ABSTRACT
Introducción: Para disminuir el consumo de sal en países hispanohablantes es necesario saber el nivel de conocimientos de la población respecto a la sal. Sin embargo, no existen herramientas de medición de conocimientos sobre sal en español y la única herramienta válida de medición es el Salt Knowledge Questionnaire (SKQ), de origen australiano y en idioma inglés. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de validación en 3 fases: (fase 1) traducción de la versión australiana original al español; (fase 2) adaptación cultural basándonos en una población hispanohablante como Perú y siguiendo criterios usados en el desarrollo del cuestionario original que fue evaluado por un grupo de expertos; (fase 3) la validez de constructo comparando los puntajes de 3 grupos (expertos, estudiantes de medicina y no expertos) y la fiabilidad realizando un test-retest. Resultados: La traducción del SKQ al español mantuvo una equivalencia semántica con el cuestionario original y la adaptación cultural fue aceptada por un grupo de expertos. El SKQ permite discriminar entre los que saben y los que no, ya que se encontró diferencias de puntajes entre los grupos de expertos, estudiantes y no expertos (p < 0,001). Se encontró una buena consistencia interna global del instrumento (KR20 = 0,69) y una correlación intraclase global buena (0,79), sin variaciones de puntajes en test-retest (p > 0,05). Conclusiones: El cuestionario SKQ en español es válido, confiable y es una primera herramienta adecuada para medir conocimientos sobre la sal en idioma español, considerando que es posible adaptarlo culturalmente de acuerdo con el país hispanohablante que desee usarlo
Introduction: In order to reduce salt consumption in Spanish speaking countries it is necessary to know the level of salt knowledge in the population. However, there are no tools in Spanish to measure salt knowledge, but the only valid tool of measurement is the 'Salt Knowledge Questionnaire' (SKQ) developed in Australia, in English. Materials and methods: A validation study was conducted in three phases: (Phase 1) Translation of the original Australian version into Spanish; (Phase 2) Cultural adaptation based on a Spanish-speaking population such as Peru and following criteria used in the development of the original questionnaire which was evaluated by a panel of experts; (Phase 3) Construct validity by comparing the scores of three groups (experts, medical students and non-experts) and reliability by performing a test retest. Results: The translation of the SKQ into Spanish maintained a semantic equivalence with the original questionnaire and a panel of experts accepted the cultural adaptation. The SKQ enables discrimination between those who know and those who do not because differences of scores were found between the group of experts, students and non-experts (P<.001). A good overall internal consistency of the instrument was found (KR20 = 0.69) and a good overall intraclass correlation (0.79) and no test variations in test-retest (P > .05). Conclusions: The SKQ questionnaire in Spanish is valid, reliable and is a suitable first tool to measure knowledge about salt in the Spanish language. It is considered possible to adapt it culturally to the Spanish-speaking country that wishes to use it
Subject(s)
Humans , Translating , Feeding Behavior , Diet, Sodium-Restricted/trends , Sodium Chloride, Dietary , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Surveys and Questionnaires , Cross-Sectional Studies , Cross-Cultural ComparisonABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: In order to reduce salt consumption in Spanish speaking countries it is necessary to know the level of salt knowledge in the population. However, there are no tools in Spanish to measure salt knowledge, but the only valid tool of measurement is the 'Salt Knowledge Questionnaire' (SKQ) developed in Australia, in English. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A validation study was conducted in three phases: (Phase1) Translation of the original Australian version into Spanish; (Phase2) Cultural adaptation based on a Spanish-speaking population such as Peru and following criteria used in the development of the original questionnaire which was evaluated by a panel of experts; (Phase3) Construct validity by comparing the scores of three groups (experts, medical students and non-experts) and reliability by performing a test retest. RESULTS: The translation of the SKQ into Spanish maintained a semantic equivalence with the original questionnaire and a panel of experts accepted the cultural adaptation. The SKQ enables discrimination between those who know and those who do not because differences of scores were found between the group of experts, students and non-experts (P<.001). A good overall internal consistency of the instrument was found (KR20=0.69) and a good overall intraclass correlation (0.79) and no test variations in test-retest (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS: The SKQ questionnaire in Spanish is valid, reliable and is a suitable first tool to measure knowledge about salt in the Spanish language. It is considered possible to adapt it culturally to the Spanish-speaking country that wishes to use it.
Subject(s)
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Sodium Chloride, Dietary/adverse effects , Surveys and Questionnaires , Adult , Cross-Sectional Studies , Culturally Competent Care , Educational Status , Expert Testimony , Female , Food Analysis , Health Education , Humans , Hypertension/etiology , Hypertension/psychology , Male , Peru , Reproducibility of Results , Students, Medical , TranslationsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Optimal allograft protection is essential in lung transplantation to reduce postoperative organ dysfunction. Although intravenous prostanoids are routinely used to ameliorate reperfusion injury, the latest evidence suggests a similar efficacy of inhaled prostacyclin. Therefore, we compared donor lung-pretreatment using inhaled lioprost (Ventavis) with the commonly used intravenous technique. METHODS: Five pig lungs were each preserved with Perfadex and stored for 27 hours without (group 1) or with (group-2, 100 prior aerosolized of iloprost were (group 3) or iloprost (IV). Following left lung transplantation, hemodynamics, Po(2)/F(i)o(2), compliance, and wet-to-dry ratio were monitored for 6 hours and compared to sham controls using ANOVA analysis with repeated measures. RESULTS: The mortality was 100% in group 3. All other animals survived (P < .001). Dynamic compliance and PVR were superior in the endobronchially pretreated iloprost group as compared with untreated organs (P < .05), whereas oxygenation was comparable overall W/D-ratio revealed significantly lower lung water in group 2 (P = .027) compared with group 3. CONCLUSION: Preischemic alveolar deposition of iloprost is superior to IV pretreatment as reflected by significantly improved allograft function. This strategy offers technique to optimize pulmonary preservation.
Subject(s)
Graft Survival/drug effects , Iloprost/therapeutic use , Lung Transplantation/physiology , Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control , Administration, Inhalation , Animals , Iloprost/administration & dosage , Injections, Intravenous , Lung Transplantation/adverse effects , Models, Animal , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/therapeutic use , SwineABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Lung transplantation is limited by the scarcity of donor organs. Lung retrieval from non-heart-beating donors (NHBD) might extend the donor pool and has been reported recently. However, no studies in NHBD exist using the novel approach of retrograde preservation with Perfadex solution. METHODS: Heparinized asystolic pigs (n = 5, 30-35 kg) were ventilated for 90 min. The lungs were retrogradely preserved with Perfadex solution and stored inflated at 4 degrees C for 3 h. Left lung transplantation in the recipient was followed by exclusion of the right lung. Results were compared to sham-operated animals. Oxygenation, hemodynamics and dynamic compliance were monitored for 4 h. Infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and stereological quantification of alveolar edema was performed. Statistical analysis comprised Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests and ANOVA analysis with repeated measures. RESULTS: No mortality was observed. During preservation, continuous elimination of blood clots via the pulmonary artery venting site was observed. Oxygenation and compliance were similar between groups, but sham controls showed significantly lower pulmonary vascular resistance. Stereological quantification revealed higher volume fractions of intra-alveolar edema in NHBD grafts, while PMN infiltration was comparable to sham controls. CONCLUSIONS: Use of NHBD lungs results in excellent outcome after 90 min of warm ischemia followed by retrograde preservation with Perfadex solution. This novel approach can optimize lung preservation by eliminating clots from the pulmonary circulation and might clinically be considered in brain-dead organ donors who become hemodynamically unstable prior to organ harvest. Further trials with longer warm and cold ischemic periods are necessary to further elucidate this promising approach to donor pool expansion.
