Vulnerabilidad frente al VIH, clamidia y gonococia según el lugar donde se ejerce el trabajo sexual / HIV, Chlamydia and gonorrhoea vulnerability depending to sex work site

IntroducciónLas mujeres que ejercen el trabajo sexual (MTS) son una de las poblaciones clave en la monitorización y la evaluación del VIH y otras infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS). Factores socioeconómicos, estructurales y asociados al ámbito de trabajo influyen en la exposición a estas infecciones. Los objetivos del estudio fueron describir y comparar características sociales, conductas de riesgo y prevalencia del VIH, clamidia y gonococia según el lugar de realización del trabajo sexual (calle o carretera, clubs, pisos).MétodosEstudio transversal en 400MTS en Cataluña. Se recogieron características sociodemográficas, del trabajo sexual y conductuales mediante entrevista personal y muestras de fluido oral y orina para determinar la prevalencia de ITS.ResultadosLas MTS que ejercen en la calle o en la carretera presentaron condiciones más precarias y mayor vulnerabilidad relacionada con factores socioeconómicos: población más envejecida, con nivel de estudios inferior y menor retribución económica por su servicio. Se observaron otros factores asociados al estilo de vida o conductuales: mayor consumo de drogas por vía parenteral, mayor tiempo de trabajo sexual o vulnerabilidades asociadas a una serie de determinantes a nivel estructural o sociales: menor acceso a servicios de salud, mayor proporción de relaciones forzadas y estancia en prisión. La prevalencia global de VIH, clamidia y gonococia fue del 3,0, del 1,8% y del 0,5%, respectivamente, y superiores en las mujeres que ejercían en la calle-carretera: 5,6%, 1,9% y 1,2%, respectivamente.ConclusiónLa información generada en este estudio será clave para el diseño de intervenciones preventivas específicas dirigidas a este colectivo.

IntroductionWomen sex workers (WSW) are one of key population on the HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) monitoring and evaluation. Socioeconomic, structural factors and other factors associated with the workplace influence exposure to these infections. The objectives of this study were to describe and compare the social characteristics, risk behaviours and HIV, Chlamydia and gonorrhoeae prevalence according to sex work site (street or highway, clubs and flats).MethodsCross-sectional study on 400WSW in Catalonia. Socio-demographic, sex work and behavioral characteristics were collected through personal interview. Oral fluid and urine samples were collected to determine STI prevalence.ResultsWSW that exercised in the street or highway presented more precarious conditions and a greater vulnerability related to socioeconomic factors: older population, with a lower education level and with less economic remuneration for their service. Other factors associated with lifestyle or behaviour was also observed: greater injecting drug use, longer sex work or vulnerabilities associated with structural or social determinants: less access to health services, higher proportion of forced relations and stay in prison. The overall HIV, Chlamydia and gonorrhoeae prevalence was 3.0%, 1.8% and 0.5%, respectively, and higher in women who exercised on the street or highway: 5.6%, 1.9% and 1.2%, respectively.ConclusionThe information generated in this study will be useful for the design specific preventive interventions aimed at this group.

HIV, Chlamydia and gonorrhoea vulnerability depending to sex work site.

INTRODUCTION: Women sex workers (WSW) are one of key population on the HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) monitoring and evaluation. Socioeconomic, structural factors and other factors associated with the workplace influence exposure to these infections. The objectives of this study were to describe and compare the social characteristics, risk behaviours and HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhoeae prevalence according to sex work site (street or highway, clubs and flats). METHODS: Cross-sectional study on 400 WSW in Catalonia. Socio-demographic, sex work and behavioral characteristics were collected through personal interview. Oral fluid and urine samples were collected to determine STI prevalence. RESULTS: WSW that exercised in the street or highway presented more precarious conditions and a greater vulnerability related to socioeconomic factors: older population, with a lower education level and with less economic remuneration for their service. Other factors associated with lifestyle or behaviour was also observed: greater injecting drug use, longer sex work or vulnerabilities associated with structural or social determinants: less access to health services, higher proportion of forced relations and stay in prison. The overall HIV, chlamydia and gonorrhoeae prevalence was 3.0%, 1.8% and 0.5%, respectively and higher in women who exercised on the street or highway, 5.6%, 1.9% and 1.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The information generated in this study will be useful for the design specific preventive interventions aimed at this group.

HIV, Chlamydia and gonorrhoea vulnerability depending to sex work site. / Vulnerabilidad frente al VIH, clamidia y gonococia según el lugar donde se ejerce el trabajo sexual.

INTRODUCTION: Women sex workers (WSW) are one of key population on the HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) monitoring and evaluation. Socioeconomic, structural factors and other factors associated with the workplace influence exposure to these infections. The objectives of this study were to describe and compare the social characteristics, risk behaviours and HIV, Chlamydia and gonorrhoeae prevalence according to sex work site (street or highway, clubs and flats). METHODS: Cross-sectional study on 400WSW in Catalonia. Socio-demographic, sex work and behavioral characteristics were collected through personal interview. Oral fluid and urine samples were collected to determine STI prevalence. RESULTS: WSW that exercised in the street or highway presented more precarious conditions and a greater vulnerability related to socioeconomic factors: older population, with a lower education level and with less economic remuneration for their service. Other factors associated with lifestyle or behaviour was also observed: greater injecting drug use, longer sex work or vulnerabilities associated with structural or social determinants: less access to health services, higher proportion of forced relations and stay in prison. The overall HIV, Chlamydia and gonorrhoeae prevalence was 3.0%, 1.8% and 0.5%, respectively, and higher in women who exercised on the street or highway: 5.6%, 1.9% and 1.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The information generated in this study will be useful for the design specific preventive interventions aimed at this group.

Condom use among female sex workers in Catalonia: why do they use a condom, why don't they use it?

The present study, based on social representation theory (Moscovici, 1961), aimed to identify the social representation of condom use (CU) in a collective of female sex workers (FSW) in Catalonia, considering both their work and private life. It involved 124 FSW and combined both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Results suggest that both CU and non-CU represent strategies that FSW use mainly when confronted by threats to things they consider important. In work life, where CU is widespread, the most important thing is health protection, and the threat is represented by sexually transmitted infections. In private life, where non-CU is widespread, the most important thing is that their relationships adhere to an idealized relationship model, based on love, trust, and sexual gratification; this model lies in contrast to the status of the women as FSW. The threats are represented by both partner infidelity and their FSW status (symbolic threats).

[Trends in HIV prevalence and associated risk behaviors in female sex workers in Catalonia (Spain)]. / Tendencias de la prevalencia del VIH y de las conductas de riesgo asociadas en mujeres trabajadoras del sexo en Cataluña.

OBJECTIVES: To describe trends in HIV prevalence, sexual risk behaviors and other sexual health indicators in female sex workers (SW) from 2005 to 2011. METHODS: Cross-sectional studies were conducted biennially among SW recruited in Catalonia (Spain) in the street, flats and clubs (n = 400). In addition to an anonymous questionnaire, oral fluid samples were collected to estimate HIV prevalence. Linear trends in proportions were assessed by the Mantel test. RESULTS: The percentage of SW who used condoms inconsistently with clients (past 6 months) increased from 5.1% in 2005 to 9.9% in 2011 (p = 0.005); this percentage also increased with steady partners (86.2% in 2005 to 94.4% in 2011, p = 0.002). The prevalence of self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STI) increased from 14% in 2005 to 20.6% in 2011 (p = 0.001). The prevalence of HIV held constant over the years (about 2%), being higher in Spanish women (14.7% in 2011). DISCUSSION: The prevalence of HIV in SW remained stable over the years, being higher in Spanish SW. The increase in unprotected sex and in the prevalence of self-reported STI among SW from 2005 to 2011 highlights a possible relaxation in preventive behaviors in this group. Interventions to reduce the transmission of these infections, as well as unwanted pregnancies, should continue in Catalonia in SW.

[Social characteristics, risk behaviours and differences in the prevalence of HIV/sexually transmitted infections between Spanish and immigrant female sex workers in Catalonia, Spain]. / Diferencias en las características sociales, conductas de riesgo y prevalencia de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana e infecciones de transmisión sexual entre trabajadoras del sexo españolas e inmigrantes en Cataluña.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To describe and compare the social characteristics, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoae prevalences, and risk behaviours among immigrant female sex workers (FSW) according to their geographical area of origin. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Cross-sectional study in an opportunistic sample of FSW in Catalonia in 2005 using an anonymous questionnaire. Oral fluid and urine samples were collected to determine the prevalence of HIV and C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae, respectively. RESULTS: Four hundred women participated in the study; 10.8% from Spain, 32.5% from Eastern Europe, 30.7% from Latin America, and 26% from Africa. The majority of them (95.5%) always used condoms during vaginal intercourse with clients, but only 12.4% with steady partners. Overall HIV, C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae prevalences were 1.8%, 5.5% and 0.6%, respectively. Spanish women injected drugs more frequently (9.3%), and used condoms less commonly (85.7% used condoms consistently) (p < 0.05). We observed differences in HIV prevalence only (9.3% among Spanish FSW; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: To insist on consistent condom use with clients and steady partners has to become a prevention strategy. Spanish FSW need special attention because they reported less use of condoms and highest HIV prevalences.

Diferencias en las características sociales, conductas de riesgo y prevalencia de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana e infecciones de transmisión sexual entre trabajadoras del sexo españolas e inmigrantes en Cataluña / Social characteristics, risk behaviours and differences in the prevalence of HIV/sexually transmitted infections between Spanish and inmigrant female sex workers in Catalonia, Spain

Fundamento y objetivo: describir y comparar las características sociales, las conductas de riesgo y la prevalencia de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), Chlamydia trachomatis y Neisseria gonorrhoeae en mujeres trabajadoras del sexo (TS) según país de procedencia. Material y método: estudio transversal realizado en Cataluña en 2005 en una muestra de conveniencia de mujeres TS, mediante un cuestionario anónimo. Se recogieron muestras de fluido oral y orina para determinar la prevalencia de infección por el VIH y de C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae, respectivamente. Resultados: de las 400 mujeres, un 10,8% eran españolas, un 30,7% latinoamericanas, un 32,5% del Este de Europa y un 26% africanas. El 95,5% usaba siempre el preservativo en las relaciones vaginales con clientes y el 12,4% con las parejas estables. La prevalencia de infección por el VIH fue del 1,8%, la de C. trachomatis del 5,5% y la de N. gonorrhoeae del 0,5%. Las españolas eran las que más se habían inyectado drogas (9,3%) y las que habían usado menos el preservativo con los clientes (un 85,7% de uso constante) (p<0,05). Sólo se observaron diferencias en la prevalencia de infección por el VIH (un 9,3% en españolas; p<0,01). Conclusiones: insistir en el uso constante del preservativo con los clientes y las parejas estables es una estrategia de prevención que debe mantenerse. Las TS españolas requieren especial atención, ya que usan menos el preservativo y presentan la mayor prevalencia de infección por el VIH (AU)

Background and objective: To describe and compare the social characteristics, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoae prevalences, and risk behaviours among immigrant female sex workers (FSW) according to their geographical area of origin. Material and method: Cross-sectional study in an opportunistic sample of FSW in Catalonia in 2005 using an anonymous questionnaire. Oral fluid and urine samples were collected to determine the prevalence of HIV and C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae, respectively. Results: Four hundred women participated in the study; 10.8% from Spain, 32.5% from Eastern Europe, 30.7% from Latin America, and 26% from Africa. The majority of them (95.5%) always used condoms during vaginal intercourse with clients, but only 12.4% with steady partners. Overall HIV, C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae prevalences were 1.8%, 5.5% and 0.6%, respectively. Spanish women injected drugs more frequently (9.3%), and used condoms less commonly (85.7% used condoms consistently) (p<0.05). We observed differences in HIV prevalence only (9.3% among Spanish FSW; p<0.01). Conclusions: To insist on consistent condom use with clients and steady partners has to become a prevention strategy. Spanish FSW need special attention because they reported less use of condoms and highest HIV prevalences (AU)

Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae and risk factors for sexually transmitted infections among immigrant female sex workers in Catalonia, Spain.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) among immigrant female sex workers (FSW) according to their geographic area of origin and identify possible risk factors independently associated with current infection with CT and/or NG. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of 357 FSW in Catalonia in 2005. Information on sociodemographic and sex work characteristics, use of alcohol and drugs, sexual practices, and the use of social and health care services was collected. Oral fluid and urine samples were collected to determine the prevalence of HIV and CT/NG, respectively. Factors independently associated with CT/NG were assessed using multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 36.4% of women were from Eastern Europe, 34.5% from Latin America, and 29.1% from Africa. Overall CT and NG prevalence were 5.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.7-8.9] and 0.6% (95% CI: 0.1-2.0), respectively. No differences were observed by geographic origin. Three African women were HIV positive (overall HIV prevalence was 0.8%, 95% CI: 0.2-2.4). In multivariate analysis, younger age and unprotected sex with clients were associated with the presence of CT/NG. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of sexually transmitted infections among FSW in Catalonia was lower than in other European countries. Even though the prevalence of HIV was only 0.8%, it could increase in the future given the high vulnerability of these women and their wide geographic mobility. It is necessary to continue with the work carried out by nongovernmental organizations (harm reduction programs, outreach programs, and safe sex workshops) as well as to facilitate the access to health centers, especially for the youngest women.

Influencia del dique de goma en la tranquilidad y en el comportamiento del paciente infantil durante el tratamiento dental / No disponible

Propósito: Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: 1. Evaluar la aceptación del dique de goma por parte del paciente infantil mediante un cuestionario elaborado para el presente estudio. 2. Evaluar la ansiedad del paciente antes, durante y después del tratamiento; y el nivel de colaboración del paciente infantil durante el tratamiento, con y sin el dique de goma. 3. Evaluar los elementos del tratamiento que son más desagradables para el paciente infantil. Material y Métodos: En este estudio participaron 140 niños (de entre4 y 12 años) divididos en dos grupos: A tratamiento con dique de goma (obturaciones y tratamientos pulpares); y B tratamiento sindique de goma (sellados de fosas y coronas metálicas preformadas).Ambos grupos se dividieron en subgrupos por edad (4-6, 7-9 y de 10-12 años). En ambos grupos (A y B) se registró: 1. la ansiedad autoevaluada por el paciente mediante la Escala analógica de Carasantes, durante y después del tratamiento; 2. El nivel de colaboración mediante la Escala de Venham evaluada por el operador; 3. Se realizó un cuestionario sobre la aceptación de los elementos utilizados durante el tratamiento con o sin el dique de goma. 4. Cuál de los elementos utilizados durante el tratamiento era el más desagradable para el paciente infantil. Resultados: El menor nivel de ansiedad según la escala analógica de caras fue durante el tratamiento de obturación con el dique de goma en un 19.01% (p<0.0005).El menor nivel de ansiedad según la escala de Venham fue durante el tratamiento de obturación con el dique de goma en un 15,49% (p<0.000).Según el tipo de tratamiento (p<0.000), el elemento más desagradable para el paciente ha sido la anestesia local en un 12.5% de los casos de obturaciones y la turbina en un 25% de los casos de tratamiento pulpar. Sin el dique de goma, el elemento más molesto han sido los sabores en un 19,77% de los casos de tratamiento desellados de fisuras y la turbina en un (..) (AU)

Aim: The aims of this study were: 1. Assess children's acceptance of the rubber damm by means of a specific test for this study. 2. Assess children’s anxiety during the dental treatment; 3. Assess patients ‘behavior during the dental treatment with or without the rubber damm; 4. Assess which dental elements was the most discomfortable for children. Material and methods. The study was conducted among 140 patients aged between 4 and 12 years old who were referred to treated groups: Group A Treatment with rubber damm (fillings and pulpartreatments), and Group B Treatment without rubber damm (sealants and crowns). Each group was referred to aged group (4-6, 7-9, and10-12 years). Both groups were assessed: 1. The Children's anxiety before, during and after the dental treatment was assessed using Facial Image Scale by the patient. 2. The Children's behaviour during dental treatment using Venham's Clinical Rating of cooperative behaviour by the operator. 3. A survey was used to know the children’s acceptance about treatment with or without rubber damm 4. Assess which element used during the treatment was the most discomfortable for children using a specific questionnaire of different dental elements used for this study. Results: By the Facial Image Scale, the lowest anxiety level was observed in the filling group with the rubber damm, with 19% of the cases (p<0.0005).By the Venham Scale, the lowest anxiety level in children was observed in the filling group with the rubber dam with 15. 49% of the cases(p<0.000).According to the treatment (p<0.000), the most discomfortable element for children was local anestesia in filling group (12.5%), turbine(25%) in pulpar treatment group, both with the rubber damm. And without the rubber damm group, the most discomfortable element was flavour (19.77%) in sealant group and turbina (16,28%) in (..) (AU)

Coronas en odontopediatría: revisión bibliográfica / No disponible

Objetivos: El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica consiste en exponerlas características, indicaciones, ventajas, inconvenientes y técnicas de cada una de las coronas utilizadas en dentición temporal. Material y métodos: Hemos realizado una revisión bibliográfica y justificada de la literatura para exponer los distintos tipos de coronas que se utilizan en Odontopediatría; además de describir paso por paso la técnica necesaria de cada tipo de coronas. Resultados: Las coronas en Odontopediatría forman parte del grupo de materiales de restauración más utilizados en los últimos tiempos gracias a su gran durabilidad. Hallamos numerosas referencias bibliográficas sobre distintos tipos de coronas. Entre ellas, las primeras que se fabricaron fueron las de acero inoxidable para el sector posterior; más tarde, debido a necesidades estéticas, las coronas se modificaron añadiéndoles un frente estético. Posteriormente se fabricaron un nuevo grupo destinado a mejorar la estética del frente anterior con las coronas de acetato, policarbonato, resina acrílica y las de composite. Debemos recordar, que cada tipo de corona necesita una preparación específica. Conclusiones: Es de gran importancia conocer las indicaciones de cada tipo de corona así como la técnica a utilizar para la preparación y colocación de cada una. Un diagnóstico acertado y una técnica correcta serán las bases de nuestro éxito en el tratamiento con coronas en dentición temporal (AU)

Objetives: The objective of this review of the literature is explain the characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and technique for collocation of crowns in temporary teeth and present the different kinds of crowns that we can find in the actual market. Material and methods: We have done a research with Medline to make a review of the literature and expound all types of preformed stainless steel crowns in paediatric dentistry. Results: The crowns in paediatric dentistry, take part of the group of restoration materials more used in paediatric dentistry in the latest years mainly for its durability. We have found many different bibliographic references about all types of crowns. Firstly, the stainless steel crowns for posterior sector arise, then because of aesthetic demand the stainless steel crowns were modified with an aesthetic front. Finally to improve even more the aesthetic in the front teeth, appear acetate crows, acrylic resin crowns and composite resin crowns. Conclusions: It is important to know the indications of every kind of crown, the tooth preparation technique and its collocation. As we know, the work time and durability of the treatment are the keys of success in our specialty (AU)

Dique de goma en odontopediatría: comodidad del paciente / No disponible

La Odontopediatría es compleja porque requiere la colaboración del paciente infantil, que a veces es difícil de conseguir; por ello, son necesarios una serie de elementos y estrategias para conseguir trabajar de forma más sencilla, rápida y que la experiencia dental sea agradable para el paciente. Consideramos que el dique de goma podría plantearse como una de estas estrategias. El dique puede mejorar el nivel de cooperación por parte del paciente infantil, además de conseguir las mejores condiciones de aislamiento para un campo operatorio seco, con mejor acceso y visibilidad (AU)

Pediatric Dentistry is complex because it requires cooperation from the child, which sometimes it's difficult to achieve; because of that, certain elements and strategies are requiered to work quicker, easier and with nice experience for the patient. We consider that rubber damm could be seen as one of these strategies. Rubber damm can improve the child's level of cooperation, besides, it achives moisture control in the operatory field, better access and visibility (AU)