Implementing Adult Hepatitis B Immunization and Screening Using Electronic Health Records: A Practical Guide.

IMPORTANCE: Hepatitis B is a serious problem in the United States (US), with up to 2.4 million Americans living with a chronic infection. Only 26-32% of people living with hepatitis B in the US are diagnosed. Additionally, just 30% of all adults are vaccinated against the virus. In 2022, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) updated adult hepatitis B vaccination recommendations to include all adults aged 19-59 years and those 60 years and older with risk factors for hepatitis B. Subsequently, in 2023, the CDC recommended that all adults be screened at least one time in their lives. OBSERVATIONS: Electronic health record (EHR) tools (prompts, order sets, etc.) have proven to be an effective method of increasing hepatitis B screening and vaccination, but longstanding challenges and questions around hepatitis B vaccines and tests could prevent effectual EHR implementation. As the new recommendations directly impact providers who may have limited familiarity with hepatitis B, guidance on how to identify eligible patients and triggers, order sets to facilitate vaccine/test selection, and proper documentation and patient follow-up is necessary. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This communication offers a practical framework for health systems to build an effective EHR strategy for the updated adult hepatitis B recommendations. We also provide comprehensive responses to clinicians' questions that are frequently asked prior to screening or vaccinating for hepatitis B.

Definitions for Loss of Domain: An International Delphi Consensus of Expert Surgeons.

BACKGROUND: No standardized written or volumetric definition exists for 'loss of domain' (LOD). This limits the utility of LOD as a morphological descriptor and as a predictor of peri- and postoperative outcomes. Consequently, our aim was to establish definitions for LOD via consensus of expert abdominal wall surgeons. METHODS: A Delphi study involving 20 internationally recognized abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR) surgeons was performed. Four written and two volumetric definitions of LOD were identified via systematic review. Panelists completed a questionnaire that suggested these definitions as standardized definitions of LOD. Consensus on a preferred term was pre-defined as achieved when selected by ≥80% of panelists. Terms scoring <20% were removed. RESULTS: Voting commenced August 2018 and was completed in January 2019. Written definition: During Round 1, two definitions were removed and seven new definitions were suggested, leaving nine definitions for consideration. For Round 2, panelists were asked to select all appealing definitions. Thereafter, common concepts were identified during analysis, from which the facilitators advanced a new written definition. This received 100% agreement in Round 3. Volumetric definition: Initially, panelists were evenly split, but consensus for the Sabbagh method was achieved. Panelists could not reach consensus regarding a threshold LOD value that would preclude surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Consensus for written and volumetric definitions of LOD was achieved from 20 internationally recognized AWR surgeons. Adoption of these definitions will help standardize the use of LOD for both clinical and academic activities.

Nomenclature in Abdominal Wall Hernias: Is It Time for Consensus?

Abdominal wall reconstruction is a rapidly evolving area of surgical interest. Due to the increase in prevalence and size of ventral hernias and the high recurrence rates, the academic community has become motivated to find the best reconstruction techniques. Whilst interrogating the abdominal wall reconstruction literature, we discovered an inconsistency in hernia nomenclature that must be addressed. The terms used to describe the anatomical planes of mesh implantation 'inlay', 'sublay' and 'underlay' are misinterpreted throughout. We describe the misinterpretation of these terms and give evidence of where it exists in the literature. We give three critical arguments of why these misinterpretations hinder advances in abdominal wall reconstruction research. The correct definitions of the anatomical planes, and their respective terms, are described and illustrated. Clearly defined nomenclature is required as academic surgeons strive to improve abdominal wall reconstruction outcomes and lower complication rates.

An in vitro study assessing the infection risk of low-cost polyethylene mosquito net compared with commercial hernia prosthetics.

BACKGROUND: The innovative use of sterilized mosquito net as a cheaper alternative to commercial mesh for hernia repair has gained increasing recognition. Developing health care systems have inherently higher surgical site infection rates, and concerns regarding the introduction of untested prosthetic hernia meshes have been raised. This in vitro study assesses the infection risk of polyethylene (PE) mosquito net mesh compared with commercial hernia prosthetics by assessing the essential (first) step in the pathogenesis of mesh infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Individual meshes were inoculated with Staphylococcusepidermidis and Staphylococcusaureus with a bacterial inoculum of 10(2) bacteria. Inoculated meshes were incubated for 18 h in tryptone soy broth and then analyzed using scanning electron microcopy. The final fraction of the bacteria adherent to each of the meshes was compared. One-way analysis of variance was performed on the bacterial counts. The Tukey test was used to determine the difference between the different biomaterials in the event the one-way analysis of variance was significant. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the mean number of adherent bacteria to PE mosquito net compared with the monofilament polypropylene-based meshes (Prolene and Bard Soft Mesh). Multifilament Vypro mesh had significantly greater mean bacterial adherence compared with PE mosquito net (P < 0.001 with S aureus and P = 0.003 with S epidermidis). CONCLUSIONS: In vitro infection risk of PE mosquito net is not significantly different from commonly used monofilament polypropylene commercial prosthetics and is in fact lower than a commonly used commercial multifilament mesh. This study adds to the growing body of evidence that indicates that these meshes can be safely deployed.

Mosquito net mesh for abdominal wall hernioplasty: a comparison of material characteristics with commercial prosthetics.

BACKGROUND: The use of sterilized mosquito net as a cheaper alternative to commercial mesh used in hernia repair has previously been published. However, as no standards with regard to the material have been documented, we aimed to define the characteristics of a commonly available and low-cost mosquito net, which has already been shown to be clinically efficacious in groin hernia repair. We compared its characteristics to other commercially available meshes, in keeping with the well-established FDA and MHRA regulatory processes. METHODS: The macromolecular structure of the mosquito net was determined by vibrational spectroscopy. The ultrastructure of the meshes was examined with scanning electron microscopy, and uniaxial and burst tensile strength testing was performed. The following parameters were assessed: polymer type, filament characteristics, pore size, weight, linear density, elasticity, and tensile strength. RESULTS: The mosquito net was a polyethylene homopolymer, knitted from monofilament fibers with a mean filament diameter of 109.7 µm and a mean mesh thickness of 480 µm. The mean pore maximum diameter was 1.9 mm, with 91.2 % porosity, 53.7 g/m(2) mean mesh weight, and a linear mass density of 152 denier. This was comparable to the "large pore" (class I) commercial meshes. The bursting force for polyethylene mosquito net was greater than for UltraPro and Vypro (43.0 vs. 35.5 and 27.2 N/cm, respectively), and the mosquito net exhibited less anisotropy compared to the commercial meshes. CONCLUSIONS: The material and mechanical properties of the polyethylene mosquito net are substantially equivalent to those of commonly used lightweight commercial meshes.

An experimental study exploring the relationship between the size of bacterial inoculum and bacterial adherence to prosthetic mesh.

BACKGROUND: Infection is a major concern with medical implants. Surgical meshes used for the repair of abdominal wall hernias are associated with wound infection rates ranging from 7 to 18 %. Although mesh infection is relatively rare, once a patient shows clinical signs of mesh infection, the surgeon may be required to remove the mesh, resulting in additional surgery, morbidity, and cost. The usual causative organisms associated with cases of mesh infection are Staphylococcus species. The first stage of implant infection is bacterial adherence to the biomaterial. An accurate assessment of adherent bacteria to medical prosthetics is therefore important in order to determine the infection risk associated with surgical implants. METHODS: This experimental study evaluated the relationship between the size of the bacterial inoculum and bacterial adherence to three commonly used hernia prosthetics (polypropylene, polyester, and ePTFE). Tenfold dilutions of S. epidermidis (Evans-ATCC 12228) and S. aureus (Rosenbach-ATCC 25923), created with phosphate-buffered saline, were used to inoculate each of the meshes in 3 ml of tryptone soya broth for 18 h at 37 °C, 95 % air/5 % CO(2). The number of viable bacteria in each dilution was calculated using a spot plate technique. The number of adherent bacteria to the meshes was counted using direct imaging analysis with scanning electron microscopy and expressed as a mean. RESULTS: One hundred eight mesh samples were analysed. The size of the bacterial inoculum of S. epidermidis significantly influenced the number of adherent bacteria to the mesh, and lower rates of adhesion were observed with smaller inoculums for all three meshes (polypropylene, p = 0.02; ePTFE p = 0.03; polyester p = 0.02). A similar, albeit less profound, pattern of results was observed with S. aureus. Bacterial adherence was observed with inoculum sizes as small as <10 bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that even a very low number of bacterial inoculums can result in adherence to hernia biomaterials and that the level of adherence is directly related to the size of the inoculum. These in vitro results provide evidence that the size of the inoculum is important in the colonization of hernia biomaterials and demonstrate the importance of minimising the bacterial inoculum in the clinical setting.

Cost-effectiveness of inguinal hernia surgery in northwestern Ecuador.

BACKGROUND: Cost-effectiveness of tension-free inguinal hernia repair at a private 20-bed rural hospital in Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador, was calculated relative to no treatment. METHODS: Lichtenstein repair using mosquito net or polypropylene commercial mesh was provided to patients with inguinal hernia by surgeons from Europe and North America. Prospective data were collected from provider, patient, and societal perspectives, with component costs collected on site and from local supply companies or published literature. Patient outcomes were forecasted using disability adjusted life years (DALYs) averted. Uncertainty in patient-level data was evaluated with Monte-Carlo simulation. RESULTS: Surgery was provided to 102 patients with inguinal hernias of various sizes. Local anesthesia was used for 80 % of operations during the first mission, and spinal anesthesia was used for 89 % in the second mission. Few complications were observed. An average 6.39 DALYs (3,0) were averted per patient (95 % confidence interval: 6.22-6.84). The average cost per patient was US$499.33 (95 % CI: US$490.19-$526.03) from a provider perspective, US$118.79 (95 % CI: US$110.28-$143.72) from a patient perspective, and US$615.46 (95 % CI: US$603.39-$650.40) from a societal perspective. Mean cost-effectiveness from a provider perspective was US$78.18/DALY averted (95 % CI: US$75.86-$85.78) according to DALYs (3,0) averted using the West Life Table level 26, well below the Ecuadorian per-capita Gross National Income (US$3,850). Results were robust to all sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Inguinal hernia repair was cost-effective in western Ecuador through international collaboration.

Design and validation of a novel quantitative method for rapid bacterial enumeration using programmed stage movement scanning electron microscopy.

The adhesion of bacteria to surgical implants is the first stage of implant infection. The method for detecting bound bacteria is an important consideration in the study of bacterial adherence and colonisation. Enumeration of bacteria by direct visualisation techniques is labour intensive and time consuming. We have developed and validated a method for enumerating bacteria on porous material surfaces using programmed stage movement scanning electron microscopy and compared cumulative counts after 1-10 stage movements with absolute bacterial counts. We describe this method with three commercially sourced meshes used for abdominal wall hernia repair and with three different inoculums of Staphylococcus epidermidis. The results demonstrate significant correlation to the absolute count after five cumulative counts for all meshes analysed. The mean time saved by the cumulative counting method was 1h and 9 min per mesh. We conclude that advances in scanning electron microscopy and the advent of precise automated stage control have facilitated rapid data acquisition for bacterial counting purposes and that five cumulative counts at 1000× or 2500× magnification are a valid quantitative method for enumerating S. epidermidis bacteria on porous surfaces (with a pore size of up to 1.3 mm).

Prosthetic mesh materials used in hernia surgery.

It is estimated that 20 million prosthetic meshes are implanted each year worldwide. It is clear that the evolution of meshes is not yet complete and the ideal mesh is yet to be found. There is a vast array of prosthetics available for hernia repair. This review outlines the properties of available meshes and the evidence to be considered when choosing a prosthetic for hernia repair.

Worlds apart: training in rural South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Reforms in the delivery of surgical and anaesthetic services in the UK have reduced the opportunity for trainees to acquire 'hands-on' training. These problems are seen in other European countries and in North America. CONTEXT: Surgical and anaesthetic services within developed health care systems tend to be specialised, and are often consultant led. In rural South Africa there is a shortage of surgeons and anaesthetists to service the population, and the public health care system is vastly over-burdened. Trauma accounts for a large percentage of the surgical and anaesthetic workload. INNOVATION: This report compares the anaesthetic and surgical training experience of two first-year registrars during a 6-month training period in rural South Africa and a 6-month training period in the UK. IMPLICATIONS: Surgical and anaesthetic trainees from countries such as the UK can spend an out-of-programme training period in rural South Africa, thereby broadening their experience and exposure to trauma. They have the opportunity to take on a higher level of responsibility at an earlier stage of training, gaining 'hands-on' experience. Similarly, South African anaesthetic and surgical trainees can spend an out-of-programme training period in the UK, where they can learn the specialist procedures needed in their home country.

Prompting clinicians about preventive care measures: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

Preventive care measures remain underutilized despite recommendations to increase their use. The objective of this review was to examine the characteristics, types, and effects of paper- and computer-based interventions for preventive care measures. The study provides an update to a previous systematic review. We included randomized controlled trials that implemented a physician reminder and measured the effects on the frequency of providing preventive care. Of the 1,535 articles identified, 28 met inclusion criteria and were combined with the 33 studies from the previous review. The studies involved 264 preventive care interventions, 4,638 clinicians and 144,605 patients. Implementation strategies included combined paper-based with computer generated reminders in 34 studies (56%), paper-based reminders in 19 studies (31%), and fully computerized reminders in 8 studies (13%). The average increase for the three strategies in delivering preventive care measures ranged between 12% and 14%. Cardiac care and smoking cessation reminders were most effective. Computer-generated prompts were the most commonly implemented reminders. Clinician reminders are a successful approach for increasing the rates of delivering preventive care; however, their effectiveness remains modest. Despite increased implementation of electronic health records, randomized controlled trials evaluating computerized reminder systems are infrequent.

Identifying asthma exacerbations in a pediatric emergency department: a feasibility study.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a common pediatric chronic disease and is estimated to account for more than 2million emergency department visits per year. Asthma guidelines have demonstrated improved outcomes, but remain underutilized due to several barriers. Computerized methods to automatically identify asthma exacerbations may be beneficial to initiate guideline recommended treatment, but have not been described. The goal of the study was to examine the accuracy of an algorithm to identify asthma patients at triage in real-time using only electronically available data. METHODS: During a 9-month period, the five most frequent presenting chief complaints for Emergency Department asthma patients aged 2-18 years were identified and accounted for >95% of asthma visits: wheezing, shortness of breath, fever, cough, and dyspnea. During a following 1-month period (November 2004), medical records of all patients with one of the five chief complaints were reviewed to establish a reference standard diagnosis. An asthma identification algorithm was developed that considered only data available in electronic format at the time of triage and included the presenting chief complaint, information from the computerized problem list (past medical history; current medications, such as beta-agonists, steroids, and other asthma medications), and ICD-9 billing codes from previous encounters. RESULTS: From 1835 Emergency Department visits, 368 visits (154 with asthma) had one of the five chief complaints and were included. A problem list was available in 203 (55.2%) and an ICD-9 code in 68 (18.5%) patients. Wheezing accounted for 56.5% of asthma visits, while fever was the most frequent chief complaint among all patients (43.8%). The asthma identification algorithm had a sensitivity of 44.8% (95% CI: 36.8-53.0%), a specificity of 91.6% (CI: 87.0-94.9%), a positive predictive value of 79.3% (CI: 69.3-87.3%) and a negative predictive value of 69.8% (CI: 64.0-75.1%). The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 5.3 (CI: 3.3-8.6) and 0.6 (CI: 0.5-0.7), respectively. CONCLUSION: The simple identification algorithm demonstrated good accuracy for identifying asthma episodes. The algorithm may represent a promising and feasible approach to create computerized reminders or automatic triggers that can facilitate the initiation of guideline-based asthma treatment in the Emergency Department.

Biomedical informatics applications for asthma care: a systematic review.

Asthma is a common condition associated with significant patient morbidity and health care costs. Although widely accepted evidence-based guidelines for asthma management exist, unnecessary variation in patient care remains. Application of biomedical informatics techniques is one potential way to improve care for asthmatic patients. We performed a systematic literature review to identify computerized applications for clinical asthma care. Studies were evaluated for their clinical domain, developmental stage and study design. Additionally, prospective trials were identified and analyzed for potential study biases, study effects, and clinical study characteristics. Sixty-four papers were selected for review. Publications described asthma detection or diagnosis (18 papers), asthma monitoring or prevention (13 papers), patient education (13 papers), and asthma guidelines or therapy (20 papers). The majority of publications described projects in early stages of development or with non-prospective study designs. Twenty-one prospective trials were identified, which evaluated both clinical and non-clinical impacts on patient care. Most studies took place in the outpatient clinic environment, with minimal study of the emergency department or inpatient settings. Few studies demonstrated evidence of computerized applications improving clinical outcomes. Further research is needed to prospectively evaluate the impact of using biomedical informatics to improve care of asthmatic patients.

Detecting asthma exacerbations in a pediatric emergency department using a Bayesian network.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a Bayesian network to identify patients eligible for an asthma-care guideline using only data available electronically at the time of patient triage. POPULATION: Consecutive patients 2-18 years old who presented to a pediatric emergency department during a 2-month period. METHODS: A network was developed and evaluated using clinical data from patient visits. An independent reference standard for asthma guideline eligibility was established and verified for each patient through chart review. Outcome measures were area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios. RESULTS: We enrolled 3,023 patient visits, including 385 who were eligible for guideline-based care. Area under the receiver operating curve for the network was 0.959 (95% CI = 0.933 - 0.977). At a fixed 90% sensitivity, specificity was 88.3%, positive predictive value was 44.7% and negative predictive value was 98.8%. The positive likelihood ratio was 7.69 and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.11. CONCLUSION: The Bayesian network was able to detect patients eligible for an asthma guideline with high accuracy suggesting that this technique could be used to automatically initiate guideline use for eligible patients.