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1.
Rev. argent. dermatol ; 88(1): 28-37, ene.-mar. 2007. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634326

ABSTRACT

Se estudiaron los efectos teratogénicos de metales pesados (acetatos de Cd2+ y Pb2+ y sulfato de Cu2+), en embriones de pollo en desarrollo, después de la administración de una monodosis del metal. Los huevos embrionados fueron inyectados en la yema en el día 12 de incubación. Las concentraciones de los iones fueron (nmoles/g huevo): Cd2+: Dosis 1 (D1): 0,16 y Dosis 2 (D2): 0,32; Pb2+: D1: 8,0 y D2: 16,0 y Cu2+: D1: 1,7 y D2: 3,3. Los resultados se evaluaron después de continuar la incubación in ovo durante 12 y 60 hs Cu2+ y Pb2+ no aumentaron la mortalidad de los embriones, en cambio, la presencia de Cd2+ produjo entre 30 y 86 % de mortalidad de los embriones, con efectos dosis y tiempo dependientes. Los embriones intoxicados con la D2 de Cd2+ durante 60 hs fueron los únicos ejemplares que presentaron disminución en su peso promedio, respecto de los ejemplares de control. La administración de Cd2+ causó efectos teratogénicos más severos que los tratamientos con Cu2+ y Pb2+. Se puede concluir que los metales pesados son embriotóxicos e inducen teratogenia en embriones de pollo en desarrollo. Se sugiere que los mejores parámetros para evaluar la teratogenicidad producida por la intoxicación Cd2+, Cu2+ y Pb2+ son los derrames cutáneos y hepáticos.


Teratogenic effects of heavy metals (Cd2+- and Pb2+- acetates and Cu2+- suphate) were studied on chick embryos, after the administration as a single dose. Test materials were injected into the yolk on day 12 of incubation. Tested concentrations were (nmole/g egg): Cd2+ Dose 1 (D1): 0.16 and Dose 2 (D2): 0.32; Pb2+: D1: 8.0 and D2: 16.0 and Cu2+: D1: 1.7 and D2: 3.3. Evaluations were performed after in ovo incubation for 12 and 60 hours. Embryonic mortality did not increase at the two dose levels of Cu2+ and Pb2+, while Cd2+ caused 30 and 86% of mortality, showing dose and time responses. Eggs treated with D2 of Cd2+ for 60 hs, significantly decreased the average of body mass embryo, when compared to the control group. Cd2+ administration was responsible for the most severe teratogenic signs compared to Cu2+ and Pb2+ treatments. It can be concluded that heavy metals are embryotoxic and teratogenics. We suggest that cutaneous and liver hemorrhages are the best signs to evaluate teratogenicity induced by Cd2+, Cu2+ and Pb2+.


Subject(s)
Animals , Chick Embryo , Heavy Metal Poisoning/embryology , Heavy Metal Poisoning/physiopathology , Skin Manifestations , Teratogens/toxicity , Toxicity/adverse effects
2.
Rev. argent. dermatol ; 87(2): 113-120, abr.-jun. 2006. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-634315

ABSTRACT

La energía radiante abarca todo el espectro electromagnético y proviene de la fusión en el sol, de 4 núcleos de hidrógeno en uno de helio. Las radiaciones electromagnéticas tienen características de ondas, con la velocidad de la luz (c) y difieren en sus longitudes de ondas (λ). La energía lumínica es transmitida en unidades individuales o fotones: E = h c/λ así, los fotones de menores λs son los de mayor energía. Las radiaciones ultravioletas (UV) (λs de 200 - 400 nm) pueden dividirse: UVA (λs 315 - 400 nm); UVB (λs 280 - 315 nm) y UVC (λs < 280 nm). UVB y UVC son las más importantes, en inducir respuestas biológicas. Por acción de las radiaciones electromagnéticas el O2, da productos agrupados bajo la denominación de Especies Reactivas del Oxígeno (ROS). El alto contenido de O2 en los sistemas biológicos estimula la formación de ROS, que si no son controladas por el sistema endógeno de antioxidantes, afectan el estado redox de las células y generan daños tisulares ("stress oxidativo"). Inducen peroxidación de lípidos, entrecruzamiento de proteínas, inhibición de enzimas, pérdida de integridad y función de membranas plasmáticas y mitocondriales, ruptura de organelas intracelulares. Como consecuencias producen inflamación, envejecimiento, carcinogénesis y muerte celular. Mientras las radiaciones infrarrojas, inducen aumento de la temperatura cutánea, llegando a producir graves quemaduras, las UVA y UVB, en forma encubierta, reaccionan con cromóforos del tejido cutáneo, que absorben fotones y generan alteraciones fotoquímicas, implicadas en el envejecimiento celular e inducción de cáncer. La radiación UV al alcanzar el núcleo de las células causa daños en el ADN. Los seres humanos debemos protegernos de los efectos deletéreos del sol que representa un problema de salud pública, de suma importancia. Defensa que logramos con la vestimenta y uso de productos protectores de la piel. Las bacterias, así como otros procariotas, más expuestas a las radiaciones solares han generado plásmidos, que incrementan por medio de un sistema de reparación del ADN, la tolerancia a la UV y otros agentes mutagénicos.


The energy of electromagnetic radiation is derived from the fusion in the sun of four hydrogen nuclei to form a helium nucleus. The sun radiates energy representing the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. All electromagnetic radiation has wave characteristics and travels at the same speed (c: speed of light). But radiations differ in wavelength (λ). Light energy is transmitted not in a continuum stream but only in individual units or photons: E = h c/λ. Short wave light is more energetic than photons of light of longer wavelength. Ultraviolet radiations (UV) (λs 200 - 400 nm) can be classified in UVA (λs 315 - 400 nm.); UVB (λs 280 - 315 nm) and UVC (λs < 280 nm). UVB and UVC are the most significant UV radiations to induce biological responses. Electromagnetic radiations on molecular oxygen lead to several reactive products known as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). High O2 content in biological systems promotes ROS synthesis. If ROS are not controlled by endogenous antioxidants, cell redox status is affected and tissue damage is produced ("oxidative stress"). ROS induce lipid peroxidation, protein cross-linking, enzyme inhibition, loss of integrity and function of plasmatic and mitochondrial membranes conducing to inflammation, aging, carcinogenesis and cell death. While infra-red radiations lead to noticeable tissue temperature conducing to severe burns, UVA and UVB undercover react with skin chromophores producing photochemical alterations involved in cellular aging and cancer induction. As UV radiations can reach cellular nucleus, DNA can be damage. Human beings need protection from the damaging sunbeams. This is a very important concern of public health. While humans need to protect their skin with appropriate clothing and/or by use of skin sunblocks of broad spectrum, some bacteria that are extensively exposed to sunlight have developed genomic evolution (plasmid-encoded DNA repair system) which confer protection from the damaging effect of UV radiation.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Radiation Effects , Reactive Oxygen Species/radiation effects , Ultraviolet Rays/adverse effects , Electromagnetic Radiation/classification , Radiation Exposure/prevention & control , Radiation Protection/methods , Skin Care/methods , Skin Manifestations , Skin/radiation effects
3.
J Inorg Biochem ; 99(2): 409-14, 2005 Feb.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15621272

ABSTRACT

ALA-D (EC 4.2.1.24) is the first cytosolic enzyme in the haem metabolic pathway. Some metals compete with its major cofactor Zn(2+), modifying both enzyme structure and function. Our purpose was to contribute to the understanding of the biochemical role of metals such as Pb(2+), Cd(2+), Cu(2+), Mg(2+), Zn(2+), Na(+), K(+) and Li(+) on ALA-D, using chicken embryos as experimental model. Mg(2+) and Zn(2+) showed enzyme activation in yolk sac membrane (YSM) (113% at 10(-5) M Mg(2+) and from 10(-4) M Zn(2+)), and slight inactivation in liver. Cd(2+) and Cu(2+) caused a non allosteric inhibition in both tissues (100% from 10(-4) M). Surprisingly Pb(2+) was not such a strong inhibitor. Interference of cations during the Schiff base formation in enzymatic catalysis process is explained considering their Lewis acid-base capacity, coordination geometry and electron configuration of valence. Interactions among monovalent cations and biochemical substances are governed chiefly by its electrostatic potential. 0.1 M K(+) and 0.4 M Na(+) produced 30% of enzymatic inhibition by the interference on interactions among the functional subunits. Li(+) activated the YSM enzyme (130% at 10(-5) M) due to a more specific interaction. This study may contribute to elucidate for the first time the possible structural differences between the YSM and liver enzymes from chicken embryo.


Subject(s)
Metals/pharmacology , Porphobilinogen Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors , Porphobilinogen Synthase/metabolism , Animals , Cations/pharmacology , Chick Embryo , Enzyme Activation/drug effects , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , In Vitro Techniques , Liver/enzymology , Porphobilinogen Synthase/chemistry , Schiff Bases/chemistry , Yolk Sac/enzymology
4.
Br Poult Sci ; 43(2): 196-203, 2002 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12047082

ABSTRACT

1. Chick embryos of 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17 and 19 d of embryonic development were examined to determine the activities of 5-aminolevulinic dehydratase (ALA-D, EC 4.2.1.24) and porphobilinogen deaminase (PBG-D, EC 4.3.1.8). 2. Liver and yolk sac membrane ALA-D specific activities showed a maximum between 12 and 13 d of embryonic development, yolk sac membrane PBG-ase activity a maximum at 9 d and at 7 d in liver. Total activities of ALA-D and PBG-D were not constant during the course of embryonic development but probably related to the changes of intensity of haem synthesis. 3. ALA-D and PBG-ase activities were higher in yolk sac membrane than in liver, showing the importance of the yolk sac membrane as erythropoietic tissue. PBG-D catalysed the rate-limiting reaction of the cytosolic steps in the biosynthetic pathway in both tissues.


Subject(s)
Chick Embryo/enzymology , Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase/metabolism , Liver/enzymology , Porphobilinogen Synthase/metabolism , Yolk Sac/enzymology , Age Factors , Animals , Chick Embryo/growth & development , Liver/embryology , Spectrophotometry , Yolk Sac/embryology
5.
Rev. argent. dermatol ; 82(2): 76-86, abr.-jun. 2001. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-289790

ABSTRACT

Con el objeto de desarrollar un modelo en embriones de aves para el estudio de la acción porfirinogénica de drogas, se realizaron estudios ontogénicos y físico-químicos en l saco vitelono (SV) e hígados de embriones de pollos, en función de los días de desarrollo embrionario. Se determinaron los niveles de la enzima &-Aminolevúlico dehidrasa (ALA-D) en ambos tejidos, encontrando en los dos un máximo de actividad específica a los 12 días de incubación, siendo en SV siempre mayor que en hígado. En el hígado, la actividad enzimática total, así como el contenido de proteínas totales y el peso del órgano, están de acuerdo con la tasa crecimiento y los cambios en su metabolismo general, durante el desarrollo embrionario. La actividad enzimática total SV presenta un máximo entre los 12 y 13 días de incubación, declinando durante la última semana. El contenido de proteínas totales, no varía durante la incubación. El peso seco aumente hasta el día 17 registrando luego una disminución, debido a la retracción del saco hacia el interior del embrión, Este cambvio puede apreciarse considerando el peso húmedo, debido a que el aumento de materiales adherentes en la yema dificulta su remoción. El pH óptimo resultó igual a 6,8 para ambos tejidos. Mostraron diferencias en cuanto a la termoestabilidad, que resulto mayor para la enzima de SV, copmo puede verse a través de sus energías de activación (Ea). La estabilidad térmica de la enzima SV se incrementó por protección del sitio activo o por el mantenimiento de sus grupos sulfhidrílicos reducidos. Estudios cinéticos revelan mayor afinidad por el sustrato porb la enzima de SV (Kmh= 0,29 mM y Kmsv= o,026 mM). El SV resulta una fuente atrayente para la caracterización de las enzimas cisólicas del camino biosintético del hemo, en vistas de proponber un modelo experimental útil para el ensayo de drogas porfirinogénicas y poder establecer así su modo de acción(AB)


Subject(s)
Animals , Chick Embryo , Chick Embryo , Liver/enzymology , Porphyrinogens/administration & dosage , Porphobilinogen Synthase , Yolk Sac/chemistry
6.
Rev. argent. dermatol ; 82(2): 76-86, abr.-jun. 2001. ilus
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-9746

ABSTRACT

Con el objeto de desarrollar un modelo en embriones de aves para el estudio de la acción porfirinogénica de drogas, se realizaron estudios ontogénicos y físico-químicos en l saco vitelono (SV) e hígados de embriones de pollos, en función de los días de desarrollo embrionario. Se determinaron los niveles de la enzima &-Aminolevúlico dehidrasa (ALA-D) en ambos tejidos, encontrando en los dos un máximo de actividad específica a los 12 días de incubación, siendo en SV siempre mayor que en hígado. En el hígado, la actividad enzimática total, así como el contenido de proteínas totales y el peso del órgano, están de acuerdo con la tasa crecimiento y los cambios en su metabolismo general, durante el desarrollo embrionario. La actividad enzimática total SV presenta un máximo entre los 12 y 13 días de incubación, declinando durante la última semana. El contenido de proteínas totales, no varía durante la incubación. El peso seco aumente hasta el día 17 registrando luego una disminución, debido a la retracción del saco hacia el interior del embrión, Este cambvio puede apreciarse considerando el peso húmedo, debido a que el aumento de materiales adherentes en la yema dificulta su remoción. El pH óptimo resultó igual a 6,8 para ambos tejidos. Mostraron diferencias en cuanto a la termoestabilidad, que resulto mayor para la enzima de SV, copmo puede verse a través de sus energías de activación (Ea). La estabilidad térmica de la enzima SV se incrementó por protección del sitio activo o por el mantenimiento de sus grupos sulfhidrílicos reducidos. Estudios cinéticos revelan mayor afinidad por el sustrato porb la enzima de SV (Kmh= 0,29 mM y Kmsv= o,026 mM). El SV resulta una fuente atrayente para la caracterización de las enzimas cisólicas del camino biosintético del hemo, en vistas de proponber un modelo experimental útil para el ensayo de drogas porfirinogénicas y poder establecer así su modo de acción(AB)


Subject(s)
Animals , Chick Embryo , Porphobilinogen Synthase , Liver/enzymology , Chick Embryo/drug effects , Porphyrinogens/administration & dosage , Yolk Sac/chemistry
7.
Endocrinology ; 140(9): 4142-51, 1999 Sep.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-10465287

ABSTRACT

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a dioxin-type chemical that acts mainly through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Chronic exposure of rats to HCB increases the activity of malic enzyme (ME). In this report, we show that this increase is correlated with an induction of ME messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, with the maximal HCB effect achieved after 9 days of intoxication. This effect is specific for ME, as other liver enzymes, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase, and mitochondrial alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, are not affected by HCB. The induction of ME mRNA levels is accompanied by an increase in ME promoter activity, as demonstrated by transient transfection experiments performed in rat hepatoma H35 cells. In an attempt to identify the cis-regulatory elements responsible for the HCB effect, different promoter deletions and mutations were used. The results obtained localize the responsive region between positions -315 and -177. This region does not contain either consensus xenobiotic response or activating protein-1 elements, the two main mediators of dioxin compounds described to date. In contrast, a thyroid hormone response element (TRE) is located between -281 to -261. Deletions and mutations of the TRE element do not respond to HCB, demonstrating that this element mediates the response of this dioxin-type compound. As ME gene expression is regulated mainly by thyroid hormones, we next investigated the role of T3 receptor (T3R) in the ME gene transcriptional induction mediated by HCB. Using Scatchard analysis, we show that neither T3R binding features for its ligand nor alpha1 or beta1T3R mRNA levels are changed with the toxic. In gel shift assays, however, we observed that protein/DNA complexes formed on TRE from the ME promoter were induced by HCB. Using an oligonucleotide with a mutation that eliminates the TRE function, we demonstrate a loss of the induced protein/DNA complexes. Together, these data suggest that the dioxin-type compound HCB increases ME gene transcription by modulating the levels of still unidentified nuclear proteins that bind to the TRE element of the ME promoter.


Subject(s)
Dioxins/pharmacology , Fungicides, Industrial/pharmacology , Hexachlorobenzene/pharmacology , Malate Dehydrogenase/physiology , Thyroid Hormones/physiology , Transcription, Genetic/drug effects , Animals , Female , Gene Expression/drug effects , Hexachlorobenzene/poisoning , Liver/physiology , Malate Dehydrogenase/genetics , Promoter Regions, Genetic/physiology , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Thyroid Gland/drug effects , Thyroid Gland/physiopathology , Transcription Factors/genetics
8.
Article in Spanish | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9777035

ABSTRACT

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a widespread environmental pollutant. Chronic exposure of laboratory animals to HCB triggers porphyria, induction of liver microsomal enzymes, low levels of T4 reproductive dysfunction's, liver and thyroid tumors. Previous findings from our laboratory have shown that HCB increased the activity of the liver thyroid-responsive enzymes: malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) without any change in the mytochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD). In this study we have demonstrated that HCB treatment increased ME mRNA. We also have investigated if HCB affected: a) the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) concentration and binding affinity for its ligands, b) specifically the ME gene expression, or other thyroid hormone responsive enzymes were affected as well, c) Protein/DNA complex formed on the thyroid responsive element (TRE). Livers from female Wistar rats intoxicated with HCB (100 mg/100 g b.w.), for 9 and 15 days, were analyzed. Northern blot hybridization analysis, have demonstrated that ME mRNA levels increased 4 times and 2 times after 9 and 15 days intoxication respectively, without any alterations in the mRNA levels of other thyroid hormone responsive enzymes such as glyceraldheyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxikinase and alpha-GPD. These results suggest that HCB affects specifically, ME gene expression. Hepatic T3 and T4 levels evaluated by RIA were not affected by HCB. Scatchard analyses showed that TR affinity and number of sites were not altered after 9 and 15 days of HCB treatment (control, Ka: 1.9 nM, Bmax 3.9 f/mol 100 micrograms DNA: HCD 9 days Ka: 2.1 nM, Bmax 4.5 fmol/100 micrograms DNA: HCB 15 days Ka 1.9 nM. Bmax 5.1 fmol/100 micrograms DNA intoxication, neither at 9 nor at 15 days. Electrophoresis mobility shift assay showed that HCB did not modify nuclear protein extract affinity for the TREs sequence. Our results suggest that TR itself was not directly involved in the induction of ME gene expression by HCB. Nevertheless TR could interact with other transcription factors in the overexpression of ME gene.


Subject(s)
Fungicides, Industrial/poisoning , Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects , Hexachlorobenzene/poisoning , Liver/enzymology , RNA, Messenger/drug effects , Thyroxine/physiology , Triiodothyronine/physiology , Animals , Cytosol/enzymology , Female , Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/drug effects , Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase/drug effects , Liver/drug effects , Mitochondria, Liver/enzymology , Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase/drug effects , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/drug effects , Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism , Time Factors
9.
Toxicology ; 125(2-3): 83-94, 1998 Feb 06.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9570324

ABSTRACT

The time and dose-dependent effects of the in vivo administration of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), on hepatic microsomal membrane functions, were studied in female Wistar rats. Administration of HCB (100 mg/100 g b.w.) resulted in time-dependent decreases in the activity of two membrane-bound enzymes: 5'nucleotidase and Na+/K+ ATPase. HCB was found to cause a significant rise in protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity during the early stages of intoxication (day 2), followed by a significant decrease at 10 days, returning to control levels after 20 days of treatment. A stimulatory effect of HCB on in vitro endogenous microsomal protein phosphorylation was observed from 2 days of intoxication up to 30 days of treatment, with an important stimulation of phosphorylation at 5 days. Administration of HCB (100 mg/100 g b.w.) for 10 days caused a 50% reduction in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) ligand binding. The effects of known specific inhibitors of protein phosphatases on endogenous protein phosphorylation were studied. HCB affected the labelling of several bands, as well as the 5'nucleotidase and PTK activities, in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, this study indicated that the in vivo administration of HCB results in a significant alteration of membrane function.


Subject(s)
Hexachlorobenzene/pharmacology , Intracellular Membranes/drug effects , Microsomes, Liver/drug effects , Soil Pollutants/pharmacology , 5'-Nucleotidase/metabolism , Animals , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism , ErbB Receptors/metabolism , Female , Intracellular Membranes/enzymology , Microsomes, Liver/enzymology , Microsomes, Liver/ultrastructure , Phosphorylation , Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/metabolism
10.
Acta physiol. pharmacol. ther. latinoam ; 48(3): 125-36, 1998. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-18119

ABSTRACT

El hexaclorobenceno (HCB) es un tóxico ampliamente distribuído en la biosfera. La exposición crónica de animales de laboratorio al HCB provoca disfunciones tiroideas. Previamente hemos demostrado que el HCB incrementa la actividad de enzimas hepáticas reguladas por hormonas tiroideas (HT) tales como: enzima málica (EM) y glucosa-6fosfato de dehidrogenasa (G6PD) sin alterar la actividad de la alpha-glicerol fosfato deshidrogenasa mitocondrial (alpha-GPD). En éste estudio hemos investigado si el HCB afectaba: a) la concentración del receptor de hormonas tiroideas (RT3) y su afinidad por el ligando, b) la expresión del gen de EM y de otras enzimas HT-dependientes, c) los complejos proteína/DNA formados sobre el elemento de respuesta a hormonas tiroideas (TRE). Se utilizaron hígados de ratas hembras Wistar intoxicadas con HCB (100 mg/100 g P.C.), por 9 y 15 días. El análisis de Scatchard mostró que ni la afinidad ni el número de sitios RT3 estaban alterados luego de 9 y 15 días de tratamiento con HCB (Control, Ka: 1,9 nM, Bmáx:3.9 fmol/100mug DNA; HCB9díasKa2.1nM, Bmáx4.5 fmol/100mug DNA; HCB15 días Ka 1.9nM, Bmáx5.1 fmol/100mug DNA). Tampoco los niveles de RNAm de TRbeta1 medidos por ensayos de protección a RNasa fueron afectados por HCB. Ensayos de Northern Blot han demostrado que los niveles de RNAm de EM se incrementaban 4 veces y 2 veces con respecto al control después de 9 y 15 días de intoxicación respectivamente, sin observarse alteraciones en los niveles de RNAm de otras enzimas cuya expresión es regulada por HT como gliceraldehído - 3 - fosfato deshidrogenasa (GAPDH) y fosfoenolpiruvatocarboxiquinasa (PEPCK) ni tampoco en la alpha-GPD mitocondrial. Ensayos de retardo en gel mostraron que el HCB no modificó la afinidad de las proteínas presentes en extractos nucleares por el TRE presente en el promotor de EM. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el RT3 no está involucrado en forma directa en la inducción de la expresión del gen de EM por HCB, sin embargo podría interaccionar con otros factores de transcripción en la sobreexpresión del gen de EM. (AU)


Subject(s)
Rats , Animals , Triiodothyronine/pharmacology , Thyroxine/pharmacology , Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects , Malate Dehydrogenase/genetics , Liver/enzymology , Hexachlorobenzene/toxicity , Fungicides, Industrial/toxicity , Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/drug effects , RNA, Messenger/drug effects , Liver/drug effects , Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Time Factors , Sensitivity and Specificity , Blotting, Northern , Transcription, Genetic , Rats, Wistar , Cytosol/enzymology , Mitochondria, Liver/enzymology , Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/drug effects , Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase/drug effects , Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase/drug effects
11.
Acta physiol. pharmacol. ther. latinoam ; 48(3): 125-36, 1998. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-216880

ABSTRACT

El hexaclorobenceno (HCB) es un tóxico ampliamente distribuído en la biosfera. La exposición crónica de animales de laboratorio al HCB provoca disfunciones tiroideas. Previamente hemos demostrado que el HCB incrementa la actividad de enzimas hepáticas reguladas por hormonas tiroideas (HT) tales como: enzima málica (EM) y glucosa-6fosfato de dehidrogenasa (G6PD) sin alterar la actividad de la alpha-glicerol fosfato deshidrogenasa mitocondrial (alpha-GPD). En éste estudio hemos investigado si el HCB afectaba: a) la concentración del receptor de hormonas tiroideas (RT3) y su afinidad por el ligando, b) la expresión del gen de EM y de otras enzimas HT-dependientes, c) los complejos proteína/DNA formados sobre el elemento de respuesta a hormonas tiroideas (TRE). Se utilizaron hígados de ratas hembras Wistar intoxicadas con HCB (100 mg/100 g P.C.), por 9 y 15 días. El análisis de Scatchard mostró que ni la afinidad ni el número de sitios RT3 estaban alterados luego de 9 y 15 días de tratamiento con HCB (Control, Ka: 1,9 nM, Bmáx:3.9 fmol/100mug DNA; HCB9díasKa2.1nM, Bmáx4.5 fmol/100mug DNA; HCB15 días Ka 1.9nM, Bmáx5.1 fmol/100mug DNA). Tampoco los niveles de RNAm de TRbeta1 medidos por ensayos de protección a RNasa fueron afectados por HCB. Ensayos de Northern Blot han demostrado que los niveles de RNAm de EM se incrementaban 4 veces y 2 veces con respecto al control después de 9 y 15 días de intoxicación respectivamente, sin observarse alteraciones en los niveles de RNAm de otras enzimas cuya expresión es regulada por HT como gliceraldehído - 3 - fosfato deshidrogenasa (GAPDH) y fosfoenolpiruvatocarboxiquinasa (PEPCK) ni tampoco en la alpha-GPD mitocondrial. Ensayos de retardo en gel mostraron que el HCB no modificó la afinidad de las proteínas presentes en extractos nucleares por el TRE presente en el promotor de EM. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el RT3 no está involucrado en forma directa en la inducción de la expresión del gen de EM por HCB, sin embargo podría interaccionar con otros factores de transcripción en la sobreexpresión del gen de EM.


Subject(s)
Rats , Animals , Fungicides, Industrial/toxicity , Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects , Hexachlorobenzene/toxicity , Liver/enzymology , Malate Dehydrogenase/genetics , Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/drug effects , RNA, Messenger/drug effects , Thyroxine/pharmacology , Triiodothyronine/pharmacology , Blotting, Northern , Cytosol/enzymology , Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases/drug effects , Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase/drug effects , Liver/drug effects , Mitochondria, Liver/enzymology , Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase/drug effects , Rats, Wistar , Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Sensitivity and Specificity , Time Factors , Transcription, Genetic
12.
Rev. argent. dermatol ; 78(4): 212-20, oct. 1997. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-221058

ABSTRACT

La uroporfirinógeno decarboxilasa (URO-D) (porfinógeno carboxilasa E.C. 4.1.1.37) cataliza la descarboxilación del uroporfirinógeno lll a coproporfirinógeno lll. Este proceso tiene lugar a través de un camino preferencial en el senmtido de las agujas del reloj sobre la estructura del uroporfirinógeno lll (tanto en condiciones normales como patológicos). En mamíferos, la porfiria inducida por hexaclorobenceno (HCB), semejante a la porfiria cutánea tarda humana, esta asociada con daño hepático. Estos animales presentan disminución de URO-D hepática que coincide con la acumulación de porfirinas. Se utilizó como fuente de URO-D hígados de ratas de URO-D hígados de ratas Wistar hembras (150-180g) que recibieron diariamente HCB (1g/kg peso) por sonda gástrica (HCB) o no (N). Se estudió la descarboxilación de los porfirinógenos, ácidos carboxílicos libres, de las porfirinas sintetizadas en nuestro laboratorio, 1,3,8 trimetil-2,4,6,7- tetra-(2-metoxicarboniletil)-5-metoxi-carbonilmetil porfirina (pentageno abd) la 1,8-dimetil-2,4,6,7- tetra-(2-metoxicarboniletil)- porfirina (hexageno ad) por URO-D de hígados N y HCB en función de la concentración de ambos sustratos. El hexageno ad resultó el mejor sustrato por el criterio de Vmax/Km (Vmax/Km x 10 al cubo; hexageno ad (N): 560; (HCB): 37.5 y pentageno adb (N): 44.9; (HCB): 2.3). Experimentos con mezclas de hexageno ad y pentageno abd (a concentraciones totales finales de 1 a 2.5 uM y relaciones de hexageno ad: pentageno abd de 1:1 a 4:1 con URO-D (N) y (HCB) presentaron iguales proporciones de transformación de ambos porfirinógenos. Ni la concentración inicial ni las relaciones molares de ambos porfirinógenos en las mezclas, mostraron tener importancia en estos resultados, pese a los diferentes parámetros cinéticos encontrados cuando los porfirinógenos fueron sustratos únicos. Estos resultados indican que la presencia de ambos sustratos inducirían un reordenamiento conformacional en la URO-D que conduciría a iguales proporciones de descarboxilación de ambos porfirinógenos. El pentageno proveniente de la descarboxilación del hexageno permacería preferentemente unido a la estructura enzimática para mayor descarboxilación antes que ser liberado al medio


Subject(s)
Animals , Enzymes , Hexachlorobenzene/adverse effects , Porphyrinogens , Rats, Wistar , Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase/isolation & purification
13.
Rev. argent. dermatol ; 78(4): 212-20, oct. 1997. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | BINACIS | ID: bin-17793

ABSTRACT

La uroporfirinógeno decarboxilasa (URO-D) (porfinógeno carboxilasa E.C. 4.1.1.37) cataliza la descarboxilación del uroporfirinógeno lll a coproporfirinógeno lll. Este proceso tiene lugar a través de un camino preferencial en el senmtido de las agujas del reloj sobre la estructura del uroporfirinógeno lll (tanto en condiciones normales como patológicos). En mamíferos, la porfiria inducida por hexaclorobenceno (HCB), semejante a la porfiria cutánea tarda humana, esta asociada con daño hepático. Estos animales presentan disminución de URO-D hepática que coincide con la acumulación de porfirinas. Se utilizó como fuente de URO-D hígados de ratas de URO-D hígados de ratas Wistar hembras (150-180g) que recibieron diariamente HCB (1g/kg peso) por sonda gástrica (HCB) o no (N). Se estudió la descarboxilación de los porfirinógenos, ácidos carboxílicos libres, de las porfirinas sintetizadas en nuestro laboratorio, 1,3,8 trimetil-2,4,6,7- tetra-(2-metoxicarboniletil)-5-metoxi-carbonilmetil porfirina (pentageno abd) la 1,8-dimetil-2,4,6,7- tetra-(2-metoxicarboniletil)- porfirina (hexageno ad) por URO-D de hígados N y HCB en función de la concentración de ambos sustratos. El hexageno ad resultó el mejor sustrato por el criterio de Vmax/Km (Vmax/Km x 10 al cubo; hexageno ad (N): 560; (HCB): 37.5 y pentageno adb (N): 44.9; (HCB): 2.3). Experimentos con mezclas de hexageno ad y pentageno abd (a concentraciones totales finales de 1 a 2.5 uM y relaciones de hexageno ad: pentageno abd de 1:1 a 4:1 con URO-D (N) y (HCB) presentaron iguales proporciones de transformación de ambos porfirinógenos. Ni la concentración inicial ni las relaciones molares de ambos porfirinógenos en las mezclas, mostraron tener importancia en estos resultados, pese a los diferentes parámetros cinéticos encontrados cuando los porfirinógenos fueron sustratos únicos. Estos resultados indican que la presencia de ambos sustratos inducirían un reordenamiento conformacional en la URO-D que conduciría a iguales proporciones de descarboxilación de ambos porfirinógenos. El pentageno proveniente de la descarboxilación del hexageno permacería preferentemente unido a la estructura enzimática para mayor descarboxilación antes que ser liberado al medio(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Hexachlorobenzene/adverse effects , Porphyrinogens , Enzymes , Rats, Wistar , Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase/isolation & purification
15.
J Endocrinol Invest ; 18(4): 271-6, 1995 Apr.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-7560808

ABSTRACT

The functional thyroid status of hexachlorobenzene (HCB)-treated rats was studied. HCB caused a depletion of serum thyroxine (T4), but did not change L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) levels in serum of rats. The activities of the thyroid regulated mitochondrial enzyme L-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (LGPD) and cytosolic enzymes, malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) were assayed in livers of normal and HCB (100 mg/100 g bw) treated Wistar rats. Mitochondrial LGPD activity did not change significantly, however ME, 6GPD and G6PD were induced by HCB only in non-thyroidectomized animals. The absence of cytosolic enzymes induction in thyroidectomized rats treated with HCB indicates that HCB is not intrinsically thyromimetic. The induction of hepatic ME, G6PD and 6PGD activities in HCB thyroidectomized rats was dependent on the presence of thyroid hormone. The unchanged activity of mitochondrial LGPD in contrast to the increased activities of the cytosolic enzymes ME, G6PD and 6PGD is not consistent with a shift in functional thyroid status following HCB treatment.


Subject(s)
Hexachlorobenzene/pharmacology , Liver/physiology , Thyroid Gland/physiology , Animals , Body Weight/physiology , Female , Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Glycerolphosphate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Liver/enzymology , Malate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Organ Size/physiology , Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Thyroid Hormones/biosynthesis , Thyroid Hormones/blood
16.
J Endocrinol Invest ; 17(5): 301-5, 1994 May.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-8077613

ABSTRACT

The role of thyroid status in hexachlorobenzene (HBC) induced porphyria was studied in normal, thyroidectomized and thyroxine (T4) treated rats. Female Wistar rats were treated with HCB for different periods of time. Serum T4 levels were depressed after 8 days of HCB administration whereas levels of triiodothyronine (T3) were not altered. T4 administered simultaneously with HCB resulted in hyperthyroxinemia. The time course of porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase (PCL) activity in the three HBC treated groups was studied. A rapid and significant decrease of PCL activity was found after 8 days of HCB treatment in T4 treated rats with respect to untreated animals. In contrast, HCB treatment of normal and thyroidectomized rats elicited a significant decrease of PCL activity after 21 and 30 days, respectively. This study shows that thyroid hormone plays an important role in the early establishment of HCB induced porphyria.


Subject(s)
Porphyrias/physiopathology , Thyroxine/pharmacology , Animals , Carboxy-Lyases/analysis , Female , Hexachlorobenzene/toxicity , Porphyrias/chemically induced , Porphyrias/enzymology , Rats , Rats, Wistar , Thyroidectomy , Thyroxine/blood , Triiodothyronine/blood
17.
Biochim Biophys Acta ; 1074(1): 172-7, 1991 May 24.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2043667

ABSTRACT

In the rat liver, the microsomal content of cytochrome P-450 decreased by 50% after triiodothyronine (T3) administration. The molecular basis for the decreased cytochrome P-450 levels was investigated. The activities of the enzymes involved in heme synthesis or degradation were not altered by thyroid hormone administration. The incorporation of 3H-delta-aminolaevulinate into the liver microsomal heme was markedly reduced in T3-treated rats. The latter appeared not to reflect a lowered binding affinity of the apoprotein moiety of cytochrome P-450 for heme. The sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of the microsomal preparation showed a decrease in apocytochrome P-450. It is suggested that the amount of the apocytochrome may be the primary event affected in the formation of cytochrome P-450, by triiodothyronine treatment of thyroidectomized rats.


Subject(s)
Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism , Microsomes, Liver/enzymology , Triiodothyronine/pharmacology , 5-Aminolevulinate Synthetase/metabolism , Aminolevulinic Acid/metabolism , Animals , Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel , Heme/metabolism , Humans , Hydroxymethylbilane Synthase/metabolism , Male , Microsomes, Liver/drug effects , Porphobilinogen Synthase/metabolism , Proteins/metabolism , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains , Serum Albumin/metabolism
18.
J Enzyme Inhib ; 3(4): 295-302, 1990.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2319332

ABSTRACT

Photoxidation with methylene blue and rose bengal and chemical modification by diethylpryrocarbonate of pig liver 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase produced strong inactivation of the enzyme which was concentration dependent. Loss of enzyme activity by both photoxidation and ethoxyformylation was pH and time-dependent and protected by the presence of the substate and competitive inhibitors. The rate of inactivation was directly related to the state of protonation of histidyl groups, the unprotonated from being modified at a much faster rate than the protonated form. Plots of the pseudo-first order rate constants for 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase inactivation against pH resulted in typical titration curves showing inflection points at about pH 6.4 for methylene blue and rose bengal and 6.8 for diethylprocarbonate providing further and unequivocal evidence for the existence of critical histidyl groups at the active centre of the enzyme.


Subject(s)
Enzyme Inhibitors , Histidine , Liver/enzymology , Methylene Blue/pharmacology , Porphobilinogen Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors , Rose Bengal/pharmacology , Animals , Binding Sites , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Kinetics , Macromolecular Substances , Photochemistry , Porphobilinogen Synthase/radiation effects , Swine
19.
J Endocrinol Invest ; 12(11): 767-72, 1989 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-2614013

ABSTRACT

The effect of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (1 g/kg bw) administration for 4 weeks, on thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) metabolism was studied in Wistar rats. The effect on serum binding of T4 has also been studied. Animals were injected with a tracer dose of either labeled hormone and by examining serum L-125I-T4 and L-125-I-T3, kinetics of radiolabeled hormones metabolism were calculated. The T4 metabolic clearance (MCI) as well as the distribution space, were increased by 6 fold. Decreased serum T4 levels result from an increase both in deiodinative and fecal disposal in HCB-treated rats. 125I-T3 metabolism was slightly affected. The enhanced peripheral disposition of thyroxine appears to lead to increased thyroid function, as measured by augmented TSH serum levels and 125I-thyroidal uptake. Serum binding of T4 was not affected.


Subject(s)
Chlorobenzenes/toxicity , Hexachlorobenzene/toxicity , Thyroxine/metabolism , Animals , Blood Proteins/metabolism , Female , Iodine Radioisotopes , Rats , Rats, Inbred Strains , Thyroid Gland/metabolism , Thyroxine/blood , Triiodothyronine/blood , Triiodothyronine/metabolism
20.
Clin Chim Acta ; 172(2-3): 245-52, 1988 Mar 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-3370839

ABSTRACT

A purple pigment, phyriaviolin, and a blue pigment, phyriaazulin, have been found in relatively large amounts in the urine of patients suffering from two diverse pathological conditions, porphyria cutanea tarda and Crohn's disease. The two pigments have been characterised by chemical, spectroscopic, and chromatographic studies and identified to be indirubin and indigo (indigotin). Possible reasons for their formation are discussed.


Subject(s)
Indoles/urine , Pigments, Biological/urine , Chromatography, Thin Layer , Crohn Disease/urine , Humans , Indigo Carmine , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Porphyrias/urine , Skin Diseases/urine
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