely stopped his training for five months. During this time, he neglected ADAMS system controls, and was quoted by WADA to make legal arguments in his defense. He was diagnosed, with Relapsing Serious Depressive Disorder (269.3x, DSM-IV-TR, 2002) and a GAF between 45 and 50, and a Burnout Syndrome. An intervention was implemented over a five month period in the form of weekly sessions. It was based on Short-Term Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP); Teaching effective use of well-adapted coping strategies and Social support. After hearing Sport Psychologist allegations by consensus, allowing him to compete

Apresenta-se um estudo de caso de um atleta de elite que desenvolveu uma psicopatologia que interferia com a sua carreira desportiva. Depois de ganhar duas medalhas numa competição internacional, entrou num estado de ansiedade, depressão e apatia, interrompendo os treinos durante cinco meses. Ao longo desse tempo não compareceu ao sistema ADAMS e foi convocado pelo Controle Anti-Doping da WADA para alegações de defesa. Foi-lhe diagnosticado um transtorno depressivo recorrente major (269,3x, DSM-IV-TR, 2002) com um GAP entre 45 e 50 e um Síndrome de Burnout. A intervenção durou cinco meses com uma sessão semanal baseada na psicoterapia psicodinâmica breve, ensino de estratégias de coping e suporte social. Na sequência das alegações do psicólogo, por consenso, foi-lhe permitido que voltasse a competir

Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? / No disponible

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Factores pronósticos y análisis de la mortalidad de las hemorragias cerebrales asociadas a anticoagulantes orales antagonistas de la vitamina K. Resultados del Estudio TAC Registry / Prognostic factors and analysis of mortality due to brain haemorrhages associated with vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Results from the TAC registry

INTRODUCCIÓN: La hemorragia intracraneal (HIC) en pacientes tratados con anticoagulantes orales antagonistas de la vitamina K (AVK) es una complicación grave y frecuentemente letal; en este trabajo estudiamos las características clínicas y los factores que se relacionan con la mortalidad en este grupo de pacientes. MÉTODOS: Realizamos un estudio observacional, multicéntrico y retrospectivo, de ámbito nacional, basado en registros prospectivos de pacientes con ictus. Se incluyó a los pacientes ingresados en servicios de Neurología durante un período de un año y que cumplieran los criterios de inclusión: pacientes mayores de 18 años con HIC que estuvieran en tratamiento con AVK y que ingresaron durante el periodo de estudio. Se analizaron las variables clínicas y radiológicas y su evolución a 3 meses. RESULTADOS: Incluimos a 235 pacientes provenientes de 21 hospitales. La mortalidad a los 90 días fue del 42,6%. En el modelo bivariante los factores asociados con defunción fueron: mediana en la puntuación de la escala NIHSS al ingreso (5 (RIQ = 9) vs. 17 (RIQ = 14) puntos, p < 0,01) y la presencia de una hemorragia hemisférica extensa (4,9% vs. 35%, p < 0,01; chi2). Las hemorragias hemisféricas extensas, además de ser las más letales, también presentaron el tiempo más corto hasta el fallecimiento (media 16,5 días; IC del 95%, 7,1-26). Realizamos un modelo de regresión logística que evidenció que solo la NIHSS basal predijo de forma independiente el fallecimiento (odds ratio = 1,13 (IC del 95%, 1,0-1,17) por cada punto en la escala). CONCLUSIÓN: La HIC en pacientes tratados con AVK conlleva una elevada mortalidad asociada principal e independientemente con la situación clínica al inicio del ictus

INTRODUCTION: Intracranial haemorrhages (ICH) represent a severe and frequently lethal complication in patients treated with vitamin K antagonists (VKA). The purpose of our study is to describe the factors and clinical features associated with mortality in these patients. METHODS: We conducted an observational, retrospective, multi-centre study based on prospective stroke registries in Spain. We included all patients admitted to neurology departments during a one-year period who met the following inclusion criteria: being 18 or older, having a diagnosis of ICH, and receiving VKA. Clinical and radiological parameters and 3-month outcomes were analysed. RESULTS: A total of 235 patients from 21 hospitals were included. Mortality rate at 90 days was 42.6%. Bivariate analysis showed a significant association between death and the following factors: median NIHSS score at admission (5 (IQR = 9) vs 17 (IQR = 14) points, P < .01) and presence of an extensive hemispheric haemorrhage (4.9% vs 35%, P < .01; chi2). Extensive hemispheric haemorrhages, in addition to being the most lethal type, were associated with a shorter time to death (mean of 16.5 days; 95% CI: 7.1-26). A logistic regression model showed that only baseline NIHSS scores independently predicted death (odds ratio = 1.13 (95% CI: 1.08-1.17) for each point in the scale). CONCLUSION: ICH in patients treated with VKA is associated with high mortality rates; mortality in these patients is mainly and independently associated with the clinical situation at stroke onset

Burnout y funciones ejecutivas en personal sanitario de Cuidados Paliativos: influencia del desgaste profesional sobre la toma de decisiones / Burnout and executive functions in Palliative Care health professionals: influence of burnout on decision making

Fundamento: Los profesionales sanitarios presentan una alta prevalencia del síndrome de burnout. Este síndrome podría implicar la afectación de funciones cognitivas superiores en el ámbito clínico. El objetivo ha sido evaluar si el burnout está relacionado con las funciones ejecutivas de inhibición, memoria de trabajo, toma de decisiones y flexibilidad cognitiva en el personal sanitario de Cuidados Paliativos. Material y métodos: Se ha evaluado el burnout en setenta y siete profesionales sanitarios de Cuidados Paliativos mediante el Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS) y las funciones ejecutivas mediante el test Stroop (inhibición), test de letras y números (memoria de trabajo), Iowa Gambling Task (toma de decisiones) y Trail Making Test (flexibilidad). Los profesionales fueron clasificados en función tanto de su nivel de burnout (bajo, medio, alto) para cada dimensión del MBI-HSS (cansancio emocional, despersonalización y baja realización personal), como del número de dimensiones de burnout alteradas (con niveles altos en ninguna, una o más de una). Resultados: El 54,5% del personal sanitario presentó burnout, un 15,6% con más de una dimensión alterada; estos profesionales obtuvieron puntuaciones significativamente más bajas que los sanitarios sin burnout en los test Stroop, letras y números e Iowa Gambling Task. Niveles más altos de cansancio emocional y despersonalización se relacionaron con puntuaciones significativamente más bajas en el Iowa Gambling Task (toma de decisiones). Conclusiones: Los resultados mostraron que el personal sanitario de Cuidados Paliativos con alto burnout tiene un peor funcionamiento en inhibición, memoria de trabajo y toma de decisiones. Estas funciones ejecutivas pueden ser relevantes en el ámbito clínico, ya que están relacionadas con el procesamiento cognitivo necesario para un adecuado razonamiento clínico del profesional sanitario

Background: Health professionals show a high prevalence of burnout syndrome. This syndrome could be involved in the alteration of higher cognitive functions in the clinical setting. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether burnout is related to the executive functions of inhibition, working memory, decision-making, and cognitive flexibility in palliative care health professionals. Method: Degree of burnout was evaluated in seventy-seven health professionals from palliative care units by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI-HSS), while executive functions were evaluated by Stroop test (inhibition), Letter-Number Sequencing (working memory), Iowa Gambling Task (decision-making) and Trail Making Test (cognitive flexibility). The total sample was classified in relation to both degree of burnout (low, medium, high) in each subscale of MBI-HSS (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment), and the number of dimensions altered (high levels in none, one or more than one). Results: Burnout syndrome was present in 54.5% of palliative care health professionals, 15.6% of them with more than one dimension altered; these professionals showed significantly lower scores than professionals without burnout in the Stroop test, the Letter-Number Sequencing and the Iowa Gambling Task. Higher levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were associated with significantly lower scores in the Iowa Gambling Task for assessing decision-making. Conclusions: The results showed that palliative care health professionals with a higher level of burnout have an alteration of inhibition, working memory and decision-making. These executive functions can be relevant in the clinical setting since they could be related to the cognitive thinking required for correct clinical reasoning by health professionals

Caso único: el efecto Ringelmann en un bote de remo de elite / Caso único: O efeito Ringelmann em uma atleta barco a remos / Unique case: The Ringelmann effet on a rowboat elite

Objetivo. Analizar si en la tripulación del cuatro sin timonel español seleccionada para el preolímpico de Río de Janeiro 2016 presenta el efecto Ringelmann, consistente en que conforme aumenta el número de componentes de un grupo, la aportación individual, al resultado final, va disminuyendo. Método. La muestra la componen los cuatro remeros de la tripulación del citado bote con una experiencia de 13, 16, 10 y 13 años respectivamente, y una edad media de 24.25 ± 0.5 años. Resultados. En la totalidad de los casos se produce un aumento sistemático en la condición del equipo respecto de la individual, con una media de metros recorridos en esta de 1029.25 metros, mientras que en la grupal fue de 1036.75. El número de vatios generados también fue superior en la ejecución colectiva (535.25w. frente a los 524.25w.). Sin embargo, la media de paladas en la condición individual fue inferior (35.5) a la de grupo (37.25). En cuanto a la percepción de esfuerzo (escala de Borg), los remeros puntuaban más bajo individualmente (7.75) que en grupo (8.75). Conclusiones. Nuestros datos parecen mostrar que el nivel competitivo, la fuerte convicción de equipo y la alta motivación pueden no solo paliar, sino hacer desaparecer el efecto Ringelmann en un bote de cuatro sin timonel. A pesar de que la percepción de esfuerzo es mayor en equipo (AU)

Objetivo. Analisar se a tripulação espanhola do barco, coxless quatro, selecionado para o pré-olímpico do Rio de Janeiro 2016 apresenta o efeito Ringelmann, o que a medida que aumenta o número de componentes de um grupo, a contribuição individual, ao resultado final, vai diminuindo. Método. A amostra foi composta por quatro remadores da tripulação do bote com uma experiência de 13, 16, 10 e 13 anos, respectivamente, e uma idade média de 24.25 ± 0.5 anos. Resultados. Em todos os casos, um aumento sistemático ocorre na condição do equipamento relativamente indivídual, com uma média de metros percorridos na presente 1029.25metros, enquanto que o grupo foi de 1036.75 metros. O número de watts gerados também foi maior na execução coletiva (535.25w. vs. 524.25w.). No entanto, a média dos traçados na condição individual era inferior (35.5) para o grupo (37.25). Quanto à percepção de esforço (escala de Borg), os remadores de obtiveram pontuação individual inferior (7.75) do que no grupo (8.75). Conclusões. Este estudo demonstra que o efeito Ringelmann não ocorre na tripulação espanhola do barco coxless quatro, onde ao contrário de outros estudos nos quais o desempenho individual foi menor na execução coletiva. Nesse caso os sujeitos eram mais jovens. Estes dados parecem sugerir que ao nível competitivo, forte convicção que equipe altamente motivada não só pode aliviar, mas para remover o efeito Ringelmann em um barco coxless quatro. Embora a percepção é maior esforço de equipe (AU)

Objective. Try to know if the crew of the Spanish boat Coxless four selected for the pre-Olympic 2016 Rio de Janeiro shows the Ringelmann effect, which is that as the number of components of a group, the individual contribution decreases. Method. The sample is composed of four rowers crew of that boat with an experience of 13, 16, 10 and 13 years, respectively, and an average age of 24.25 years ([DT] = 0.5). Results. In all cases a systematic increase occurs in the equipment condition regarding individual, with an average of meters traveled in this of 1029.25 meters, while the group was 1036.75. The number of watts generated was also higher in the collective execution (535.25w. versus 524.25w.). However, the average of strokes in the individual condition was lower (35.5) to the group (37.25). As for the perception of effort (Borg scale), the rowers individually scored lower (7.75) than in group (8.75). Conclusions. Our data seem to suggest that the competitive level, strong conviction like a team and highly motivated can not only alleviate also remove the Ringelmann effect on a boat Coxless four. Although the effort perception is greater in a team than individual (AU)

Influencia de factores sociodemográficos, laborales y de estilo de vida sobre los niveles de burnout en personal sanitario de cuidados paliativos / Influence of sociodemographic, occupational and life style factors on the levels of burnout in palliative care health professionals

Fundamento: El personal sanitario de cuidados paliativos ha mostrado niveles altos de burnout. El conocimiento de los factores asociados a este podría utilizarse para el diseño de estrategias de intervención sobre estos profesionales. Los objetivos de este estudio son evaluar los niveles de burnout y analizar la posible relación entre estos y diversos factores sociodemográficos, laborales y de estilos de vida en una muestra de personal sanitario que trabaja en unidades de cuidados paliativos. Material y métodos: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 92 profesionales sanitarios de cuidados paliativos. Se registraron las características sociodemográficas, laborales y de estilos de vida. Además, se evaluó el síndrome de burnout mediante el Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS). La muestra fue dividida en función de su nivel de burnout en tres grupos (grupo sin burnout, grupo con una dimensión alterada del MBI-HSS y grupo con dos o tres dimensiones alteradas). Se realizó una comparación entre grupos para las características evaluadas. Resultados: Los profesionales sin burnout eran significativamente mayores y dormían más que los profesionales con más de una dimensión alterada; además, poseían mayor antigüedad en la unidad que aquellos con una única dimensión alterada, y realizaban ejercicio físico más frecuentemente que cualquiera de los grupos con burnout. Conclusiones: Los profesionales sanitarios más jóvenes, con más antigüedad en la unidad de cuidados paliativos, que dormían menos horas y que realizaban menos ejercicio físico presentaron niveles mayores de burnout. Estos factores deberían tenerse en cuenta para el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias de prevención y tratamiento de este síndrome en el personal de estas unidades (AU)

Background: Palliative care health professionals have reported high levels of burnout. An understanding of factors associated with this syndrome in this population could foster new prevention and intervention strategies. The objectives were to evaluate the levels of burnout in each of its dimensions in a sample of palliative care health professionals and to analyze the relationship between levels of burnout and sociodemographic, occupational and lifestyle characteristics in this sample. Methods: The total sample was composed of 92 palliative care health professionals. Sociodemographic, occupational and lifestyle characteristics were registered. The levels of burnout syndrome were evaluated by the Maslach Burnout Inventory - Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS). The total sample was divided into three groups, depending on the level of burnout (nonburnout group, burnout group meeting one criterion, and burnout group meeting two or three criteria). Comparisons were performed amongst groups for all characteristics evaluated. Results: The non-burnout professionals were significantly older and slept more than the professionals with more than one altered dimension; in addition, they had greater job seniority in the unit than those with a single altered dimension and did physical exercise more frequently than either of the burnout groups. Conclusions: The younger professionals, with more job seniority in the units of palliative care, and less hours of sleep and physical activity showed higher levels of burnout. Therefore, these factors should be considered for enhancing prevention and intervention strategies for these health professionals (AU)

Evidence for spin-to-charge conversion by Rashba coupling in metallic states at the Fe/Ge(111) interface.

The spin-orbit coupling relating the electron spin and momentum allows for spin generation, detection and manipulation. It thus fulfils the three basic functions of the spin field-effect transistor. However, the spin Hall effect in bulk germanium is too weak to produce spin currents, whereas large Rashba effect at Ge(111) surfaces covered with heavy metals could generate spin-polarized currents. The Rashba spin splitting can actually be as large as hundreds of meV. Here we show a giant spin-to-charge conversion in metallic states at the Fe/Ge(111) interface due to the Rashba coupling. We generate very large charge currents by direct spin pumping into the interface states from 20 K to room temperature. The presence of these metallic states at the Fe/Ge(111) interface is demonstrated by first-principles electronic structure calculations. By this, we demonstrate how to take advantage of the spin-orbit coupling for the development of the spin field-effect transistor.

Spin to Charge Conversion at Room Temperature by Spin Pumping into a New Type of Topological Insulator: α-Sn Films.

We present results on spin to charge current conversion in experiments of resonant spin pumping into the Dirac cone with helical spin polarization of the elemental topological insulator (TI) α-Sn. By angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES), we first check that the Dirac cone (DC) at the α-Sn (0 0 1) surface subsists after covering Sn with Ag. Then we show that resonant spin pumping at room temperature from Fe through Ag into α-Sn layers induces a lateral charge current that can be ascribed to the inverse Edelstein effect by the DC states. Our observation of an inverse Edelstein effect length much longer than those generally found for Rashba interfaces demonstrates the potential of TIs for the conversion between spin and charge in spintronic devices. By comparing our results with data on the relaxation time of TI free surface states from time-resolved ARPES, we can anticipate the ultimate potential of the TI for spin to charge conversion and the conditions to reach it.

Spin transport in p-type germanium.

We report on the spin transport properties in p-doped germanium (Ge-p) using low temperature magnetoresistance measurements, electrical spin injection from a ferromagnetic metal and the spin pumping-inverse spin Hall effect method. Electrical spin injection is carried out using three-terminal measurements and the Hanle effect. In the 2-20 K temperature range, weak antilocalization and the Hanle effect provide the same spin lifetime in the germanium valence band (≈1 ps) in agreement with predicted values and previous optical measurements. These results, combined with dynamical spin injection by spin pumping and the inverse spin Hall effect, demonstrate successful spin accumulation in Ge. We also estimate the spin Hall angle θ(SHE) in Ge-p (6-7 x 10(-4) at room temperature, pointing out the essential role of ionized impurities in spin dependent scattering.

Alergia al látex: en la advertencia está el peligro / Allergy to latex: the danger is in the warning

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Consecuencias de los errores en la traducción de cuestionarios: versión española del índice Downton / Consequences of errors in the translation of questionnaires: spanish version of Downton index

La aplicación de escalas para detectar el riesgo de caídas en pacientes hospitalizados se ha generalizado. Durante el desarrollo de una revisión sistemática se detectó una disparidad grave en 3 ítems de la versión española del índice Downton respecto a la versión original. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el impacto de este error y comparar el riesgo estimado de caídas con cada versión, su validez y consistencia interna. Material y métodos. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo en pacientes agudos hospitalizados durante 2011 en el Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella. El riesgo de caídas de los pacientes se valoró mediante la versión española del índice Downton, y se recalculó conforme a los ítems de la versión original. Se calculó sensibilidad, especificidad y alfa de Cronbach. Resultados. La aplicación de la versión original de la escala redujo el número de pacientes clasificados como de «alto riesgo» de caer un 24,2%. Con la versión española de la escala, la posibilidad de ser clasificado como de «alto riesgo» de caer fue 3,3 veces mayor (OR: 3,3). Ambas versiones del índice Downton mostraron escasa precisión y validez diagnóstica. La sensibilidad de la escala original fue del 28% y la especificidad del 82%. Su consistencia interna fue baja (alfa de Cronbach: 0,51). Conclusiones. La escala Downton, dada su poca precisión y validez diagnóstica, baja consistencia interna y el error significativo observado en su traducción al español, no es el instrumento más adecuado para evaluar el riesgo de caídas en pacientes agudos hospitalizados (AU)

The application of screening tools to detect the risk of falls in hospitalized patients is in general use. During the development of a systematic review a serious disparity in three items of the Spanish version of the Downton index was detected, compared to the original version. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of this error and to compare the estimated risk of falls with each of these versions, its validity and internal consistency. Material and methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study in acute hospitalised patients was performed during 2011 in Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella. The patients’ risk of falling was assessed by the Spanish version of the Downton index, and then it was re-calculated according to the items in the original version. Sensitivity, specificity and Cronbach's alpha were calculated. Results. Application of the original version of the index reduced the number of patients classified as “high risk” of falling by 24.2%. With the Spanish version of the tool, the possibility of being classed as “high risk” of falling was considerably 3.3 times higher (OR: 3.3). Both versions of the Downton index showed low accuracy and diagnostic validity. The sensitivity of the original scale was 28% and specificity of 82%. Its internal consistency was low (Cronbach's alpha: .51). Conclusions. The Downton index, given its poor accuracy and diagnostic validity, low internal consistency, and the significant error observed in its Spanish translation, is not the most appropriate tool to assess the risk of falls in hospitalised acute patients (AU)

Velocity asymmetry of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls in the creep and flow regimes.

We have carried out measurements of domain wall dynamics in a Pt/Co/GdOx(t) wedge sample with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. When driven by an easy-axis field Hz in the presence of an in-plane field Hx, the domain wall propagation is different along [Formula: see text]x, as expected for samples presenting Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DMI) interaction. In the creep regime, the sign and the value of the domain wall velocity asymmetry changes along the wedge. We show that in our samples the domain wall speed versus Hx curves in the creep regime cannot be explained simply in terms of the variation of the domain wall energy with Hx, as suggested by previous works. For this reason the strength and the sign of the DMI cannot be extracted from these measurements. To obtain reliable information on the DMI strength using magnetic field-induced domain wall dynamics, measurements have been performed with high fields, bringing the DW close to the flow regime of propagation. In this case we find large values of the DMI, consistent in magnitude and sign with those obtained from Brillouin light scattering measurements.

Abordaje transesternal transpericárdico para cierre de fístula del muñón bronquial post neumonectomía / Trans-sternal, trans-pericardial approach for closure of post-pneumonectomy bronchial stump de hiscence

La fistula del muñón bronquial es una seria complicación de la neumonectomía, por su complejidad tanto en los cambios anatomofisiológicos que el paciente experimenta, como en la diversidad de recursos para su resolución. El objetivo de este estudio es la presentación de este primer caso en la historia quirúrgica del país de abordaje transesternal, transpericárdico para el cierre de la fístula del muñón bronquial post neumonectomía en el Hospital San Vicente en Guatemala. Método: Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino a quien se le realizó neumonectomía derecha por tuberculosis pulmonar y que presentó dehiscencia del muñón bronquial por lo que se procedió a realizar abordaje transesternal transpericárdico para el cierre del muñón bronquial a nivel de la Carina. Resultados: Se da seguimiento a la paciente por 8 años tras los cuales el problema se considera resuelto. Conclusión: la utilización del abordaje transesternal, transpericárdico para el cierre de la fístula del muñón bronquial postneumonectomía permite alcanzar el bronquio en un ambiente no contaminado debiendo considerarse como un procedimiento adecuado para resolver este tipo de complicación.

Background: Bronchial stump fstula is a serious complicaton of pneumonectomy. The aim of this case report is to document the frst surgical patenttreated with trans-sternal, trans-pericardial approach for bronchial stump fstula closing afer pneumonectomy at San Vicente Hospital in Guatemala.Methods: A female patent who underwent right pneumonectomy for pulmonary tuberculosis with postoperatve bronchial stump dehiscence.Trans-sternal trans-pericardial approach was performed for closing the bronchial stump fstula at the carina.Results: Afer 8 years of follow up, the problem in the patent had completely resolved.Conclusion: Trans-pericardial trans-sternal approach for bronchial stump fstula closing allows bronchium access in a non-contaminated space andshould be considered to resolve this kind of complicaton.

Spin pumping and inverse spin Hall effect in platinum: the essential role of spin-memory loss at metallic interfaces.

Through combined ferromagnetic resonance, spin pumping, and inverse spin Hall effect experiments in Co|Pt bilayers and Co|Cu|Pt trilayers, we demonstrate consistent values of ℓsfPt=3.4±0.4 nm and θSHEPt=0.056±0.010 for the respective spin diffusion length and spin Hall angle for Pt. Our data and model emphasize the partial depolarization of the spin current at each interface due to spin-memory loss. Our model reconciles the previously published spin Hall angle values and explains the different scaling lengths for the ferromagnetic damping and the spin Hall effect induced voltage.

Prevalencia de menores de 14 años expuestos al humo del tabaco en vehículos en la ciudad de Barcelona / Prevalence of children under the age of 14 years exposed to secondhand smoke in vehicles in the city of Barcelona

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Reparación de hendidura laríngea en un paciente con síndrome de Opitz G/BBB / Repair of a laryngeal fissure in a patient with Opitz G/BBB syndrome

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Crossover from spin accumulation into interface states to spin injection in the germanium conduction band.

Electrical spin injection into semiconductors paves the way for exploring new phenomena in the area of spin physics and new generations of spintronic devices. However the exact role of interface states in the spin injection mechanism from a magnetic tunnel junction into a semiconductor is still under debate. In this Letter, we demonstrate a clear transition from spin accumulation into interface states to spin injection in the conduction band of n-Ge. We observe spin signal amplification at low temperature due to spin accumulation into interface states followed by a clear transition towards spin injection in the conduction band from 200 K up to room temperature. In this regime, the spin signal is reduced to a value compatible with the spin diffusion model. More interestingly, the observation in this regime of inverse spin Hall effect in germanium generated by spin pumping and the modulation of the spin signal by a gate voltage clearly demonstrate spin accumulation in the germanium conduction band.

Réplica al artículo «Comentarios al artículo Cefalea postpunción dural en obstetricia» / Reply to the article "Comments on the article Postdural puncture headache in obstetrics"

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